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In the [[Lõis]] timeline, '''Yudach''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אַן יודעך ''an Yudech'' /ən 'judəx/ or אַ גּֿאַלגּ'־יודעך ''a Ghalj-Yudech'' /ə ɣaldʒ judəx/) is the sole surviving Goidelic language. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the Jewish diaspora in Central Asia. It mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, Togarmite and Persian.
'''Judeo-Mandarin''' is a descendant of Old Mandarin, spoken by most Chinese Jews in Irta.


The aesthetics is inspired by Yiddish and Polish.
Note: As a Gentile Korean speaker I believe I'm ''somewhat'' more qualified to sketch this than to sketch a hypothetical Judeo-Celtic language. I'll just sketch the sound changes here, without venturing into creating the Jewish-specific vocabulary.
 
==Names==
Patronymics:
*Gaelic: mac/nic Chayim, ou/ni Chayim (we might write these as McChaim, O'Chaim when nativized to English)
*Semitic: ben/bar/bas Chayim, Chayimi
*Azalic: Chayimson
*Persian: Chayimzadeh, Chayimian, Chayiminejad
*Greek: Chayimopoulos
===Famous people===
*Scott McAharon (''Scot mac Aharoun'') - quantum physicist and computer scientist
 
==Todo==
é ó > ei ou (ea oa in some dialects)
 
regularize native schwa to ע ''e''
 
native mutation with rafe, Hebrew mutation with dagesh/no dagesh?
 
syllabic n, l (and r)?
 
*''tom byo'' = I live
*''tom a zein'' = I do
*''tom ag ih'' = I eat
*''tom ag ouł'' = I drink
*''tom a ro'' = I say
*''tom a leiv'' = I read
*''tom a scriv'' = I write
*''tom a łasegh'' = I light
*Interrogatives: ''Cad a to o zein aget?'' 'What are you doing?'
*Cleft construction: '''''Še''' zein lešóunous '''a''' tom a zein anéš'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
 
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b c ch č d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s š t th tz v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts j v z/.
*Lenitions: Note that ''d s'' are NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic.
**b /b/ > bh /v/
**f /f/ > fh /0/
**g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
**c /k/ > ch /χ/
**č /tʃ/ > čh /ʃ/
**m /m/ > mh /v/
**p /p/ > ph /f/
**t /t/ > th /h/
**tz /ts/ > tzh /h/
**j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
*ts z č j l arise from slender t d c g l.
*Vowels: ''a e i o u'' /a e i o u/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. Vowel clusters exist.
*Stress is transcribed if not initial
 
==Orthography==
אַ ע יֵ י אָ אוֹ או = a e ei i o ou u
 
ט ק for all native /t k/
 
בּ ב גּ ג פ ף = b bh g gh p f in native words
 
הּ for coda /h/
 
rafe for initial lenition:
 
אַ־בּֿוֹ בּֿיוֹ ''a vou vyou'' = the live cow
 
ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans
 
==Grammar==
===Verbs===
Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:
:{{heb|טאָם אַ ל'אַסאַג נרות חנוכּה.}}
:'''''Tom a łasegh nerous hanuco.'''
:/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'nerəs 'hanukə/
:be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
:''I'm lighting Hanukkah candles.'' (or ''I light Hanukkah candles'')
 
:{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות זע שבת!}}
:'''''Noh scribhu do ous ze Šabos!'''''
:PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
:''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!''
 
Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.
====Tenses====
Tenses are basically (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective).
 
*''to še ag ih'' = he eats; he is eating
**''vil še...'' = does he...?
**''chal še...'' = he does not...
**''nachil še...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not
**''gu vil še...'' = COMP he...
**''a to še...'' = REL he...
*''to še triš ih'' = he ate/has eaten
*''bei še ag ih'' = he will eat
**''bei še...'' = will he...?
**''cha bhei še...'' = he will not...
**''nach bhei še...'' = won't he...?
**''a vi še...'' = REL he will...
*''va še ag ih'' = he was eating/he would eat
**''rou še...'' = was he...?/would he?
**''cha rou še...'' = he was not.../he would not...
**''nach rou še...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
*''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg)
*''ihu!'' = Eat! (2pl)
*''noh ih(u)!'' = Don't eat!
 
 
For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''i mo-, i do-, ina-, etc.'' + VN is used:
*''tom i mo-chadel'' = I sleep
*''tom i mo-thi'' = I sit
*''tom i mo-šesev'' = I stand
*''tom i mo-li'' = I lie (somewhere)
*''tom i mo-fhirech'' = I live (I dwell)
 
====Conjugation====
*''to'', ''vil'', ''chal'', and ''nachil'' are conjugated as follows:
**''tom, tor, to še/ši, toj, tohi, to šid''
**''vilim, vilir, vil še/ši, vilij, vilhi, vil šid''
**''chalim, chalir...''
**''nachilim, nachilir...''
*''va, rou'':
**''vas, vaš, va še/ši, vimer, vyur, va šid''
**''rous, rouš, rou še/ši, roumar, rovyur, rou šid''
*''bei'': ''beim, beir, bei še/ši, beij, beihi, bei šid''
 
===Copula===
 
===Nouns===
Yudach has no grammatical case.
 
Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-n''/''-an'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''.
 
Hebrew words have the same gender as in Hebrew. Hebrew words often use unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ous'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
 
Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ant-'', before a labial ''am-'', otherwise ''an''
*אַנט אישצשע ''ant išče'' = the water
*אַם בּיאַ ''am bia'' = the food
*אַן ל'אהּ ''an łah'' = the day
*אַן צעך ''an tzech'' = the house
*אַן נס ''an nes'' = the miracle
 
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''tz'') lenite and take ''a-'';
*אַ גּֿעלעך ''a jhełech'' = the moon
*אַן אישה ''an išo'' = the woman/wife
*אַן אות ''an ous'' = the letter (character)
*אַן סוכּה ''an suco'' = the booth
 
Plural nouns: ''nah-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel)
 
*נאַהּ־טיש ''nah tiš'' = the houses
*נאַהּ־ל'אַהען ''nah łahen'' = the days
*נאַהּ־מנאָ ''nah mno'' = the women/wives (irregular plural of ''išo'')
*נאַהּ אותיות ''nah ousyous'' = the letters
*נאַהּ סוכּות ''nah sucous'' = the booths
*נאַהּ ניסים ''nah nisim'' = the miracles
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives always have -a in the plural.
 
*pred: ''Tom beg.'' = I am short.
*m.sg.: ''fer beg'' = a short man; ''am-fer beg'' = the short man
*f.sg.: ''fyur bheg'' = a short sister; ''an-fhyur bheg'' = the short sister
*pl.: ''feren orde'' = tall men; ''nah-feren orde'' = the tall men
 
Comparatives are formed by adding ''nis'' 'more' and ''es'' 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:
 
''mour - nis mou - es mou'' = big - bigger - biggest
 
===Pronouns===
pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu še ši šin šibh šid
 
Possessive prefixes:
*מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mo-bhroher'' /mo vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער ''m-aher'' /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
*דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''do-bhroher'' /do vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער ''d-aher'' /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
*אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a-bhroher'' /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער ''a-aher'' /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
*אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ''ah-aher'' /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
*אָר־בּראָהער ''or-broher'' /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער ''orn-aher'' /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
*באַר־בּראָהער ''var-broher'' /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער ''varn-aher'' /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
*אַ־בּראָהער ''a-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער ''an-aher'' /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'
 
''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור ''fyur'' /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור ''m-fhyur''  /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.
 
A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mo-moher is m-aher'', not ''*mo-moher is aher''.
 
===Prepositions===
*ag 'at': agom, aget, aje, ači, agen, agev, acu
*da 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
*ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu
*ou 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu
*i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, intzi, inen, inev, intu
*ar 'on': orom, oret, er, erhi, oren, orev, orhu
*as 'from': asom, aset, as, aši, asen, asev, asu
*ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
*ri 'with': ryom, ret, reš, rei, rin, riv, ryu
*um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu
*fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu
====Combinations====
''in'' + definite article is ''insa(n)-'' in the sg and ''insna-'' in the plural.
 
''i'' + possessive ''a-'': ''ina-''
 
''i'' + possessive ''or-'': ''inar-''
 
''ou'' + ''an-/am-/a-'' : ''oun-/oum-/oun-''
====Syntax====
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם טריש פאָל נאַהּ־ףרעגּערצען אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom triš fol nah-fregertzen ou mo-mhoher is ou mo-bhroher'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
 
==Syntax==
===Noun phrase===
Since Yudach lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction ''an-X ag Y'' (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן־קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק ''an-cat ag mo-mhac'' = my son's cat.
 
==Phrasebook==
*שלום ''Šoloum'' = Hello, goodbye
*שלום עליכם ''Šoloum aléichem'' = Hello
*עליכם שלום ''Aléichem šoloum'' = Hello (in response to ''Šoloum aleichem'')
*בּענאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Benacht aget/agev'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
*ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Foltze rut/ruv'' = Welcome
*צשייד מילע ףאָלצע ''Čeid mile foltze'' = A hundred thousand welcomes
 
[[Category:Celtic languages]]

Latest revision as of 07:20, 5 January 2023

Judeo-Mandarin is a descendant of Old Mandarin, spoken by most Chinese Jews in Irta.

Note: As a Gentile Korean speaker I believe I'm somewhat more qualified to sketch this than to sketch a hypothetical Judeo-Celtic language. I'll just sketch the sound changes here, without venturing into creating the Jewish-specific vocabulary.

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