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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
| | #redirect [[Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin]] |
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| In the [[Lõis]] timeline, '''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אַן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or אַ גֿאָלג'־יידעך ''ă Gholj-Yidăch'' /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in [[Verse:Lõis/English|Lõisian English]]. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" (''năh Yidi Galțăchă'') in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, Khuamnisht, Togarmite, Persian, and Brythonic.
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| Its aesthetic is "Scottish Gaelic but more Romanian."
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| ==Names==
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| ===Surnames===
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| Patronymics:
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| *Gaelic: מאַק/ניק חיים mac (m)/nic (f) Chaim
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| **''Oh'' (m) and ''Ni'' (f) are found in an older stratum of names; typically inherited Gaelic names
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| *Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
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| *Azalic: חיימסאָן Chaimson
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| *Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminejod
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| ===Famous people===
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| *סקוט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (''Scot mac Ahárăn'') - quantum physicist and computer scientist
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| ==Todo==
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| *Interrogatives: ''Cad a to o zein aget?'' 'What are you doing?'
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| *Cleft construction: '''''Iș''' zein leșóunes '''a''' tom a zein anéș'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
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| *tș for /tʃ/?
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| ==Phonology==
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| *Consonants: b c ch ч d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s ș t th ț v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/
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| **Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final.
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| **/z/ is [ʒ] dialectally.
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| *''ț z ч j l'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l.
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| *Lenitions: Note that ''s'' is NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic.
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| **b /b/ > bh /v/
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| **d /d/ > dh /ɣ/
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| **f /f/ > fh /0/
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| **g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
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| **c /k/ > ch /χ/
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| **ч /tʃ/ > чh /ʃ/
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| **m /m/ > mh /v/
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| **p /p/ > ph /f/
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| **t /t/ > th /h/
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| **ț /ts/ > țh /h/
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| **j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
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| *Vowels: ''a e i o u ai ei oi ea oa ie ua'' /a e i o u ai ei oi~y eə oə iə uə/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. /eə oə/ are [ei ou] dialectally.
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| *Stress is transcribed if not initial
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| *OIr oí > oi
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| ==Orthography==
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| An Yidiș is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.
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| Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words:
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| א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f ț ч c r s ș /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h z t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʃ/.
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| Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh țh чh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
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| /j/ between two vowels is written יי.
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| Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Semitic words):
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| אַ ע יי י אָ אוֹ או יַי וי = /a e eə i o oə u ai oi/
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| יִ is used for /i/ after י /j/.
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| Hebrew words are spelled as in Hebrew. A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.
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| The hyphen used looks like this: מאָ־מֿאַדרע ''mo-mhadră'' 'my dog'.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Verbs===
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| Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:
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| :{{heb|טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.}}
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| :'''''Tom a łasăgh nearăs hanucă.'''
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| :/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'hanukə/
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| :be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
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| :''I'm lighting Hanukkah candles.'' (or ''I light Hanukkah candles'')
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| :{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}}
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| :'''''Noh scrivu do oas ar zi șabăs!'''''
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| :PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
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| :''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!''
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| Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.
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| ====Tenses====
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| The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.
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| *''to șe ag ih'' = he eats; he is eating
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| **''vil șe...'' = does he...?
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| **''chal șe...'' = he does not...
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| **''nachil șe...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not
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| **''gu vil șe...'' = COMP he...
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| **''a to șe...'' = REL he...
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| *''to șe nei ih'' = he ate/has eaten
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| *''bei șe ag ih'' = he will eat
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| **''bei șe...'' = will he...?
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| **''cha bhea șe...'' = he will not...
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| **''nach bhea șe...'' = won't he...?
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| **''a vi șe...'' = REL he will...
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| *''va șe ag ih'' = he was eating/he would eat
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| **''roa șe...'' = was he...?/would he?
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| **''cha roa șe...'' = he was not.../he would not...
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| **''nach roa șe...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
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| *''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg)
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| *''ihu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh)
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| *''noh ih(u)!'' = Don't eat!
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| For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''i mo-, i do-, ină-, etc.'' + VN is used:
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| *''tom i mo-chadăl'' = I sleep
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| *''tom i mo-thi'' = I sit
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| *''tom i mo-șesăv'' = I stand
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| *''tom i mo-li'' = I lie (somewhere)
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| *''tom i mo-fhirăch'' = I live (I dwell)
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| ====Conjugation====
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| *''to'', ''vil'', ''chal'', and ''nachil'' are conjugated as follows:
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| **''tom, tor, to șe/și, toj, tohi, to șid''
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| **''vilim, vilir, vil șe/și, vilij, vilhi, vil șid''
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| **''chalim, chalir...''
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| **''nachilim, nachilir...''
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| *''va, roa'':
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| **''vas, vaș, va șe/și, vimăr, vyur, va șid''
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| **''rous, rouș, rou șe/și, roumăr, rovyur, rou șid''
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| *''bea'': ''beam, bear, bea șe/și, beaj, beahi, bea șid''
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| ===Copula===
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| ===Nouns===
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| Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiș has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case.
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| Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-n''/''-en'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''.
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| Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-es'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
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| Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ant-'', before a labial ''am-'', otherwise ''an''
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| *אַנט אישצשע ''ant ișчe'' = the water
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| *אַם בּיאַ ''am bia'' = the food
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| *אַן ל'אַהּ ''an łah'' = the day
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| *אַן צעך ''an țech'' = the house
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| *אַן נס ''an nes'' = the miracle
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| Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite and take ''a-'';
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| *אַ גּֿעלעך ''a jhełăch'' = the moon
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| *אַ מֿען ''a mhen'' = the woman/wife
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| *אַן אות ''an ous'' = the letter (character)
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| *אַן סוכּה ''an sucă'' = the booth
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| Plural nouns: ''nah-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel)
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| *נאַהּ־טיש ''nah tiș'' = the houses
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| *נאַהּ־ל'אַהן ''nah łahn'' = the days
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| *נאַהּ־מנאָ ''nah mno'' = the women/wives
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| *נאַהּ אותיות ''nah oasyăs'' = the letters
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| *נאַהּ סוכּות ''nah sucăs'' = the booths
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| *נאַהּ ניסים ''nah nisim'' = the miracles
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| Nouns may take a preposed vocative particle ''a'' which lenites.
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives always have ''-e'' in the plural, except that the plural of ''-ech'' is ''-i'': the plural of ייִדעך ''Yidech'' 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי ''Yidi''.
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| *pred: טאָם בּעגּ ''Tom beg.'' = I am short.
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| *m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ ''fer beg'' = a short man; אַם ףער בּעג ''am fer beg'' = the short man
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| *f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ ''fyur bheg'' = a short sister; אַן ףֿיור בֿעגּ ''an fhyur bheg'' = the short sister
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| *pl.: ףערן אָרדע ''fern orde'' = tall men; נאַה ףערן אָרדע ''nah fern orde'' = the tall men
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| Comparatives are formed by adding ניס ''nis'' 'more' and עס ''es'' 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:
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| מוֹר - ניס מוֹ - עס מוֹ ''mour - nis mou - es mou'' = big - bigger - biggest
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| ===Pronouns===
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| conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu șe și șin șiv șid
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| disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i șin șiv id
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| emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן mișe, tuse, șeșn, șișe, șinye, șivșe, șițn
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| emphatic suffixes: -șe -se -șn -șe -ye -șe -sn
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| Possessive prefixes:
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| *מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mo-bhroher'' /mo vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער ''m-aher'' /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
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| *דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''do-bhroher'' /do vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער ''d-aher'' /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
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| *אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a-bhroher'' /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער ''a-aher'' /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
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| *אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ''ah-aher'' /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
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| *אָר־בּראָהער ''or-broher'' /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער ''orn-aher'' /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
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| *באַר־בּראָהער ''var-broher'' /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער ''varn-aher'' /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
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| *אַ־בּראָהער ''a-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער ''an-aher'' /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'
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| ''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור ''fyur'' /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור ''m-fhyur'' /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.
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| A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mo-mhoher is m-aher'', not ''*mo-moher is aher''.
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| ===Prepositions===
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| *ag 'at': agom, aget, eje, eчi, agen, agev, acu
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| *de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
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| *ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu
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| *ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu
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| *i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, inți, inen, inev, intu [''in'' is used before a vowel or proper names]
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| *ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru
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| *as 'from': asom, aset, as, ași, asen, asev, asu
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| *ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
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| *ri 'with': ryom, ret, reș, rei, rin, riv, ryu
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| *um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu
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| *fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu
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| ====Combinations====
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| ''i'' + definite article is ''ins a(n/m)'' in the sg and ''ins nah'' in the plural:
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| *אינס אַן צעך ''ins ăn țech'' 'in the house'
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| *אינס אַן אָץ ''ins ăn oț'' 'in the place'
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| *אינס נאַה צירען ''ins năh țirăn'' 'in the countries'
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| ''i'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''ina(n)-''
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| ''i'' + possessive ''or-'': ''inăr-''
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| ''oa'' + ''an-/am-/a-'' : ''oan-/oam-/oan-''
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| ====Syntax====
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| Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nei fol năh fregărțăn ou mo-mhohâr is ou mo-bhrohăr'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
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| ===Adverbs===
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| ====Directionals====
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| ===Numerals===
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| Numerals are always followed by the singular form.
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| 0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero)
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| counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah чeher, ah cuj, ah șea, ah șecht, ah ocht, ah noi, ah zeș
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| 11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg...
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| 20, 30, 40, ... = fișăd, trișăd, doișăd, cujăd, șescăd, șechtăd, ochtăd, noiăd
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| 21, 22, ... = fișăd is oin, fișăd is du, ...
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| 100, 200, ... = чead, du чhead, tri чhead, ...
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| 1000 = milă
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| attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites
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| ordinals: ''tosi, elă, triăv, чehrăv, cujăv,...'' or just ''ah N''
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| ==Syntax==
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| An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified.
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| Since An Yidiș lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction ''an X ag Y'' (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק ''an cat ag mo-mhac'' = my son's cat.
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| ===Predicate nouns===
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| *"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע ''Iș men me'' = I'm a woman
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| *"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה ''Iș men i Rivcă'' = Rivcă is a woman
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| *"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה ''Iș mișă a mhen ag Moașă'' = I am Moașă's wife
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| *"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי ''Și a mhen ag Moașă i'' = She is Moașă's wife
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| **שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה ''Și a mhen ag Moașă i Rivcă'' (or ''și Rivce i a mhen ag Moașă'') = Rivcă is Moașă's wife
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| *For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָריס אַ טאָ אין רבקה ''Iș munțoris a to in Rivcă'' 'Rivcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)'
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| *Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'':
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| **טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To Rivcă ord'' 'Rivcă is tall'
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| **טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל ''To Rivcă ins an chedăr cadăl'' 'Rivcă is in the bedroom'
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| ===Infinitive phrases===
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| Infinitive phrases usually correspond to German ''zu''-infinitives, and are also used with some modals.
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| They're of the form ''a'' + VN + direct object + oblique objects, where ''de'' lenites the VN.
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| If there is a pronominal direct, ''a'' + possessive pronoun (for the pronominal object) + VN must be used, with contractions and mutations occurring as necessary.
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| Examples:
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| *''a thavărț matonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'')
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| *''o-thavărț dom'' = to give it (masc.) to me
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| *''o-tavărț dom'' = to give it (fem.)/them to me
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| ===Derivation===
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| *־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-iyăs'' or ־יתען ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix'
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| ==Phrasebook==
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| *שלום ''Șolăm'' = Hello, goodbye
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| *שלום עליכם ''Șolăm aléachăm'' = Hello
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| *עליכם שלום ''Aléachăm șolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolem aléichem'')
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| *סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye
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| *בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Byonăcht agăt/agăv'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
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| *ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Folță rut/ruv'' = Welcome
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| *צ'עאד מילע ףאָלצע ''Чead milă folță'' = A hundred thousand welcomes
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| *קאַרד ע אנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ănt enim ret?'' = What is your name?
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| *דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid șe ănt enim ryom'' = My name is David
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| *ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vil ăn Azăliș agăt/agăv?'' = Do you speak English?
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| *כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם ''Chal ăn Yidiș agom'' = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș
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| *כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim ă ticșinț'' = I don't understand
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| *ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דאָ־טֿעל = ''Łavăr nis melă, ri do-thel'' = Please speak more slowly
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| **ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באַר־טעל ''Łavru nis melă, ri văr-tel'' = above, 2pl
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| *טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To ieri agom ă łavăr ăs Yidiș, ach chal cumăs dom.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.
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| *בּליאַן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blien mhath bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year
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| ===Dates and time===
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| ====Civil months====
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| ====Jewish months====
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| ====Days of the week====
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| Note: in {{PAGENAME}} a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
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| *Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''zi-soal''
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| **Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''mazin soal''
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| **Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescăr soal''
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| **Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!)
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| **Sunday night: עאשע ל'ואַן ''eășă łuan'' (!)
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| *Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan''
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| *Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-morț''
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| *Wednesday: זי־צ'עאדין ''zi-чeadin''
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| *Thursday: זי־זעארעדין ''zi-zearădin''
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| *Friday: זי־הייַנע ''zi-haină''
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| *Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-șabăs''
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| ====Telling the time====
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| *טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To și tri șo.'' = It's 3:00.
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| *טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To și du șo yeag'' = It's 12:00.
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| ===Colors===
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| *ףין ''fin'' = white
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| *דוב ''duv'' = black
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| *זערעגּ ''zerăg'' = red
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| *בּוייע ''buyă'' = yellow
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| *גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green
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| *גּאָרעם ''gorăm'' = blue
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| *בּאַנעש ''banăș'' = violet; purple
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| *דוֹן ''doan'' = brown
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| ==Sample texts==
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| ===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)===
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| :קאַרד אַ טאָ ניי אַהרעב אַר אַן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישן עלע?
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| :'''''Card a to nea ahrăv ar an eașă șo oh coch eașăn elă?'''''
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| :''What has changed on this night from all other nights?''
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| :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע נאַכיליג' אַ טום גּל'אַסרען אפילו אוין ל'ער, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' דו ל'ער.
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| :'''''Gur ar coch eașăn elă nachilij a tum głasrăn afílu oin łer, ach iș anócht a toj du łer.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we do so twice.''
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| :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איזיר חמץ איס מצה, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מצה.
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| :'''''Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag ith izir chomăț is mață, ach iș anócht nachilij cim mață.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo; but tonight, only matzo.''
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| :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ קאָך צ'ינעל' גּל'אַסרען, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מרור.
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| :'''''Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag ith coch чinăł głasren, ach iș anócht nachilij cim morăr.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables; but tonight, only bitter herbs.''
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| :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איס טאָג' קיז אינאָר-טי איס טאָג' קיז אינאָר-לי שיאַר, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' קאָכנע אינאָר-לי שיאַר.
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| :'''''Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag ith is toj ciz inăr-ti is toj ciz inăr-li șier, ach iș anócht a toj cochnă inăr-li șier.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.''
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| [[Category:Celtic languages]]
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