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In the [[Lõis]] timeline, '''Yudach''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אניודאַך ''an-Yudach'' /ən 'judəx/ or אגאַלג'־יודאַך ''a-Ghalj-Yudach'' /ə ɣaldʒ judəx/) is the sole surviving Goidelic language. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the Jewish diaspora in Central Asia. It mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, Togarmite and Persian.
'''Judeo-Mandarin''' is a descendant of Old Mandarin, spoken by most Chinese Jews in Irta.


The aesthetics is inspired by Yiddish and Polish.
Note: As a Gentile Korean speaker I believe I'm ''somewhat'' more qualified to sketch this than to sketch a hypothetical Judeo-Celtic language. I'll just sketch the sound changes here, without venturing into creating the Jewish-specific vocabulary.
 
==Todo==
é ó > ei ou (ea oa in some dialects)
 
native mutation with rafe, Hebrew mutation with dagesh/no dagesh?
 
syllabic n, l (and r)?
 
*''tom byo'' = I live
*''tom a zein'' = I do
*''tom ag ith'' = I eat
*''tom ag ouł'' = I to drink
*''tom a ro'' = I say
*''tom a lebh'' = I read
*''tom a scribh'' = I write
*''tom a łasagh'' = I light
*Interrogatives: ''Cad a to o zein agat?'' 'What are you doing?'
*Cleft construction: '''''Še''' zein lešónouth '''a''' tom a zein anéš'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
 
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b c ch č d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s š t th tz v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts j v z/.
*Lenitions: Note that ''d m'' are NOT lenitable.
**b /b/ > bh /v/
**f /f/ > fh /0/
**g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
**c /k/ > ch /χ/
**č /tʃ/ > čh /ʃ/
**p /p/ > ph /f/
**s /s/ > sh /h/
**t /t/ > th /h/
**tz /ts/ > tzh /h/
**j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
*ts z č j l arise from slender t d c g l.
*Vowels: ''a e i o u'' /a e i o u/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. Vowel clusters exist.
*Stress is transcribed if not initial
==Orthography==
אַ ע יֵ י אָ אוֹ או = a e ei i o ou u
 
ט ק for all native /t k/
 
בּ ב גּ ג פ ף = b bh g gh p f in native words
 
הּ for coda /h/
 
rafe for initial lenition:
 
אַ־בּֿוֹ בּֿיוֹ ''a vou vyou'' = the live cow
 
ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans
 
==Grammar==
===Verbs===
Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:
:{{heb|טאָם אַ ל'אַסאַג נרות חנוכּה.}}
:'''''Tom a łasagh nerous hanuco.'''
:/to me ə 'wasəɣ 'nerəs 'hanukə/
:be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
:''I'm lighting Hanukkah candles.'' (or ''I light Hanukkah candles'')
 
:{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבב דאָ אות זע שבת!}}
:'''''Noh scribhabh do ous ze Šabos!'''''
:PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
:''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!''
 
Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.
====Tenses====
Tenses are basically (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective).
 
*''to še ag ith'' = he eats; he is eating
**''bhil še...'' = does he...?
**''chal še...'' = he does not...
**''nachil še...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not
**''gu bhil še...'' = COMP he...
**''a to še...'' = REL he...
*''to še triš ith'' = he ate/has eaten
*''bei še ag ith'' = he will eat
**''bei še...'' = will he...?
**''cha bhei še...'' = he will not...
**''nach bhei še...'' = won't he...?
**''a bhi še...'' = REL he will...
*''bha še ag ith'' = he was eating/he would eat
**''rou še...'' = was he...?/would he?
**''cha rou še...'' = he was not.../he would not...
**''nach rou še...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
*''ith!'' = Eat! (2sg)
*''ithu!'' = Eat! (2pl)
*''noh ith(u)!'' = Don't eat!
 
 
For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''i mo-, i do-, ina-, etc.'' + VN is used:
*''tom i mo-chadel'' = I sleep
*''tom i mo-shigh'' = I sit
*''tom i mo-šesabh'' = I stand
*''tom i mo-ligh'' = I lie (somewhere)
*''tom i mo-fhirech'' = I live (I dwell)
 
====Conjugation====
*''to'', ''bhil'', ''chal'', and ''nachil'' are conjugated as follows:
**''tom, tor, to še/ši, toj, tothi, to šid''
**''bhilim, bhilir, bhil še/ši, bhilij, bhilthi, bhil šid''
**''chalim, chalir...''
**''nachilim, nachilir...''
*''bha, robh'':
**''bhas, bhaš, bha še/ši, bhimar, bhyur, bha šid''
**''robhas, robhaš, rou še/ši, robhimar, robhyur, rou šid''
*''bei'': ''beim, beir, bei še/ši, beij, beithi, bei šid''
 
===Copula===
 
===Nouns===
Yudach has no grammatical case.
 
Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-n''/''-an'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''.
 
Hebrew words have the same gender as in Hebrew. Hebrew words often use unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ous'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
 
Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ant-'', before a labial ''am-'', otherwise ''an''
*''ant-išče'' = the water
*''am-bia'' = the food
*''an-łath'' = the day
*''an-tzech'' = the house
*''an-nes'' = the miracle
 
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''tz'') lenite and take ''a-''; ''s'' becomes ''an-ts''
*''a-jhełach'' = the moon
*''an-išo'' = the woman/wife
*''an-ous'' = the letter (character)
*''an-tsuca'' = the booth
 
Plural nouns: ''nah-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel)
 
*''nah-tiš'' = the houses
*''nah-łathan'' = the days
*''nah-mno'' = the women/wives (irregular plural of ''išo'')
*''nah-ousyous'' = the letters
*''nah-sucous'' = the booths
*''nah-nisim'' = the miracles
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives always have -a in the plural.
 
*pred: ''Tom beg.'' = I am short.
*m.sg.: ''fer beg'' = a short man; ''am-fer beg'' = the short man
*f.sg.: ''fyur bheg'' = a short sister; ''an-fhyur bheg'' = the short sister
*pl.: ''feran orda'' = tall men; ''nah-feran orda'' = the tall men
 
Comparatives are formed by adding ''nis'' 'more' and ''es'' 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:
 
''mour - nis mou - es mou'' = big - bigger - biggest
 
===Pronouns===
pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu še ši šin šibh šid
 
Possessive prefixes:
*מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mo-bhroher'' /mo vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער ''m-aher'' /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
*דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''do-bhroher'' /do vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער ''d-aher'' /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
*אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a-bhroher'' /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער ''a-aher'' /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
*אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ''ah-aher'' /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
*אָר־בּראָהער ''or-broher'' /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער ''orn-aher'' /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
*באַר־בּראָהער ''bhar-broher'' /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; באַר־בּראָהער ''bharn-aher'' /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
*אַ־בּראָהער ''a-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער ''an-aher'' /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'
 
''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור ''fyur'' /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מ־ףיור ''m-fhyur''  /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.
 
A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mo-moher is m-aher'', not ''*mo-moher is aher''.
 
===Prepositions===
*ag 'at': agom, agat, aje, ači, agen, agebh, acu
*da 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, dibh, du
*ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, zibh, zu
*ou 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu
*i(n) 'in': inom, inat, on, intzi, inen, inebh, intu
*ar 'on': orom, orat, er, erhi, oren, orebh, orhu
*as 'from': asom, asat, as, aši, asen, asebh, asu
*ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, rebhe, rempi, run, rubh, rompu
*ri 'with': ryom, ret, reš, rei, rin, ribh, ryu
*um 'around': umom, umat, eme, empi, umen, umebh, umpu
*fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fubh, fuhu
====Combinations====
''in'' + definite article is ''insa(n)-'' in the sg and ''insna-'' in the plural.
 
''i'' + possessive ''a-'': ''ina-''
 
''i'' + possessive ''or-'': ''inar-''
 
''ou'' + ''an-/am-/a-'' : ''oun-/oum-/oun-''
====Syntax====
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: ''nah-fregertzen ou mo-mother is ou mo-bhrother'' 'the answers from my mother and brother' (Really tempted to make this ''nah-fregertzn...'')
 
==Syntax==
===Noun phrase===
Since Yudach lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction ''an-X ag Y'' (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, ''an-cat ag mo-mhac'' = my son's cat.
 
==Phrasebook==
*''Šolam aleichem'' = Hello
*''Aleichem šolam'' = Hello
*''Benacht agat/agebh'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
 
[[Category:Celtic languages]]

Latest revision as of 07:20, 5 January 2023

Judeo-Mandarin is a descendant of Old Mandarin, spoken by most Chinese Jews in Irta.

Note: As a Gentile Korean speaker I believe I'm somewhat more qualified to sketch this than to sketch a hypothetical Judeo-Celtic language. I'll just sketch the sound changes here, without venturing into creating the Jewish-specific vocabulary.

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