Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
'''Judeo-Mandarin''' is a descendant of Old Mandarin, spoken by most Chinese Jews in Irta.
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]


[[Ăn Yidiș/Ăn Yidiș]]
Note: As a Gentile Korean speaker I believe I'm ''somewhat'' more qualified to sketch this than to sketch a hypothetical Judeo-Celtic language. I'll just sketch the sound changes here, without venturing into creating the Jewish-specific vocabulary.
 
[[Ăn Yidiș/Translations]]
 
[[Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș]]
 
[[Ăn Yidiș/Learăgisiș]]
 
[[Ăn Yidiș/Ballmer|Ballmer Ăn Yidiș]]
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|altname = Judeo-Gaelic
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|nativename =אן ייִדיש ăn Yidiș/אן אידיש ăn Idiș
|pronunciation = ən '(j)ɪdɪʃ
|region = Europe; North America
|states =
|speakers = 13 million
|date = 2021
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam2=Celtic
|fam3=Goidelic
|fam4=Old Irish
|fam5=Middle Irish
|script=Hebrew script
}}
In [[Verse:Irta|the Irta timeline]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' (natively אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪtɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪdɪʃ] or אן אידיש  ''ăn Idiș'', historically א קֿאָליק׳ תּאק נא יידיהּ ''ă Gholiģ (tăg nă Yidith)'' /ə 'ɣoltʃ (thək nə jitih)/ '(Judeo-)Gaelic'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''ın Idasz'') is a Goidelic language which is the historical vernacular of the so-called Tsarfati (= our France) Jews (''nă Țărfósith''). Today it is the main vernacular of major (mainly Hasidic) Jewish communities in Europe, Britain, Canada, and the US. With over 13 million speakers, ~70% of whom live in North America, it is the second most spoken Celtic language after Irish and the most spoken Jewish language in Irta. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English.
 
Among Ăn Yidiș speakers, Hebrew, English and Irish are common second languages (religious Jews learn Hebrew).
 
Traditional scholarly consensus holds that Ăn Yidiș evolved from a 10th century [[Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș|Middle Irish dialect that was spoken in Western France]]. However, according to some, there was no single Proto-Ăn Yidiș; Jewish speakers of Middle Irish originally spoke two separate Irish dialects, whose descendants are German Ăn Yidiș and Eastern European Ăn Yidiș, respectively. Standard Ăn Yidiș is effectively a koine of the two Proto-Ăn Yidiș dialects.
 
On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, Ăn Yidiș mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from [[Azalic]], [[Galoyseg]], and [[Hivantish]]. Some syntactic influence can also be seen from Rabbinic Hebrew and Aramaic, which are head-initial languages like Goidelic.
 
The phonaesthetics of Ăn Yidiș is "Scottish Gaelic but less Icelandic and more Romanian, Polish, and [[Windermere]]." Its grammar is also based heavily on Scottish Gaelic but is simpler; for example, it has no non-imperative finite verbs except forms of the auxiliary ''bi''.
 
== History ==
{{main|Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș}}
 
{{main|Ăn Yidiș/Literature}}
 
==Names==
Nicknames may be formed with the ''-in'', ''-lăn'', or the double diminutive ''-(i)non''. For example, ''Yacăv'' 'Jacob' may become ''Yancin'', ''Yałcin'', ''Yaclăn'', or ''Yacnon''.
===Given names (non-Biblical)===
====Male====
Often animal names
*אַרתּ, אַרתּין Art, Artin 'bear', דובארתּ Doavart
*שיענאך Șienăch (Sheenakh) 'fox' (also a surname)
*ףיען Fien (Finn)
*ףיעך Fiech 'raven'
*עקיבא Ăgívă (Akiva)
Vestigial genitive forms of names are still found in surnames, e.g. מאכּ שיעניח mac Șienith
 
====Female====
* כּלין Calin (Colleen) 'little bride'; Colleen is mainly a Jewish name in Irta's US
* ניעב Niev (Niav, Neeve)
* שירה Șiră (Shira)
 
====Unisex====
*אַשלין Așlin (Ashlin, Ashleen): 'vision, calling'
 
===Surnames===
Elements that were originally patronymics:
*Gaelic: for men: מאַכּ חיים mac Chaym "son of Chaym".
** The counterpart for unmarried women is ניצש חיים niç Chaym (niç < inighean maicc _ 'daughter of a mac _'); a wife of a mac Chaym takes the surname מען מאַכּ חיים men mac Chaym.
**''u'' (m) and ''ni'' +lenition (f) are not productive; typically names of pre-Ăn Yidiș Gaelic clans such as u Ceyv (~ Ó Caoimh, O'Keeffe)
*Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
*Azalic: חיימסאָן, חיימטאָתּ Chaimson, Chaimdot
 
Common surnames:
* Cuhăn (> Bamăriș Cowhăn, hence anglicized as Cohen)
* Leyvi, mac Leyvi
* Fersithă (Eng. Fersiha, Hiv. Takanérå; ~ Forsyth) 'man of peace' (sometimes Hebraized to Ish-Sholem)
 
Relex Ashkenazi surnames, native surnames are sometimes deliberately Hibernized or Hivantized
* Goldberg: Beņ-Oar (Binn-Óir, Auxavirgu)
** Phonosemantically matched to Ben-Or and sometimes translated as "mac Sołăs" or "mac Sołăș" (anglicized as McSullus, McSullish)
 
===Famous people===
*סקאָט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (Sgod mac Ahárăn) - quantum physicist and computer scientist
* Emil Artin
 
==Phonology of IFAY Ăn Yidiș==
The following describes the (somewhat artificial) standard, often called אן כּאיזאן ''ăn Cayzăn '' [əŋ 'kʰajtsən~əŋ 'kʰajdzən] 'the standard', originally codified by the Ăn Yidiș Research Institute (אנט אינסטיתּוֹט ףיסיףטאך תּאק&#1523; אן ייִדיש ''ănd Insditud Fisifdăch tăģ ăn Yidiș''; abbreviated to איףאַי/IFAY /i'faj/).
=== Consonants ===
The consonantal phonology of Ăn Yidiș is fairly conservative and has a similar number of consonants in most dialects (except for some dialects like Ballmer Ăn Yidiș which merges ''l'' and ''ł'' into dark L and merges ''ŗ'' with ''y'' into something like Spanish ''y''). Some differences from Irish and Scottish Gaelic are:
* depalatalization of slender labials
* some Slavic-like and Polish-like sound changes, like Old Irish palatalized c > /tʃʰ/, etc.
* almost complete loss of the fortis-lenis distinction in resonants in most dialects.
** The conservative Italian dialect preserves Old Irish fortis unpalatalized ''n'' /n̪ˠ/, fortis unpalatalized r /rˠ/ and palatalized ''l'' /ʎ/, written as נ&#1468; ר&#1468; ל&#1468;. These are found word-initially in native but not Semitic vocabulary, e.g. נ&#1468;אי /n̪ˠʌj/ 'nine' (Standard נעי /nej/ ''ney''), and are retained non-initially in Semitic words as well: הושענ&#1468;א /hu'ʃæn̪ˠə/ 'Hoshana (a Sukkot worship service)' (Standard /hu'ʃanə/ ''hușánă'').
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Standard Ăn Yidiș consonants'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!rowspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>affr.</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} ||
| '''ņ''' {{IPA|ɲ}}
| [ŋ]
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!<small>tenuis/lenis</small>
| '''b''' {{IPA|p}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s̪}}
| '''ģ''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}}
|
|-
!<small>aspirated/fortis</small>
| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''ț''' {{IPA|t̪s̪ʰ}}
| '''c&#x326;''' {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f, ph''' {{IPA|f}}
| || '''s''' {{IPA|s̪}}
| '''ș, c&#x326;h, r̦th''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
| '''ch''' {{IPA|χ}}
| '''h, th, sh, țh''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v, bh''' {{IPA|v}}
|
|
| '''r&#x326;''' {{IPA|ʒ}}
| '''gh, dh''' {{IPA|ʁ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| '''ł''' {{IPA|w}}
| '''r''' {{IPA|r~ɻ}}
|
| '''y, zh, ģh''' {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
|
| '''l''' {{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|
|}
Notes
* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪s̪ˑʰ tʃˑʰ kˑʰ].
* Unaspirated stops can only be voiced after vowels; voicing initial unaspirated stops sounds non-native.
* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rth rt= rtsh rts rs/ are realized as retroflex [N Th T= TSh TS S], even across word boundaries: נאַך אפֿשר לעט ''nach efșăr led'' [naχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a flap or trill.
* In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects.
* /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ/ may be alveolopalatal like Mandarin ''j q x''.
* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר&#1523;עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר&#1523;י ''tŗi'' '3' and צשי ''c&#x326;i'' 'at her'.
* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.
* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ&#798;] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [c&#x326;] before /i/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞].
* /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/.
 
=== Vowels ===
Vowels in all Ăn Yidiș dialects have been subject to major vowel shifts and diphthongizations from Middle Irish (which were already in progress by proto-Ăn Yidiș times). Most dialects also lost vowel length, which is still present in Irish.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Standard Ăn Yidiș monophthongs
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ü''' /y/
|
| '''u''' /u~ʊ/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''ă''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
In addition, there are the following diphthongs: ''ea oa ie ua üe ay ey oy uy üy'' /eə oə iə uə yə aj ej oj uj yj/
 
* /e o/ are mid [e̞ o̞].
 
=== Stress ===
Most Hebrew and Aramaic loans are stressed on the second-to-last syllable, like Hebrew loans in Yiddish, but some common Hebrew and Aramaic loans are stressed on the initial or the third-from-last syllable instead. What loans this happens to depends on dialect. In Standard {{PAGENAME}}, antepenultimate stress occurs regularly whenever the third-from-last syllable ends in a geminate consonant: e.g. רבּנים ''rábănim'' '(Orthodox) rabbis' (plural of רב ''rav''), קבּלה ''Gábălă'' 'Kabbalah', and also irregularly, as in חנוכּה ''Chánică'' 'Hanukkah'.
 
tsere in closed ultimate syllables reduces to i
 
=== Intonation===
Like Scottish Gaelic but mostly syllable-timed. Questions do not differ from declaratives in intonation. In exclamations the intonation is more exaggerated than normal.
 
Cualand Ăn Yidiș is tonal.
 
=== Miscellaneous ===
* ə V > V: (cf. Israeli Hebrew)
 
== Mutation ==
Some but not all modern varieties of Ăn Yidiș have initial consonant mutation which serves grammatical roles. Standard Ăn Yidiș has lenition and h-prothesis but no eclipsis.
 
*Lenitions:
**b /b/ > bh /v/
**d /d/ > dh /ɣ/
**f /f/ > fh /0/
**g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
**ģ /dʒ/ > ģh /j/
**c /k/ > ch /χ/
**c&#x326; /tʃ/ > c&#x326;h /ʃ/
**m /m/ > mh /v/
**ņ /ɲ/ > ņh /n/
**p /p/ > ph /f/
**t /t/ > th /h/
**ț /ts/ > țh /h/
 
''s'' and ''ș'' never lenite unlike their corresponding Irish sounds.
==Orthography==
:See also: [[Verse:Irta/Hebrew#Tsarfati Hebrew]]
Ăn Yidiș is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet. As in our Yiddish, non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words are usually written phonetically (except when initial lenition is specified). Vowels are written with full letters or with full letters with vowel diacritics.
===Consonants===
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words:
 
zero b v gh z ģ th d y c ch l ł m n ņ s p f ț c&#x326; g r ŗ ș t /0 p v k ɣ ts tʃ h t j kʰ χ l w m n s pʰ f tsʰ tʃʰ k r ʒ ʃ tʰ/ =
א בּ ב ג ז זש ח ט י(י) כּ כ/ך ל ל&#1523; מ/ם נ/ן נ&#1523;/ן&#1523; ס פּ ף צ/ץ צש ק ר ר&#1523; ש תּ
 
ג&#1468;, ד&#1468;, ד in Hebrew and Aramaic loans are unaspirated /k/, /t/, /t/. ח in Hebrew loans represents /χ/.
 
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ זֿש דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿש קֿ תֿ for bh gh ģh dh zh dh ch mh sh ph fh țh c&#x326;h gh th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
 
/j/ between two vowels is written יי.
 
''ŗ'' is pronounced /ʃ/ after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops: כּר'עי e.g. ''cŗey'' /kʰʃej/ 'earth, soil'.
 
===Vowels===
On the null initial, vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words):
 
אַ א אַי ע עא עי אי איע אָ אָא אָי אוֹ אוֹא אוֹי אוּ אוּע אוּי
 
''a ă ay e ea ey i ie o oa oy u ua uy ü üe üy''
 
For non-null initials the appropriate consonants are used replacing the null-initial aleph if necessary. For example:
 
בּאַ בּא בּאַי בּע בּעא בּעי בּי בּיע בּאָ בּאָא בּאָי בּוֹ בּוֹא בּוֹי בּוּ בּוּע בּוּי
 
''ba bă bay be bea bey bi bie bo boa boy bu bua buy bü büe büy''
 
Hebrew words are spelled similarly to (Modern) Hebrew, with the following additional rules:
* /o/ from qamatz qatan does not use vav as a mater lectionis.
* A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when they represent their unlenited values, i.e. /p k kh ph th/. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.
 
===Other notes===
By folk etymology, many native words which are coincidentally similar to Hebrew words are spelled as if they were derived from Hebrew:
 
* כּלהאק ''calăg'' (f) 'woman' "←" כּלה ''cală'' (f) 'bride, daughter-in-law', in ĂnY also 'young lady, lass' + ''-ăg'' diminutive suffix (''celăg, celă'' in some dialects with umlaut, reflecting MIr ''caile''). A semantic shift towards the Hebrew meaning of ''cală'' is also evident; similar words in Irish and Scottish Gaelic mean 'girl'.
* אן-עת-שא ''ănéșă'' 'now', from *inoisse, from OIr indossa). It's written like ''ăn eys șa'' 'this time' where עת ''eys'' 'time' is a Hebrew loan.
 
Another case of etymological spelling: The spelling of ייִדאך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' was influenced by the Hebrew word יהודי 'ibid.'; the expected phonetic spelling would be ייִטאך. (It is actually inherited from Middle Irish ''*Iúdach''.)
 
=== Punctuation ===
Like Japanese, Ăn Yidiș does not usually use question marks; they're unnecessary because of question particles (they're still used in transliteration in this article). Question marks are only used when no interrogative particle or word is used, e.g. in single-word questions. The same convention is used when Ăn Yidiș speakers write in Hebrew.
 
== Dialects ==
Ăn Yidiș dialects differ in accent, grammar and vocabulary. One major grammatical difference by dialect is in case marking:
* in Southeastern (e.g. Bohemian) Ăn Yidiș, the genitive inherited from Old Irish marks ''definite'' direct objects (like in Scottish Gaelic)
* in the Italian dialect the genitive marks ''animate'' direct objects (cf. Slavic animate masculine vs inanimate masculine nouns)
* Northern (Baltic) Ăn Yidiș has had no case, gender or animacy since the late 18th century at the latest; this is often chalked up to Uralic influence
 
The Ăn Cayzăn  standard was
* phonologically based on an artificial "middle of the road" accent (by late-19th-century standards) optimized for wide intelligibility
* grammatically based on the late 19th century Hasidic dialect which was spoken in our Czechia but nudged a bit closer to Irish and Mishnaic Hebrew grammar (read: close to our Scottish Gaelic but simplified a little)
* vocabulary-wise, it's a koinéized mixture of different dialects, with the addition of some hypothetical cognates of Irish words.
 
The Ăn Cayzăn  accent has not been a natively spoken accent of Ăn Yidiș before. Formal written Ăn Yidiș, which is used e.g. in novels, newspapers, or communal records, follows Ăn Cayzăn  grammar closely, but many speakers speak another variety and read the formal written language in their native accent. Ăn Cayzăn  is also used when speakers of different Ăn Yidiș dialects speak with each other. The most common spoken dialects today are Ballmer and Bohemian dialects (mainly spoken in Hasidic communities) and Modern Ăn Cayzăn  (spoken by secular Ăn Yidiș speakers). In-universe, learners are advised to speak Ăn Cayzăn  unless they wish to signal that they are highly religious Jews or belong to a specific dynasty or variety of Judaism.
 
==== Bohemian Hasidic Ăn Yidiș (Southeastern) ====
''Ănt Yădăș''
 
* NZ-ish chain vowel shift:
*# /ɪ/ > /ə/ > /a/ > /e/ > /ei/ > /ai/
*# ie, üe, ua > /i y u/; ea, oa > /iə uə/
*#* often transcribed "ii üü uu ie ua"
 
In Modern Bohemian Ăn Yidiș, mutations and gender have been lost; mutation of nouns is lexical and is based on the form following the definite article in Ăn Cayzăn . Hebrew words usually use non-mutated forms.
 
* ''dășģă'' 'water' < ''ănd ișģă''
* ''cheylăg'' 'woman' < ''ă' chalăg''
* ''tch(y)ănă'' 'tkhine, a form of non-liturgical prayer' < ''ăn tchină''
 
However, declension is preserved, as follows:
 
*sg. indef. ''cheylăg, eyd, cnav, mățvă''
*nom. sg. def. ''ănt cheylăg''/''ănt eyd''/''ănt cnav''/''ănt mățvă'' (marked nom!)
*acc. sg. def. ''ă cheylăģă/ăn eydă/ă cnavă/ă mățvă''
*pl. indef. ''cheylăgăn''/''eydim''/''cnavăn''/''mățvăs''
*nom. pl. def. ''nă cheylăgăn''/''nă h-eydim''/''nă cnavăn''/''nă mățvăs''
*acc. pl. def. ''năn cheylăgăn''/''năn eydim''/''năn cnavăn''/''năm mățvăs''
 
In contemporary Bohemian Ăn Yidiș, the grammar is shifting to that of Ballmer Ăn Yidiș.
 
==== Baltic Ăn Yidiș (Northern) ====
called "'n Iđiș" or Nithish
 
A (historically non-Hasidic) Haredi dialect spoken in the Baltic. Today it is mainly spoken in our Israel.
*/ə/-/o/ merger
* Cayzăn  /əm ən əl ər/ correspond to syllabic /m l n r/; the singular definite article is always pronounced /n/
*/e o eə oə/ are [E O e o]
*''d z ģ'' /t t͡s t͡ʃ/ are [ð z ʒ] after a vowel
*No /xt/ > /ft/
* Proto-Ăn Yidiș unstressed אָ becomes /u/ in most envs
** קאַבוֹל ''gavul'' 'to receive' (Cayzăn  קאַבאל ''gavăl'')
** מתּנה ''mátunu'' > ''mátinu'' 'gift' (Cayzăn  ''mátănă'')
** כּלה ''calu'' 'bride, daughter IL' and כּאַלא ''cală'' (< MIr ''caile'') 'girl, lass' are still separate words in this lect
 
==== German Ăn Yidiș ====
Conservative phonology, not spoken very much today
 
Should keep nn, rr and ll?
 
אָן ''on'' 'in him' /O:n/ or /oun/ has a different vowel than ל'אָן ''łon'' 'full' /ɫon/; ''ołn'' is now the prevailing pronunciation for this word, even when speaking Ăn Căyzon, due to the influence of Ballmer Ăn Yidiș which descends from this dialect.
 
ç ģ remain palatal stops in some of these dialects, or they become retroflex stops. ř ł retain their Proto-Ăn Yidiș values.
 
=== Ballmer (Baltimore) Ăn Yidiș ===
:[[Ăn Yidiș/Ballmer]]
 
=== Cualand Ăn Yidiș (Not Irta canon) ===
Windermere influenced Ăn Cayzăn  Ăn Yidiș, e o ea oa are pronounced as in Windermere, r is uvular
 
also some Mainland Southeast Asian features such as serial verbs
 
==Grammar==
Ăn Yidiș grammar is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic grammar but somewhat simplified, similar in some ways to how our Modern Hebrew is a simplification of Biblical Hebrew.
 
===Verbs===
Ăn Yidiș has lost most older finite verb forms, and only the verbal noun, the passive participle, and the imperative survive in most contexts. The imperative is on the way out in modern Ăn Yidiș and is being replaced by ă(g) + VN! or ney + VN! which marks aspect but not number, unlike the old imperative.
:{{heb|תּאָ מי א ל&#1523;אַסאך א כ&#1471;אנ'אל' חנוּכּה תּאזש אנאף}}
:'''''To mi ă łasăch ă chăņăł Chanică tăģ ănăf.'''
:be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN DEF candle Hanukkah of tonight
:''I'm lighting tonight's Hanukkah candle.''
 
The passive participle has a suffix ''-ță'', ''-thă'' (manifesting as aspiration of the final plosive of the stem), ''-tă'' or ''-dă'':
: {{heb|תּאָ נא הילא כּאנ'אל'ן ל'אַסטא אן-עת-שאַ.}}
: '''''To nă hilă căņăłn łasdă ănéșă.''''' (or ''ăníșă'')
:''All the candles are now lit.''
 
=== The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' ===
The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' is used with predicates that are
* verbs,
* existentials,
* adjectives,
* adjuncts.
(בּי ''bi'' is the imperative and the infinitive form of the auxiliary.)
 
Ăn Yidiș has innovated the tense-aspect system (pres, past/conditional, fut, jussive‚ imperative) x (imperfective, perfective) using the form of בּי ''bi'' and the preverbal aspect marker. The auxiliary marks tense and the preverbal aspect marker marks other aspectual information such as perfectivity.
 
Note that ''mă nach'' 'if not' is used whenever Irish would use ''mura''.
 
* t' e ă(g) = present (to becomes t' before a vowel)
* t' e ņey = past perfective
* vă e ă(g) = past imperfective or present conditional
* vă e ņey = pluperfect or past conditional
* bey e ă(g) = future imperfective
* bey e ney = future perfective
* răv e ă(g)  = jussive impfv. ('may he.../let him...')
* răv e ney = jussive pfv.
 
*''To'' is most often used for the constructions: ''t' e ăg ith'' = he eats; he is eating and ''t' e ney ith'' = he ate/has eaten.
** pres. interr. ''vel e...'' = does he...?
** pres. neg. ''chan el e...'' = he does not...
** pres. neg. interr. ''nach el e...'' = doesn't he...?
** pres. comp. ''gu vel/gvel e...'' = (says/believes/hopes...) that he...
** pres. comp. neg. ''gu nach el e...'' = (says/believes/hopes...) that he does not/did not...
** pres. rel. (head != subject) ''a h-e...'' = that he... (אַ ''a'' triggers h-prothesis, it's from ''*āh'' < ''*a tha'')
** pres. rel. (head == subject) ''a h-...'' = that is...
** pres. rel. neg. (head != subject) ''ă nach el e...'' = that is not...
** pres. rel. neg. (head == subject) ''ă nach el ...'' = that he does not...
** pres. cond. ''mă t' e...'' = if he...
** pres. cond. neg. ''mă nach el e...'' if he doesn't...
*Future: ''bey e ăg ith'' = he will eat
**''ă bey șe...'' = will he...?
**''cha bhey șe...'' = he will not...
**''nach bhey șe...'' = won't he...?
**''ă/gum bis șe...'' = REL/COMP he will...
*Past: ''v'e ăg ith'' = he was eating/he would eat
**''ă răv e...'' = was he...?/would he?
**''cha răv e...'' = he was not.../he would not...
**''nach răv e...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
***''gu răv e''' = COMP he was
* "if": ''mă to'' (pres aff), ''mă nach el'' (pres neg), ''mă vă'' (past aff), ''mă nach răv'' (past neg), ''mă bis'' (fut aff), ''mă nach bis'' (fut neg)
**''afíli mă to/mă nach'' = even if
** דאָז ''doz'' 'then' can be used for the apodosis.
*''ith!'' = Eat! (2sg)
*''ithăv!'' = Eat! (2pl)
*''no h-ith(ăv)!'' = Don't eat!
Hebrew verbs are usually borrowed in their verbal noun forms.
 
===Copula===
Due to Hebrew influence, Ăn Yidiș is closer to being zero-copula than Irish is; the copula *iš was fused, dropped or reanalyzed as part of the pronoun in some cases. Unlike in Irish, the copula is just syntactic; it's used for nominal sentences whereas adjunct, adjective and verb predicates use the auxiliary בּי ''bi''.
====Inflection====
The following forms are used when the predicate is definite. The interrogative forms below also serve as tag questions for copular sentences:
{{Gloss/indexable|phrase = {{rtl|כאַן ע אך ףיעך אחד א ה-אָן, אַן ע.}}|translit = Chan e ăch fiech echăd ă h-ołn, an e? |IPA = /χan e əχ fiəχ 'ehəd ə hown, 'an e/ | morphemes = | gloss = NEG.COP anything_but raven one 3SG.M, Q 3SG.M| translation = It's just one raven, isn't it?|index=3}}
 
(Both clauses have falling intonation, as in Scottish Gaelic!)
 
* present affirmative: mișă tusă șe și șņi șivșă șied
** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence)
* present affirmative, in cleft constructions: mișă tusă șesăn șișă șņi șivșă șiedsăn
* present interrogative: ă mișă, ăn tusă, ăn e, ăn i, ăn șņi, ăn ivșă, ăn ied
* present negative: chamșă, chadsă, chan e, chan i, cha șņi, chavșă, chan ied
** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence)
* present neg. interrogative: nach + mișă tusă e i șņi ivșă ied
* past affirmative: bă mhișă, bă thusă, b'e, b'i, bă șņi, b'ivșă, b'ied
** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence)
* past interrogative: ăm + past aff. (ămbă mhișă etc.)
* past negative: cha(m) bă mhișă, etc.
** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence)
* past neg. interrogative: nach + past aff.
* future uses ''bey ș' '' + relative present copula
* "if" pres: ''măș, mă nach'' (rather than a cognate of Irish ''mura'')
* "if" past: ''mă bă, mă nach bă''
When the predicate is indefinite ("is-a"), the construction "șe PRED ă t'in (def noun phrase)" is used, where ''șe/și/șied'' inflects according to the above rules:
 
:כֿאַנעל שי נ&#1523;עי איה&#1468; כּעראכּאן-שינט, כּי שע וועגאַן א בֿ' אינצי
: '''''Chanel și ņey ith cerăcăn-Șind, ci șe vegán ă v' inți.'''''
: ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.''
 
When the predicate is definite ("is-the"):
* 1st and 2nd person: mișă PRED = I am PRED
* 3rd person: șe PRED e TOPIC (or și...i, or șied...ied, as appropriate for the topic noun phrase) = TOPIC is PRED, or șe PRED e = he is PRED
 
==== Bare copula ====
Ăn Yidiș also uses the so-called ''bare copula'' (כּאָפּוֹלאַ רוּשכּ&#1523;א ''copula rüșçă''), deriving from an omitted ''iš'' without a following pronoun, mainly for fixed expressions like
* ''efșăr lă X'' 'X can'
** ''b'efșăr lă X'' 'X could'
* ''tel lă X'' 'X likes'
** ''bă thel lă X'' 'X would like' (also 'X liked')
Bare-copula questions are answered in the following way:
 
Say the question is אן אפֿשר לא יואל שעין&#1523; ''Ăn efșăr lă Yual șeyņ?'' 'Can Yual (Yoel) sing?'. Then the 'yes' and 'no' answers are:
* אפֿשר ''Efșăr.'' 'Yes (he can).'
* כ&#1471;אַן אפֿשר ''Chan efșăr.'' 'No (he can't).'
The tag questions work as follows:
* כ&#1471;אַן אפֿשר לא יואל שעין&#1523;, אן אפֿשר ''Chan efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, ăn efșăr?'' 'Yual can't sing, can he?'
* אפֿשר לא יואל שעין&#1523;, נאַך אפֿשר ''Efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, nach efșăr?'' 'Yual can sing, can't he?'
 
Forms of the naked copula:
* pres. interr. אן ''ăn'' (אם ''ăm'' before labials), pres. neg. כ&#1471;אַ ''cha°'', pres. neg. interr. נאַך ''nach''
* relative present aff. אש ''ăș'', rel. pres. neg. א נאַך ''ă nach''
* complementizer pres. aff. קוֹ ''gu'', pres. neg. קוֹ נאַך ''gu nach''
* interrogative טעש ''deș'': טעש תּעל לעט ''Deș tel led?'' = What do you like? טעש אפֿשר לוֹם ''Deș efșăr lum?'' = What can I do?
* past/conditional/subjunctive בּא ''bă'', interr. אם בּא ''ăm bă'', neg. כ&#1471;אַ בּא ''cha bă'', neg. interr. נאַך בּא ''nach bă''
* rel. past aff. א בּא ''ă bă'', rel. past neg. א נאַך בּא ''ă nach bă''
* comp. past aff. קוֹ בּא ''gu bă'', comp. past neg. קוֹ נאַך בּא ''gu nach bă''
* cond. pres. ''măș, mă nach''
* cond. past. ''mă bă, mă nach bă''
 
===Nouns===
Like modern Irish, Standard An Yidiș has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words may not have the same gender as in Hebrew. Declension is simplified compared to Irish and Scottish Gaelic:
* The nominative is used the most often, including as prepositional objects; the Old Irish accusative and prepositional cases are lost.
* The inherited genitive is only used to mark definite objects of verbs, similarly to Hebrew ''et'', and almost never possessors. The genitive is no longer productive in head-initial compounds.
* The inherited vocative survives only for ''Zie'' 'God': ''ă Zhey (gum/giņi)!'' /əˈjej/, or the fixed expression ''(oy) mă-Zhey!'' 'oh my God'. To call family members, forms such as ''mă-mhoŗ!'' 'my mother!' are used.
 
Possession is expressed with the construction ''ăn X ăģ Y'' (lit. the X at Y), for example אן כּאַתּ אַק׳ מא־מֿאַכּ ''ăn cat ăģ mă-mhac'' 'my son's cat'.
 
Concatenation exists but is more derivational, analogous to compounding in English. In native head-initial concatenations, the second element of a compound is treated as an adjective for mutation purposes:
* ''ła-'''b'''ŗethă'' (m) 'birthday' (''ła'' 'day' is masculine)
* ''călă-'''fh'''erthiņă'' (f) 'rainforest' (''călă'' 'forest' is feminine).
 
Native plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-ăn'', or less commonly
* umlaut, final palatalization: fer > fiŗ
* -ăch > -ith
 
Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ăs'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural. Hebrew nouns beginning with ''m-'' are almost always loaned as masculine (to avoid mutation after the singular definite article); as an exception, משפּחה ''mișpóchă'' 'family' is feminine.
==== Article ====
For masculine nouns when ''not'' accusative:
* Nouns beginning with a vowel take אנט ''ănd'': אנט אישק׳א ''ănd ișģă'' = the water
* before a labial (''p b f m v''), אם ''ăm'':
** אם פּתי ''ăm pesi'' 'the fool'
** אם בּיעג ''ăm biegh'' 'the food'
** אם ףיעך ''ăm fiech'' 'the raven'
** אם ווֹנעטאר&#1523; ''ăm vunedăŗ'' 'the (romantic) admirer'
** אם מצווה ''ăm mițvă'' 'the (religious) commandment'
* before ''ņ'', אן&#1523; ''ăņ'':
** אן&#1523; נ&#1523;ערתּ ''ăņ ņert''  'the strength'
* before a historical liquid (''r ŗ l ł''), א ''ă'' (some dialects treat these as "sun letters", hence ''ăl lenăv'' etc.):
** א לענאב ''ă lenăv'' 'the child'
** א ל&#1523;אַ ''ă ła'' 'the day'
** א רוח ''ă rüech'' 'the spirit'
** א ר&#1523;אָל&#1523;תּא ''ă ŗołtă'' 'the star'
* otherwise אן ''ăn'':
** אן כּוֹן ''ăn cun'' 'the dog'
** אן קאבאר ''ăn găvăr'' 'the goat'
** אן כּ&#1523;אָנארט ''ăn çonărd'' 'the leader'
** אן ק&#1523;אָל&#1523; ''ăn ģoł'' 'the game'
** אן תּלמיד ''ăn talmid'' 'the pupil'
** אן טאָן ''ăn don'' 'the (Ăn Yidiș) folk song'
** אן צעך ''ăn țech'' 'the house'
** אן זקן ''ăn zogăn'' 'the old man'
** אן נס ''ăn neys'' 'the miracle'
** אן ייִדאך ''ăn Yidăch'' 'the Jew'
** אן התר ''ăn heysir'' 'the heter (special permission given by a rabbi)'
** אן חתן ''ăn chosăn'' 'the bridegroom; the son-in-law'
** אן סאיאל&#1523; ''ăn săyăł'' 'the world'
** אן שמן ''ăn șemăn'' 'the oil'
 
For feminine nouns when ''not'' accusative and masculine nouns when accusative:
* Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''d'', ''z'', ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite, and the following rule is applied to the lenited form:
** א ''ă'' before historical liquids, and non-sibilant fricatives (/j/ doesn't count as a fricative):  א מֿענין ''ă mhenin'' = the wife, א ף&#1471;ר'עקארץ ''ă fhŗegărț'' = the answer
** אן ''ăn'' otherwise: אן ק&#1471;'על'אך ''ăn ģhełăch'' = the moon, אן אות ''ăn oas'' = the letter (character)
* Feminine nouns beginning in ''d z t ț'' don't lenite: אן תּוֹרה ''ăn Tură'' 'the Torah'.
** Note: Nouns that were feminine in Old Irish and began with ''s-'' have all become t-/ț- words in Proto-Ăn Yidiș, except ''s(stop)-'' and ''sm-'' words (since those didn't lenite), pluralia tantum and obvious derivations from other ''s''-words: אן תּאַבין&#1523; ''ăn Taviņ'' 'Halloween' (from ''an tSamhain''). Newer words such as Hebrew loans are not subject to this.
 
For plural non-accusative nouns and feminine definite accusatives take נא ''nă'' and ''h-'' is added before a noun beginning with a vowel.
*נא ציש ''nă țiș'' = the houses
*נא ל'אַאן ''nă łaăn'' = the days
*נא מנאָ ''nă mno'' = the wives
*נא ה-אותיות ''nă h-usyăs'' = the letters
*נא סוכּות ''nă sücăs'' = the sukkot
*נא ניסים ''nă nisim'' = the miracles
 
Plural definite accusatives take נאן ''năn'' (נאם ''năm'' before ''b p m f v'' and נאן&#1523; ''năņ'' before ''ņ''), The noun itself doesn't inflect for the accusative.
*נאן ציש ''năn țiș''
*נאן ל'אַאן ''năn łaăn''
*נאם מנאָ ''năm mno''
*נאן אותיות ''năn usyăs''
*נאן סוכּות ''năn sücăs''
*נאן ניסים ''năn nisim''
 
This can be summarized by the following table:
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|+ Definite articles
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Masculine sg.
! style="width: 100px;" | Feminine sg.
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Non-accusative
| (1) || (2) || ''nă (h-)''
|-
! Accusative
| (2) || ''nă (h-)'' || ''năn/năm/năņ''
|}
(1) See above on masculine non-accusative definite articles
 
(2) See above on feminine non-accusative definite articles
 
==== Declension ====
An Ăn Yidiș noun effectively has three principal parts: the singular indefinite form, the singular definite accusative form and the plural form. In the definite accusative plural the noun itself is the same as the indefinite plural.
 
A majority of nouns including most Hebrew loans use ''-ă'' for the genitive singular. The plural has to be memorized, but ''-ăn'' is the most common non-Semitic plural.
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | כּאָש ''coș'' (m.) 'cheese'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | State/case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indefinite
| כּאָש <br/>''coș'' || כּאָשאן <br/>''coșăn''
|-
! Definite
| אן כּאָש <br/>''ăn coș'' || נא כּאָשאן <br/>''nă coșăn''
|-
! Definite acc.
| א כ&#1471;אָשא <br/>''ă choșă'' || נאן כּאָשאן <br/>''năn coșăn''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | כּנאָב ''cnov'' (f.) 'bone'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | State/case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indefinite
| כּנאָב<br/> ''cnov'' || כּנאָבאן<br/>''cnovăn''
|-
! Definite
| א כ&#1471;נאָב<br/>''ă chnov'' || נא כּנאָבאן<br/>''nă cnovăn''
|-
! Definite acc.
| נא כּנאָבא<br/>''nă cnovă'' || נאן כּנאָבאן<br/>''năn cnovăn''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | עד ''eyd'' (m.) 'witness'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | State/case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indefinite
| עד <br/>''eyd'' || עדים <br/>''eydim''
|-
! Definite
| אנט עד <br/>''ănd eyd'' || נא ה-עדים <br/>''nă h-eydim''
|-
! Definite acc.
| אן עדא <br/>''ăn eydă'' || נאן עדים <br/>''năn eydim''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | משפּחה ''mișpóchă'' (f.) 'family' (the ''p'' is aspirated!)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | State/case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indefinite
| משפּחה<br/>''mișpóchă'' || משפּחות<br/>''mișpóchăs''
|-
! Definite
| א מ&#1471;שפּחה <br/> ''ă mhișpóchă'' || נא משפּחות<br/>''nă mișpóchăs''
|-
! Definite acc.
| נא משפּחה <br/>''nă mișpóchă'' || נאם משפּחות<br/>''năm mișpóchăs''
|}
 
 
More irregular nouns often get -(palatalization) or -(palatalization)+-ă in the definite accusative:
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''mac'' (m.) 'son'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | State/case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indefinite
| מאַכּ<br/>''mac'' || מיכּ&#1523;<br/>''mic̦''
|-
! Definite
| אם מאַכּ<br/>''ăm mac'' || נא מיכּ&#1523;<br/>''nă mic̦''
|-
! Definite acc.
| א מ&#1471;יכּ&#1523;<br/>''ă mhic̦'' || נאם מיכּ&#1523;<br/>''năm mic̦''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ליאָר ''lyor'' (m.) 'book'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | State/case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indefinite
| ליאָר<br/> ''lyor'' || ליאָראן<br/>''lyorăn''
|-
! Definite
| א ליאָר<br/> ''ă lyor'' || נא ליאָראן<br/> ''nă lyorăn''
|-
! Definite acc.
| א ליאָר&#1523;<br/> ''ă lyoŗ'' || נאן ליאָראן<br/>''năn lyorăn''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | כּלהאק ''calăg'' (f.) 'woman'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | State/case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indefinite
| כּלהאק<br/>''calăg'' || כּלהאקאן<br/>''calăgăn''
|-
! Definite
| א כ&#1471;להאק<br/>''ă chalăg'' || נא כּלהאקאן<br/>''nă calăgăn''
|-
! Definite acc.
| נא כּלהאק&#1523;א<br/>''nă calăģă'' || נאן כּלהאקאן<br/>''năn calăgăn''
|}
 
Middle Irish -amh/-amhan nouns either
* if feminine, the -amh is deleted and the plural is -țăn (''tał, talțăn'' 'earth')
* if masculine, they change to ''-un, -unăn'' nouns (''bŗethun, bŗethunăn'' 'judge')
** Western dialects ''bŗethun, bŗethună''
** Ballmer Ăn Yidiș: ''bŗeythín, bŗeythínăn'' (the Balămuriș cognate of Irish ''-ín'' has a different plural: ''-in, -iniņ'')
** Nidiș-Yidiș: ''bŗithăv/-u, bŗithun''
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''tał'' (f.) 'earth'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | State/case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indefinite
| ''tał'' || ''talțăn''
|-
! Definite
| ''ăn tał'' || ''nă talțăn''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''nă tałun'' || ''năn talțăn''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''bŗethun'' (m.) 'judge'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | State/case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indefinite
| ''bŗethun'' || ''bŗethunăn''
|-
! Definite
| ''ăm bŗethun'' || ''nă bŗethunăn''
|-
! Definite acc.
| ''ă bhŗethună'' || ''năm bŗethunăn''
|}
 
===Adjectives===
As in Irish, predicate adjectives are unmarked.
 
Adjectives always have ''-ă'' in the plural, except
* the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-ith'': the plural of יידאך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is יידיח ''Yidith'';
* the plural of adjectives with unstressed ''-i'' is unchanged (unlike nouns with unstressed ''-i'' which always pluralize as ''-im'', even native nouns);
* the plural of ''ołiņ'' 'lovely' is ''ołă''.
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|+ Adjective mutation
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Masculine sg.
! style="width: 100px;" | Feminine sg.
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Non-(definite accusative)
| no mutation || lenition ||
h-prothesis
|-
! Definite accusative
| lenition || h-prothesis || no mutation
|}
''Ină'' (which lenites) for predicate adjectives is used after longer noun phrases:
 
: {{rtl|{{Mashkit|תּאָ אן סטוֹא תּאַק&#1523; א כרינא מ&#1471;אָראַל'תּא אינא ף&#1471;אַטא.}}}}
: '''''To ăn sdua tăģ ă chrină mhoráłtă ină fhadă.'''''
:''The arc of the moral universe is long.''
 
''Gu'' (with h-prothesis) is used to form adverbs from adjectives: ''gu math'' 'well' from ''math'' 'good'. It's also used in front of predicative adjectives to indicate that the adjective is a current, often temporary state, e.g.
* ''gu math'' 'well, in good health'
* ''To i gu teth'' 'It's hot'
 
Using adjectives before subjects used with a naked copula is flowery and can be used to evoke either Biblical Hebrew or older Irish.
 
: נאס-ףיאָר א חכמה נא כּלי-מלחמה
: ''Năs-fyor ă chochmă nă cley-milchomă.''
: 'Wisdom is better than weapons of war.' (טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִכְּלֵי קְרָב)
==== Comparison ====
''chu ADJ ři NOUN'' is used for 'as ADJ as NOUN'.
 
Comparatives are formed by adding נאס ''năs'' 'more' and אס ''ăs'' 'most' before the comparative form of the adjective, which is usually formed with -ă or palatalization + -ă: ףוֹאר, נאס-ףוֹאר'א, אס-ףוֹאר'א  ''fuar, năs-fuařă, ăs-fuařă'' 'cold, colder, coldest'. Adjectives of Hebrew and Aramaic origin don't palatalize: מיאוס, נאס-מיאוסא ''mies, năs-miesă'' 'bad'. The word נא ''nă'' is used for 'than'.
 
There is no tense change for comparatives unlike in Irish where ''níos mó'' 'bigger' changes to ''ní ba mó'' in the past tense.
 
מוֹר - נאס-מוֹא - אס-מוֹא ''mur - năs-mua - ăs-mua'' = big - bigger - biggest
 
===Pronouns===
Ăn Yidiș pronouns have three forms  (not counting emphatic forms):
* subject/topic pronouns: מי הוֹ ע אי שנ&#1523;י שיב איעט ''mi thu e i șņi șiv ied''; האר ''thăr'' 'impersonal pronoun'
** The 3sg gender neutral pronoun is most commonly ''șied''. As in English, ''e'' is preferred for a grammatically singular non-specific referent (e.g. ''ņech săm bith'' 'everyone') in older or traditionalist settings.
** ''Șņi'' is coincidentally the same as the expected reflex of Old Irish ''sní'', but it's actually from Middle Irish ''sinne'' 'we (emphatic)'.
** follows a finite form of the auxiliary ''bi'': ''Vă '''mi''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.'
** In insults: חזיר הוֹ ''Chazir '''thu'''!'' 'You pig!'
* copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula
** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav tăģ ăm bală giņi e.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.'
** '''''Șesăn''' ăm pŗivrav e.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.'
* prefixed pronouns: מא-, טא-, א-, א(ה)-, אָר(ן)-, בֿאר(ן)-, א(ן)- ''mă°, dă°, ă°, ă(h)-, or(n)-, văr(n)-, ă(n)-'' inalienable possession
* Direct object pronouns fuse with the words ''ă(g)'', ''ņey'' and the infinitive marker ''ă'':
** ''ă(g)'' 'imperfective marker': ''năm°, năd°, nă°, nă h-, nor(n), nur(n), nă(n)''
** ''ņey'' 'perfect marker': ''răm°, răd°, ră°, ră h-, ror(n), rur(n), ră(n)''
** ''ă°'' 'infinitive marker': ''ăm°, ăd°, o°, o h-, or(n), ă văr(n), o(n)''
** ''To șņi găn ith băméșăch ăm Purim.'' 'We eat them during Purim.' (etym. "we are at their eating")
* suffixed pronouns, on prepositions
 
''Șiv'' is used as a polite 2nd person pronoun (the same way as Yiddish ''ir''; e.g. ''șiv'' is used for speaking to a rabbi). ''Thu'' is used when speaking to nonhumans (including God).
 
All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)esăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?'
 
Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -ín -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģesăn, c&#x326;ișă, giņín, givșă, cusăn''
 
Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין תּעק׳ ''ăn giyăm feyn teģ'' 'his very existence').
==== Possessive pronouns ====
For possession, the ''ă lyor tam'' construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Modern Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר׳ ''-aŗ'' 'father' and ־מאָר׳ ''-moŗ'' 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms.
 
Double-marking possessives, e.g. בֿ' אהרן א-דֿר׳אָר תּאק׳ משה ''V' Ăharăn '''ă-dhŗor tăģ Mușă'''.'' 'Aaron was Moses' brother' (lit. his brother of Moses) are used for nouns where possessive suffixes are still used. Possessive prefixes are considered ''Learăgüsiș'' for other nouns.
* ''mă-dhŗor '' /məɣˈʒor/ 'my brother'; ''m-aŗ'' /maʒ/ 'my father'
* ''dă-dhŗor '' /təɣˈʒor/ 'thy brother'; ''d-aŗ'' /taʒ/ 'thy father'
* ''ă-dhŗor'' /əɣˈʒor/ 'his brother'; ''aŗ'' /aʒ/ 'his father'
* ''ă-dŗor'' /ətˈʒor/ 'her brother'; ''ă-h-aŗ'' /əˈhaʒ/ 'her father'
* ''or-dŗor'' /ortˈʒor/ 'our brother'; ''orn-aŗ'' /oɾˈnaʒ/ 'our father'
* ''văr-dŗor'' /vərtˈʒor/ 'your brother'; ''vărn-aŗ'' /vəɾˈnaʒ/ 'your father'
* ''ă-dŗor'' /ətˈʒor/ 'their brother'; ''ăn-aŗ'' /əˈnaʒ/ 'their father'
 
=== List of inalienable nouns ===
Family:
* אַר׳ ''aŗ'' = father (obligatorily possessed)
* מאָר׳ ''moŗ'' = mother (obligatorily possessed)
* טר׳אָר ''dŗor'' = brother
* טר׳עבר ''dŗevăr'' = sister
* ''mac'' = son
* ''inin'' = daughter
* ''cłan'' = (one's) children
Body parts:
* תּוּל ''tül'' = eye
* תּראָאן ''troan'' = nose
* בּעל' ''beł'' = mouth
* כּל'וֹאס ''cłuas'' = ear
* ל'אָב ''łov'' = hand
* כּאס ''căs'' = leg
* תּראָי ''troy'' = foot
* כּ׳אָן ''c&#x326;on'' = head
 
===Prepositions===
Unlike Irish, Ăn Yidiș has lost relative pronoun-inflected forms of prepositions (all oblique relative clauses use the resumptive pronoun strategy as in Hebrew).
*''ăģ/ăg'' 'at': ''gum, găd, ģe, c&#x326;i, giņi, giv, că''
** ''ăģ'' becomes ''ăg'' before a coronal.
** emphatic forms: ''gumsă, gădsă, ģesăn, çișă, giņín, givsă, cusăn''
*''tăģ/tăg'' 'of': ''tam, tad, teģ, tec&#x326;i, teņi, tav, tacă''
** emphatic forms: ''tamsă, tadsă, teģsăn, teçișă, teņín, tavsă, tacăsăn''
** the ''tăģ/tag'' alternation is similar to that of ''ăģ/ăg''
*''dă°, d' '' 'to, for': ''dum, did, do, di(thi), diņi, div, du(thă)'' (d- is deleted after a coronal obstruent)
*''ză°, z''' 'off' (corresponding to ''ăr'' 'on'): ''zum, zid, ze, zi(thi), ziņi, ziv, zu(thă)''
*''u h-'' 'from' (corresp. to ''ăģ'' 'at'): ''uam, uad, ua, uathi, uaņi, uav, uathă''
*''in'' 'in': ''inum, inăd, ołn (spelled אָן), inți, iniņi, iniv, intă''
** ''in'' has the allomorphs ''in, ind, im, i'' with the same rules as the definite article ''ăn'': ''im mițvă, ind ișģă, i chalăg ...''
*''ăr°'' 'on': ''ărum, ărăd, eŗ, eŗthi, ăriņi, ăriv, orthă''
** emphatic 3ms form is ''ersăn''
*''ăs'' 'out of' (corresponding to ''in'' 'in'): ''asum, asăd, as, ași, asiņi, asiv, asă''
*''ru°'' 'before, in front of': ''ruam, ruad, rev, rempi, ruņi, ruv, rompă''
*''ŗi(n)'' 'with': ''ŗum, ŗed, ŗeș, ŗethi, ŗiņi, ŗiv, ŗethă''
*''lă h-'' 'with, by, for': ''lum, led, leș, lethi, liņi, liv, lethă''
** some contamination from Semitic l- should happen
*''țimpum'' 'around' suppletes: ''umum, umăd, em, empi, umiņi, umiv, umpă''
*''fă°'' 'under, among': ''fum, fud, făy, fithi, fuņi, fuv, futhă''
*In some dialects such as Ballmer Hasidic Ăn Yidiș, ''izăr'' 'between': ''edrum, edrăd, iziŗ, iziŗthi, edriņi, edriv, izărthă''. In the standard language, izăr is most often a pseudo-preposition (i.e. a preposition that can't take pronominal suffixes); the plural forms ''edriņi, edriv, izărthă'' are literary.
** the syntax for "between X and Y" in these dialects is often ''izăr X is izăr Y'' or ''izăr X lă Y'', influenced by Hebrew '' beyn X uveyn Y''/''beyn X lă Y''
====Combinations====
''in'' 'in', ''ŗi'' 'with' and ''lă'' 'with' before a definite article become ''s-, ŗiș, leș'':
 
*סאן צעך ''săn țech'' 'in the house'
*''To șied ă fiŗăch inș ă bhelă șo ŗiș nă dină elă'' 'They live in this town with the other people'
 
''u'' 'from' + ''ăn/ăm/ă'' -> ''un-/um-/u ă-''
 
''ăr'' 'on', ''izăr'' 'between' + ''ăn'' -> ''ărn'', ''izărn''
 
====Syntax====
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase, as in Hebrew and Irish:
:''To mi ney făyņ nă fŗegărțăn '''u''' mămhóŗ is '''u''' mădhŗór.''
:'I got the answers from my mother and brother.'
 
=== Pseudo-prepositions ===
Pseudo-prepositions don't take pronominal suffixes, unlike true prepositions; they take either the disjunctive pronoun or a form of ''tăģ'' instead. For example, 'for me' is ''son tam''. They also never mutate the following word.
 
* izăr 'between' (+ disj.)
* son 'for, for the sake of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')
* ăr sgoth 'because of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')
* ătoŗ (+ disj.) (''flowery or dialectal'') 'towards' (< ag tóir 'pursuing')
Some dialects such as the Nithish-influenced dialect do inflect pseudo-prepositions as if they were true prepositions: ''ătoŗm, ătoŗăd, ...''
 
===Adverbs===
====Directionals====
 
===Numerals===
Numerals are always followed by the singular form.
 
0 = ''efăs'', ''ă h-efăs'' (number zero)
 
counting numbers: ă h-eyn, ă du, ă tŗi, ă c&#x326;ethăr, ă cuģ, ă șie (some dialects ''ă șey'' or ''ă șeyș''), ă șefd, ă h-ăfd, ă năy, ă zeș
 
11, 12, ... = ă h-eyn zeg, ă du zeg, ă tŗi zeg...
 
20, 30, 40, ... = fișăd, tŗișăd, deyșăd, cuģăd, șeyșăd, șefdăd, ăfdăd, năyăd
 
21, 22, ... = fișăd să h-eyn, fișăd să du, ...
 
100, 200, ... = meyă, du mheyă, tŗi mheyă, ... (çead is only used in fixed expressions)
 
1000 = elăf
 
attributives: 2-6 lenites
 
Counting humans: yochid, duyș, tŗür, c&#x326;ehrăr, cuģăr, șeyșăr, șefdăr, ăfdăr, năynăr, zeșăr
 
ordinals: ''tăsi, elă, tŗiăv, c&#x326;ehrăv, cuģăv, șeyșăv, ...'' or just ''ăh N''
 
There is no true attributive form for "one"; usually the singular form is used in isolation. The Hebrew numeral אחד ''echăv'' (regardless of gender) may be used after the noun means "just one X" when X is indefinite and "the (one and) only X" when X is definite. the ''v'' reflects an earlier Hebrew reading tradition where lenited ד was [v].
: {{rtl|מאר יידי, תּאָ שני אק עבודה ז-ע אחד.}}
: '''''Măr Yidi, to șni ăg ăvudă Z-e echăv.'''''
: ''As Jews, we worship only one G-d.''
 
: {{rtl|שי א מֿענין אחד אי, א בּיי קראָ קוֹם עשי ר'וֹב.}}
: '''''Și ă mhenin echăv i, ă bey gro gum eși ŗuv.'''''
: ''She's the only woman who I'll ever love.''
 
The predicative form which isn't very common ("is one", "is two" etc.) is the same as the attributive form, except unmarked.
 
==Syntax==
Ăn Yidiș syntax is auxiliary-subject-verb-object and head initial.
 
In transitive sentences, the direct object (if it's a noun) immediately follows the verbal noun:
:'''''To ăr nă Yidi iensăch ăn Tură ă h-ilă ła.'''''
:''Jews have to study the Torah every day.''
===Noun phrase===
The demonstratives, when pronominal, are שאַ, שין, שוֹט ''șa, șin, șud'' corresponding to the Irish demonstratives ''seo, sin, siúd''. The adnominal demonstratives may use
* the native Gaelic syntax: אן עיהא שאַ ''ăn eythă șa'' 'this night'
* the Hebrew syntax: אן עיהא אן שאַ ''ăn eythă ăn șa''
* the Arabic syntax (imported via Medieval Hebrew): שאַ אן עיהא ''șa ăn eythă''
** This more commonly means 'this is the night'.
The first two are roughly equally common and the last syntax is the rarest.
 
===Translating "be"===
*"X is a NOUN": שי לשון כ&#1471;עלתּאך א תּא סאן ייִדיש ''Și loșăn Cheltăch ă tă săn Yidiș'' = Ăn Yidiș is a Celtic language (lit. It's a Celtic language that is in Ăn Yidiș)
*"1p/2p is the NOUN": מישא א מֿענין אק׳ משה ''Mișă ă mhenin ăģ Mușă'' = I am Mușă's (Moses') wife
*"3p is the NOUN": שי א מֿענין אק׳ משה אי ''Și ă mhenin ăģ Mușă i'' = She is Mușă's wife
**שי א מֿענין אק׳ משה אי רבקה ''Și _ă mhenin ăģ Mușă_ i _Rivgă_'' (or ''Și _Rivgă_ i _ă mhenin ăģ Mușă_'') = Rivgă is Mușă's wife
*Predicate adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'':
**תּאָ רבקה אָרט ''To Rivgă ord'' 'Rivgă is tall'
**תּאָ רבקה אינש אן חדר-קאַדאל ''To Rivgă inș ăn chedăr-cadăl'' 'Rivgă is in the bedroom'
*to become or serve as X is ''bi ină+lenition X'': ''To mi ăg ieři bi ină chovir did'' 'I want to be your friend' (ină doesn't inflect for the subject unlike in Scottish Gaelic)
 
===Infinitive phrases===
The verbal noun preceded by ''ă'' (where ''ă'' lenites the VN unlike the imperfective marker ''ă(g)'') is the default for verbs that are arguments of other verbs, like the German ''zu''-infinitive. For example they have to be used with
* ''efșăr lum'' 'I can'
* ''tel lum'' 'I like'
* ''fyor lum'' 'I prefer'
* ''fuath/mies lum'' 'I hate' (''mies lum'' is stronger)
* ''tosăch'' 'to begin'
* ''zeřăch'' 'to finish'
* ''t' ărum'' 'I have to'
* ''cdey'' 'in order to' (some word like ''cdey'' is mandatory to introduce purpose clauses)
 
Such verb phrases are of the form ''ă'' + VN + nominal direct object, or pronominal direct object form of ă + VN. For example: ''ă thorț mátănă dum'' 'to give me a gift' (NB: Irish would say ''bronntanas a thabhairt dom'').
 
For example: ''Fyor lum ă chanțiņ Yidiș nă Ozăliș.'' 'I prefer speaking Ăn Yidiș to English.'
=== Indirect speech ===
Tense in indirect speech doesn't change to match the clause it's embedded in, unlike in English.
 
To quote questions, Ăn Yidiș directly carries over the interrogative auxiliary complex and doesn't use a special conjunction like English or German: ''To mi ņey faynăch do, vel fis ģe.'' 'I asked him if he knew.' (lit. "I asked him, does he know") This is also mandatory in in-universe Modern Hebrew: שאלתי אותו, האם הוא יודע (whereas our Hebrew can use אם instead of האם).
 
==Vocabulary==
* Proto-Ăn Yidiș:
** traces of Pre-Irish Romance and Azalic
** Words inherited from MIr
** Hebrew and Aramaic
* Galoyseg
* Thurish
* Hivantish
* "Loazit" (international Latin/Greek/English vocab)
* Borrowings or cognatizations from Irish
Formal or literary writing uses more Celtic and Semitic words; words from other Indo-European languages spoken in Apple PIE Eastern Europe are more colloquial or relate to everyday objects.
 
Religious terminology tends to avoid Middle Irish terms in favor of Hebrew/Aramaic terms, because Middle Irish religious terms were associated with Catholicism.
 
Ăn Yidiș is more chill about borrowing "loazit" vocabulary than Irish
===Derivation===
*־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-iyăs'' or ־יתאן ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix'; today considered optional or dated for most occupations
** not added to nouns in ''-ăch''; you'd use constructions like כּלהק ייִדאך ''calăg Yidăch''
*''-nă, -năn'' 'feminine suffix' (Hivantish ''-nir'' < -nih2)
** חברנא ''chovărnă'' 'girlfriend' from חבר ''chovăr'' '(boy)friend'
*''-ăch'', ''-ith'': forms adjectives or "Gentilic nouns"
*''-i'', ''-im'': agentives, adjectives
*''-in'' (m): diminutive
*''-ăg'' (f): diminutive
*''-ăn'', ''-ónim'' (m): instrumental; diminutive; agentive (Hebrew influence)
** אַמאטאן, אַמאטאָנים ''amădăn, amădónim'' 'fool' (~ Irish ''amadán'')
*''-ăl'' (m): verbal noun
*''-il'': adjective
*''-ăfd/-fd'' (f): abstract noun
*''-łon'' (f): place
*-וּת ''-is'', plural -וּתאן ''-isăn'' (f): nominalizer (also replaced native ''*-us''), spelled יס in native words
** צניעוּת ''țni'is'' 'modesty' < צנוּע ''țonüe'' 'modest'
** תּאישאכיס ''tăyșăchis'' '(tribal) chiefdom; Irish premiership'
* ''-lăn'' is a diminutive for animates (analyzed from culen 'puppy', cun 'dog')
* Pairs of ''s-''/''d-'' antonyms (PCel *esu-/*dus-), for example ''sărăchă'' 'bright' and ''dărăchă'' 'dark'. Some non-Irish examples are:
*# סמאָאס ''smoas'' (pl) 'tears of joy', דמעות ''dmoas'' 'tears (from Hebrew)'
*# שמחה ''simchă'' (f) 'party, celebration (from Hebrew 'joy')', טימכא ''dimchă'' (f) 'mourning, tragedy'
*# טאשזשעל' ''Dășģeł'' (m) (obsolete, pejorative) 'Christianity', from MIr ''soiscéul'' 'Gospel'
* ''-ol'': older verbalizer
* (something from Nithish): most productive verbalizer
* Greek y is borrowed as ü
* Classical os/us adjectives are borrowed with -ăch: מיסאָקוּנאך ''misógünăch'' (misogynos) 'misogynistic'.
* ''-ig'': agentive, borrowed from [[Nithish]]
* ''gü-°'': pseudo, borrowed from Old Irish ''gú-''
 
==Phrasebook==
*''Șolăm'' = Hello, goodbye
*''Șolăm-ăléychăm'' = Hello
*''Ăléychăm-șolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolăm-aléychăm'')
*''Byonăf led/liv'' = Thank you (lit. blessing with you)
** ''Murăn ezăch'' = Thank you very much
** ''Elăf ezăch'' = A thousand thanks
** ''Răvóvă ezăch'' = (effusive) Ten thousand thanks
*''Șe dă-bhethă/văr-bethă'' = No problem (reply to ''Byonăfd led/liv'')
* ''Borich-hăbó'' (to sg) / ''Brüchim-hăbóim'' (to pl) = Welcome
** ''Brüchim-hănimțóim'' = reply to 'Welcome' (lit. blessed are those who are here)
*''De ănd enim ărăd?'' = What is your name?
*''Șe Dovid ănd enim ărum'' = My name is David
*''Vel ăn Ozăliș găd/giv?'' = Do you speak English?
** ''To/Chan el'' 'Yes/No'
*''T' ăn Yidiș gum'' = I speak Ăn Yidiș
*''Chan el ăn Yidiș gum'' = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș
*''Chan el mi ă ticșinț'' = I don't understand
*''Ă canțin nis melă, ŗi dă-thel/văr-tel'' = Please speak more slowly
*''Ga/Gav mă-leșģeł'' = Excuse me (''gav'' is the plural form)
*''To m' ăg ieŗi canțin Yidiș, ăch chan efșăr lum.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.
*''Blien mhath bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year (Rosh Hashanah greeting)
*''[holiday] gorzăch'' = 'Happy [holiday]' (used for most holidays, Jewish or secular): e.g. ''Pesăch gorzăch'' 'Happy Passover'
* ''Bă thel lum...'' 'I would like'
** ''Ăm bă thel led/liv'' = 'Would you like...'
*** ''Bă thel/Cha bă thel'' = 'Yes/No'
* ''Ăn efșăr lum'' / (more politely) ''Ăm müsăr dum...'' 'May I...'
** ''Efșăr/Müsăr'' 'Yes'; ''Chan efșăr/Cha müsăr'' 'No'
*''To gro gum ărăd'' = I love you
** ''Vel gro găd ărum?'' = Do you love me?
 
===Dates and time===
* בּליען ''blien'' 'year'
** אם בּליען ''ăm blien'' 'this year' (This is from the old accusative; "the year" would be ''ă bhlien''.)
** בּליען שא-כ&#1471;אַי ''blien șă-chay'' 'last year'
** אן אה&#1468;-בּליען 'next year'
* חודש ''choadăș'' 'month'
* ל&#1523;אַ ''ła'' 'day'
** אנ&#1523;וֹג ''ăņu&#x0301;gh'' 'today'
** אנ&#1523;עי ''ăņéy'' 'yesterday'
** אמאָר&#1523;אך ''ămóŗăch'' 'tomorrow'
* שעה ''șo'' 'hour'
* מיניט ''minid'' 'minute'
* סאכּוֹן ''săcún'' 'second'
 
* ''To i șo'' = It's 1:00
* ''To i XX minid ņey șo'' = It's 1:XX
* ''... leth ņey șo'' = 1:30
* ''... du șo'' = 2:00
* ''șo zeag'' = 11:00
* ''du șo zeag'' = 12:00
* ''ăr ă mhadiņ'' = in the morning
* ''ăr ăm fesgăr'' = in the afternoon
* ''ărn erăv'' = in the evening
* ''ărn eyșă'' = at night
====Civil months====
Civil months just use the Latin names:
* יאַנוֹר&#1523; Yanuŗ
* ףעבּוֹר&#1523; Febuŗ
* מאַרץ Marț
* אַפּריל Apríl
* מאַי May
** Poetic: בּיאָל&#1523;תּין&#1523;  Byołtiņ
* יוֹן Yun
** Poetic: מעהאב Methăv (re-archaized from meth)
* יוֹל Yul
* אָקוֹסט Ogúsd
** Poetic: ל&#1523;וּנאסטאל&#1523;  Łünăsdăł
* סעבּתּעמבּאר&#1523;  Sebtémbăŗ
* אָקתּאָבּאר&#1523;  Ogtóbăŗ
* נאָוועמבּאר&#1523; Novémbăŗ
** Poetic: תּאַבין&#1523; Taviņ
* טעכּ׳עמבּאר&#1523; Dec&#x326;émbăŗ
 
====Jewish months====
E.g. ''T' ă Chanică ă tăsăch im 25 (fișăd 's ă cuģ) Cislimh.'' 'Hanukkah begins on the 25th of Kislev.'
* Nisăn: Nissan
* Ier: Iyar
* Sivăn: Sivan
* Tamiz: Tammuz
* Ov: Av
* Elil: Elul
* Tișri: Tishrei
* (Măr)cheșvăn: (Mar)cheshvan
* Cisliv: Kislev
* Deyvis: Tevet
* Șvod: Shvat
* Adăr: Adar
 
====Days of the week====
Note: in {{PAGENAME}} a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
*Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''zi-Sul''
**Sunday morning (around and after sunrise): מאַזין סוֹל ''mazin Sul''
**Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקאר סוֹל ''fesgăr Sul''
**Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erăv Łuan'' (!)
**Sunday night: עישא ל'וֹאן ''eyșă Łuan'' (!)
*Monday: זי־ל'וֹאן ''zi-Łuan''
*Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-Morț''
*Wednesday: זי־כּ׳עאדין ''zi-C&#x326;eadin''
*Thursday: זי־זעאראדין ''zi-Zearădin''
*Friday: זי־רוֹ־שבּת ''zi-Ru-Șabăs''
*Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-Șabăs''
 
====Telling the time====
*''To și tŗi șo.'' = It's 3:00.
*''To și du șo zeag'' = It's 12:00.
 
===Colors===
*ק׳אָל' ''ģoł'' = white
*קוֹב, קוֹבא ''guv, guvă'', also שחוֹר, שחוֹרים ''șochur, șăchurim'' = black
*זעראק ''zerăg'' = red
*בּוֹי ''buy'' = yellow
*אוֹאנא ''uană'' = green
*קל'אַס ''głas'' = gray
*קאראם ''gărăm'' = blue
*בּאַנאש ''banăș'' = violet; purple
*טאָאן ''doan'' = brown
 
==Sample texts==
=== Quotes ===
:{{Heb|כֿאַן על ףיס קוֹם אך קוֹ נאַך על ףיס קוֹם כּל.}}
:''Chan el fis gum ăch gu nach el fis gum col.''
:NEG.COP knowledge at-1SG except COMP NEG.COMP.COP knowledge at-1SG nothing
: I only know that I know nothing.
 
(The word for 'nothing' actually comes from the same source as Scottish Gaelic ''càil'', but is spelled like the Hebrew word כל (Tsarfati Hebrew pronunciation ''col'') "every, all" which is used for "any" in negative sentences in Hebrew as well.)
 
: ''Mă nach mișă son tamșă feyn, cu a son tamșă? Ăch mă nach el me ăch son tamșă feyn, de mișă? Is mă nach el ăneșu, cin?''
: If I am not for me, who is for me? But if I am only for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?
 
: תּאָ נא ה-אילא חיות כּאב-איענאן, אך תּא כּיז נא חיות נאס-כּאב-איענאנא. (אס "אן תּוֹאה&#1468; תּאזש נא חיות")
: ''To nă h-ilă chayăs căv-íenăn, ăch to ciz nă chayăs năs-căv-íenănă.'' (''ăs "Ăn Tuath tăģ nă Chayăs"'')
: All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. (from ''Animal Farm'')
 
=== Genesis 1:1-5 ===
The following is from the Yăhuaș translation, the most well-known Ăn Yidiș translation of the Tanakh. It's viewed as a literary work but doesn't have official religious status. The "Scottish Gaelic" text here is the Ăn Yidiș cognatized back into Scottish Gaelic.
{| class="wikitable" style=""
! !! style="width: 250px;" | Ăn Yidiș !! style="width: 250px;" | Romanization !! style="width: 250px;" | IPA !! style="width: 250px;" | Scottish Gaelic cognates !! style="width: 250px;" | English (from the Ăn Yidiș)
|-
! 1:1
|| {{rtl|{{Heb|נוֹאר&#1523; אָ זיע נ&#1523;עי תּאסאך א כ&#1471;רוֹהאך נא נ&#1523;עבֿא איס נא תּאַל׳וֹן —}}}}
||''Nuaŗ o Zie ņey tăsăch ă chruthăch nă ņevă is nă tałun —''
|| [nuəʒ o tsiə nej ˈtʰəsəχ ˈkʰrʊhəχ nə nevə ɪs nə tʰa(w)un]
||''**Nuair a tha Dia an dèidh toiseach a' chruthachadh na nèimh agus na talmhainn —''
||''When God began creating the heaven and the earth —''
|-
! 1:2
|| {{rtl|{{Heb|בֿ־אן תּאַל׳ קאַן ףֿעראמאָל איס ףאָל׳, איס בֿא טאכאטוּס א כּוֹטאך אן תּהוֹם, איס בֿ־אן שבּיראט אק זיע א סנאָב אשזשיען נא ה־אישזשאן —}}}}
||''v' ăn tał gan fherămăl is foł, is vă dăchădis ă cudăch ăn tăhum, is v' ăn șbirăd tăg Zie ă snov ășģien nă h-ișģăn —''
|| [v‿ən tʰaw gan ˈerəmol ɪs ˈfow, ɪs və ˈtəχədys ə ˈkʰudəχ ən ˈtʰəhum, ɪs v‿ən ˈʃpɪrəd ək tsiə ə snov əʃˈtʃiən nə ˈhɪʃtʃən]
||''**bha an talamh gan fhoirmeil agus folamh, agus bha dorchadas ag còmhdach an תהום, agus bha an spiorad a th' aig Dia ag snàmh os cionn na huisgeachan —''
||''the earth was unformed (lit. without forming) and empty, and darkness was covering the deep, and the spirit of God was floating above the waters —''
|-
! 1:3
|| {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ זיע נ&#1523;עי ראָ: «ראב סאָל׳אס נ&#1523;עי בּי אָן!» איס תּאָ סאָל׳אס נ&#1523;עי בּי אָן.}}}}
|| ''to Zie ņey ro: «Răv sołăs ņey bi ołn!» Is to sołăs ņey bi ołn.''
|| [tʰo tsiə nej ro, rev ˈsowəs nej bi own, ɪs to ˈsowəs nej bi own]
|| ''**tha Dia an dèidh ràdh: "Gu robh solas an dèidh bi ann!" Agus tha solas an dèidh bi ann.''
|| ''God said: "Let there come to be light!" And there came to be light.''
|-
! 1:4
|| {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ זיע נ&#1523;עי ףעצש אן סאָל׳אש, קוֹ בֿעל שע מאַהּ; איס תּאָ זיע נ&#1523;עי זעל׳אך איזארן סאָל׳אס איס אן טאכאטוּס.}}}}
|| ''To Zie ņey fec̦ ăn sołăș, gu vel șe math; is to Zie ņey zełăch izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădis.''
|| [tʰo tsiə nej fetʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kʊ vel ʃe mah; ɪs tʰo tsiə nej ˈtsewəχ ˈɪdzərn ˈsowəs ɪs ən ˈtəχədys]
|| ''**Tha Dia an dèidh faic an tsolais, gu bheil e maith; agus tha Dia an dèidh dealachadh idir an tsolais agus an dorchadais.''
|| ''God saw the light, that it is good; and God separated the light and the darkness.''
|-
! 1:5
|| {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ זיע נ&#1523;עי תּאַקאר׳ טען סאָל׳אס ל׳אַ, איס אן טאכאטוּס תּאָ שע נ&#1523;עי תּאַקאר׳ טאָ איישא. איס בֿ־ערב אָן איס בֿא מֿאַטין&#1523; אָן, ל׳אַ אחד.}}}}
|| ''To Zie ņey tagăŗ den sołăs ła, is ăn dăchădis to șe ņey tagăŗ do eyșă. Is v' erăv ołn is vă mhadiņ ołn, ła echăv.''
|| [tʰo tsiə nej ˈtʰakəʒ den ˈsowəs wa, ɪs ən ˈtəχətys tʰo ʃe nej ˈtʰakəʒ do ˈejʃə. ɪs v‿ˈerəv own ɪs və ˈvadɪɲ own, wa ˈehəd]
||''**Tha Dia an dèidh tagairt dhon tsolas latha, agus an dorchadas tha e an dèidh tagairt dha oidhche. Agus bha ערב ann agus bha mhadainn ann, latha אחד.''
||''God called the light day, and the darkness, He called it night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.</center>
|}
 
===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)===
:''What has changed on this night from all other nights?''
:''That we don't dip vegetables even once on all other nights, but we do so twice tonight.''
:''That we eat both chomăț (leavened bread) and mață on all other nights; but we eat only mață tonight.''
:''That we eat all kinds of vegetables on all other nights; but tonight, it's bitter herbs that we eat.''
:''That we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline on all other nights, but all of us recline tonight.''
 
===From "Dirge Without Music"===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
Fully vocalized Ăn Yidiș
 
{{rtl|{{Heb|קִינָה קאַן צשוֹל׳ (לאְ ה-עֶדְנָה סעֶיינתּ ווינסאְנתּ מילעֶיי)}}}}
 
 
{{rtl|{{Heb|כֿאַניל מעֶ נִכְֿנָע לעֶש אְן נעִילָה אְזש כּראְיין אְ ףאַר׳אְףטאְן קֿראָ סזעֶך טאְ נאְ קְבָֿרוֹת.}}}}
{{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ שעֶ מאְר שאַ איס בּעֶיי שעֶ מאְר שאַ, מאְר בֿאְ שעֶ מאְר שאַ, אוֹ זְמָנִים רוֹ כֿיבֿנאְ;}}}}
{{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ שיעט אין אְ ףאַל׳אב איסצעֶך טאְן שאול, נאְ סאְיאְן ה־עֶקני איס ה־אל׳אְ. ר׳י כְּתָֿרוֹת}}}}
{{rtl|{{Heb|אְק ליליאְן איס אְק ל׳אַבֿרישאְן אְ תּא שיעט אְ ףאַל׳אְב; אַך כֿאַן על מעֶ נִכְֿנָע.}}}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Transliteration
 
'''''Gină gan c&#x326;uł''''' (''lă hEdnă Seynt Vinsănt Miley'')
 
''Chanel me nichnă leș ăn nilă năn crăyn ă fařăfdăn ghro szech dă nă gvorăs.''
''To șe măr șa is bey șe măr șa, măr vă șe măr șa, u zmanim ru chivnă;''
''To șied ă fałăv isțech dăn șoal, nă săyăn h-egni is h-ołă. Ŗi csorăs*''
''Tăg liliăn is tăg łavrișăn a șied ă fałăv; ăch chanel me nichnă.''
</poem>
{{ast}} Poetic license; the usual plural of ''cesăr'' 'crown' is ''csorim''.
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Retranslation
 
'''A Dirge Without Music''' (by Edna St. Vincent Millay)
 
I am not surrendered to the locking away of hearts feeling love into the graves.
It is like this, and it will be like this, for it was like this, from times before memory:
Into Sheol they leave, the wise and beautiful sages. With crowns
Of lilies and of laurel they leave; but I am not surrendered.
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Original
 
'''Dirge Without Music''' (by Edna St. Vincent Millay)
 
I am not resigned to the shutting away of loving hearts in the hard ground.
So it is, and so it will be, for so it has been, time out of mind:
Into the darkness they go, the wise and the lovely. Crowned
With lilies and with laurel they go; but I am not resigned.
</poem>
{{col-end}}
 
=== The Round Table ===
 
== Poetry ==
Anapests are the most common feet, rhymes work like in Gàidhlig
 
=== A folk song ===
== Trivia ==
Writing Ăn Yidiș "etymologically" in Old Irish Latin orthography, called אן ק&#1471;וּ-ק&#1471;אָידעליש ''ăn Ghü-Ghóydeliș'' 'fake Old Irish', is sometimes used in secular Ăn Yidiș-speaking communities for comedic or aesthetic purposes, sometimes in tandem with ''[[Ăn Yidiș/Learăgisiș|ăn Learăgisiș]]'', a register of Ăn Yidiș with artificial archaisms. The etymology might be wrong even for native words.
 
''Ăn Ghü-Ghóydeliș'' began as an Internet meme among Ăn Yidiș-speaking Zoomers. It is especially indispensable in the streaming community and Discord; roughly speaking, it's used for warning, expressing fear and awe, bragging, and praising. Some words commonly spelled in Ghü-Ghóydeliș are now well known in Internet Ăn Yidiș.
 
It follows some well known Old Irish conventions like using ⁊ for ''is'' 'and' and ''in'' for the definite article. It uses dots for lenition when actual Old Irish manuscripts would not mark the lenition.
 
Some Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș in this orthography:
* ''seáilemm a·léchaimm'' שלום-עליכם ''șolăm ăléychăm'' (pretonic syllables are separated by an interpunct)
* ''cdoí''/''cdaí'' כּדי ''cdey'' 'in order to'
* ''tachless'' תּכלית ''tachlis'' 'main point; at the end of the day'
* ''mo·nórae'' מנוֹרה ''mănúră'' 'menorah' (final schwa usually becomes ''ae'' or ''e'')
* ''náer''/''nóer'' נר ''neyr'' 'candle'
* ''toíd&#775;er'' etc. תּיאור ''teyăr'' 'to describe'
Faux Old Irish Hebrew read as Old Irish is a common joke among classicists in Irta. There is also religious-literature-style satire of the ''Gü-Ghoydeliș'' phenomenon which contains many streaming/Discord culture references and which quotes fake Hebrew texts which are really in Old Irish transliterated into, or interpreted as, Hebrew.
 
[[Category:Celtic languages]]
[[Category:Goidelic languages]]
[[Category:Jewish languages]]

Latest revision as of 07:20, 5 January 2023

Judeo-Mandarin is a descendant of Old Mandarin, spoken by most Chinese Jews in Irta.

Note: As a Gentile Korean speaker I believe I'm somewhat more qualified to sketch this than to sketch a hypothetical Judeo-Celtic language. I'll just sketch the sound changes here, without venturing into creating the Jewish-specific vocabulary.

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin&oldid=294297"