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'''Judeo-Chinese''' is a descendant of [[w:Middle Chinese|Middle Chinese]] adopted by Chinese Jews in [[Verse:Tumhan]], written in a version of the Hebrew alphabet and incorporating Hebrew loans. Like other Chinese varieties, it is a tonal language and is unintelligible to speakers of other Chinese lects.
#redirect [[Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin]]
 
==Phonology==
===Initials===
tsy tshy dzy ny sy zy > ti thi di ngi si zi
 
p merges into b
 
tr trh dr nr tsr tshr sr zr > q qh ʀ ʀ χ χ ʃ w
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!rowspan="2" | Postalv.
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Uvular
!rowspan="2" | Laryngeal
|-
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
|-
!colspan="2" | Nasal
| {{IPA|mˠ}} || {{IPA|mʲ}}
| {{IPA|n̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|nʲ}}
|
| {{IPA|ŋʲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>plain</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|tʲ}}
|
| {{IPA|kʲ}} || {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|q}}
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| {{IPA|pˠʰ}} || {{IPA|pʲʰ}}
| {{IPA|t̪ˠʰ}} || {{IPA|tʲʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|kʲʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
| {{IPA|qʰ}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|bˠ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}}
| {{IPA|d̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|dʲ}}
|
| {{IPA|gʲ}} || {{IPA|g}}
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Affricate
!<small>plain</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|t̪sˠ}} || {{IPA|tsʲ}}
| ||
|
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|t̪sˠʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʲʰ}}
| ||
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|fˠ}} ||
| {{IPA|sˠ}} || {{IPA|sʲ}}
| ʃ
| {{IPA|xʲ}} || {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|χ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|vˠ}} ||
| {{IPA|zˠ}} || {{IPA|zʲ}}
|
|  || 
| {{IPA|ʀ}}
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| w ||
| {{IPA|l̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|lʲ}}
|
| {{IPA|j}}  ||
|
|
|}
 
===Rimes===
<poem>
In stressed syllables:
 
a, wa, ja, jwa > a, o, ia, io
ae, wae, jae > æ, a, iæ
u, jo, ju > u, ia, iu
oj, ajH > aj
woj, wajH > oj
eaj, aejH > æj
weaj, waejH > aj
 
jejH, jiejH, jwejH, jwiejH might have the same outcome as je, jie, jwe, jwie
those finals with -ji- are called chongniu finals
i could merge jiej completely with jej like mandarin does
or they could be different
i'll treat jiej like jij and jwiej like jwij
 
je(j), jwe(j) > ie, iə
joj, jwoj > ioj, iəj
ij, jij, wij, jwij > y, i, uj, iuj
i > y
j+j, jw+j > i, iuj
aw, aew, jew, jiew, ew, uw, juw, jiw > aw, aw, iaw, iew, ew, u, iu, iew
om, am, eam, aem, jem, jiem, jaem, jom, em, im, jim > um, om, am, am, iem, im, iam, iom, ium, em, im, jim
an, wan, aen, waen, ean, wean > an, on, æn, an, en, ən
jen, jwen, jon, jwon > ien, iən, ion, iun
en, wen, on, won > en, ən, on, un
in, jin, win, jwin, j+n, jun > in, yn, un, iun, in, iun
ak, wak, jak, jwak > ak, ok, iak, iok
aewk > auk
ok, wok, ik, wik > ok, uk, ik, uk
aek, waek, eak, waek > æk, ak, æk, ak
jaek, jwaek > iæk, iak
jek jwek ek wek > iek iək ek ək
uwk owk juwk jowk > uk ok iuk iok
</poem>
 
===Tonality===
level = 45, H = 13, X = 53
 
Tone is realized on the stressed syllable.
 
==Orthography==
===Consonants===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Laryngeal
|-
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
|-
!colspan="2" | Nasal
| מ || מ׳
| נ || נ׳
| נר
| ע׳ || ע
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>plain</small>
| ||
| ט || ט׳
| טר
| ק׳ || ק
| א (null initial)
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| פ || פ׳
| ת || ת׳
| תר
| כ׳ || כ
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ב || ב׳
| ד || ד׳
| דר
| ג׳ || ג
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Affricate
!<small>plain</small>
| ||
| צ || צ׳
| צר
| ||
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| ||
| צ֨ || צ֨׳
| צ֨ר
| ||
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| פֿ ||
| ס, שֹ || ס׳
| ש
| כֿ׳ || כֿ, ח
| ה
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| בֿ ||
| ז || ז׳
|
| גֿ׳ || גֿ
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| ו ||
| ל || ל׳
| ר
| י  ||
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
*''a'' /ɑ/ = אָק (closed syllables),ֹ אָא (open syllables)
*''æ'' /æ/ = אַק (closed syllables), אַא (open syllables)
*''e'' /e/ = אֵי
*''i'' /i/ = אִי
*''ə'' /ə/ = אְק (closed), אְה (open)
*''o'' /o/ = אוֹ
*''u'' /u/ = אוּ
 
===Tones===
*level (''píng'' tone) = לׇ֣א (''la'')
*X (''shǎng'' tone) לָ֝א (''lá'')
*H (''qù'' tone) = לָ֔א (''là'')
 
==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
I = ngá
 
thou = ngió
 
he = bí
 
we = ngánga
 
ye = ngióngiə
 
they = bíbi
===Numbers===
0 = ǣfəsə /æ45fəsə/
 
1-10 = ỳt, ngì, sōm, sì, ngú, liùk, tshỳt, bæ̀t, kiú, z­ìp
/ɨt2, ŋʲi13, som45, sʲi13, ŋu53, lʲuk2, tsʰɨt2, bæt2, kʲu53, zip2/
 
11, 12, ... = z­ìp ỳt, zìp ngì, ... (Similarly, 21, 22, ... = nìzip ỳt, nìzip nì, ..., etc.)
 
20, 30, ... = ngìzip, sōmzip, sìzip, ngúzip, liūkzip, tshȳzzip, bǣzzip, kiúzip
/ŋʲi13.zʲip, som45.zʲip, sʲi13.zʲip, ŋu53.zʲip, lʲuk45.zʲip, tsʰɨz45.zʲip, bæz45.zʲip, kʲu53.zip/
 
100, 200, 300, ... = ȳtbak, ngìbak, sōmbak, sìbak, ngúbak, liūkbak, tshȳtbak, bǣtbak, kiúbak
/ɨt45.bɑk, ŋʲi13.bɑk, som45.bak, sʲi13.bɑk, ŋu53.bɑk, lʲuk45.bak, tsʰɨt45.bak, bæt45.bak, kʲu53.bak/
 
1000, 2000, 3000, ... = y­­̀ttshən, ngìtshən, sōmtshən, sìtshən, ngútshən, liùktshən, tshỳttshən, bæ̀ttshən, kiútshən
/ɨt13.tsʰən, ŋʲi13.tsʰən, som45.tsʰən, sʲi13.tsʰən, ŋu53.tsʰən, lʲuk13.tsʰən, tsʰɨt13.tsʰən, kʲu53.tsʰən/
 
10000, 20000, 30000, ... = ȳtmin, ngìmin, sōmmin, sìmin, ngúmin, liùkmin, tshỳtmin, bæ̀tmin, kiúmin
/ɨt45.mʲin, ŋi13.mʲin, som45.mʲin, sʲi13mʲin, ŋu53.mʲin, lʲuk13mʲin, tsʰɨt13mʲin, bæt13mʲin, kʲu53.mʲin/
 
Ordinal numbers: "Nth" is expressed by the construction de /de/ + N.
 
==Sample texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
(Not sure how to handle recent borrowings from Mandarin)
 
:{{Heb|עִ֣׳ין־עִ֣׳ין ז֣׳וֹע שַ֣עלִי זִ֔ייִו, כָבֿ֔וֹד יַא זְכֿ֔וּת קָ֣ן אִ֣ילִּיט בַ֣׳נטְע. בִ֝יבִי ג֔׳וּיִו לִ֝יסְ׳ע יַ֝א לָ֣׳עסִים, עִ֣׳י אִ֣יעטָע י֔וֹע חָ֣׳נדֵ֝י־קָ֣נגְֿי קָא צֵ֣׳עזִ׳ין גֿ֣וּסָ׳ע טְיד֝וֹי.}}
:'''''Ngîn-ngîn ziông shæ̂ngly zìji, khavòt jǽ zəxùt kân ŷllyt biæ̂ntəng. Bíbi giùji lýsiəng jǽ liângsym, ngî ŷntang jóng xiândé-kânhə ka tsiêngzin hûsiang tydói.'''''
:Etymological gloss: 人人 從 生來 自由, כבוד 也 זכות 關 一律 平等。 彼彼 具有 理性 也 良心, 而 應當 用 兄弟 關係 個 精神 互相 對待。
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
[[Category:Sinitic languages]][[Category:Jewish languages]][[Category:Tumhan]]

Latest revision as of 21:48, 21 January 2023

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