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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
| | #redirect [[Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin]] |
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| In the [[Verse:AETHER|AETHER]] timeline, '''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or א גֿאָלג'־יידאך ''ă Gholj-Yidăch'' /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" (''năh Yidi Galți'') in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from Greek, Persian, Brythonic, and Galatian.
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| Its aesthetic is "Scottish Gaelic but more Romanian."
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| ==Todo==
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| Fix (later) Hebrew loans
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| Assume a more Đâu-Gequơrxi Hebrew-like stop system for Galician Hebrew?
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| ==Names==
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| ===Surnames===
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| Patronymics:
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| *Gaelic: מאַק/ניק חיים mac (m)/nic (f) Chaim; a wife of a mac Chaim takes the surname מען מאַק חיים men mac Chaim.
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| **''Oh'' (m) and ''Ni'' +lenition (f) are not productive; typically names of Gaelic clans such as Oh Coiv (~ Ó Caoimh)
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| *Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
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| *Azalic: חיימסאָן Chaimson
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| *Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminejod
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| ===Famous people===
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| *סקאָט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (''Scot mac Ahárăn'') - quantum physicist and computer scientist
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| ==Todo==
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| *Interrogatives: ''Cad ă to o zean agăt?'' 'What are you doing?'
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| *Cleft construction: '''''Îș''' zean leșắnăs '''ă''' tom ă zean anéș'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
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| ==Phonology==
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| *Consonants: b c ch c̦ d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s ș t th ț v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/
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| **Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final.
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| **/z/ is [ʒ] dialectally.
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| *''ț z c̦ j l'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l.
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| *Lenitions:
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| **b /b/ > bh /v/
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| **d /d/ > dh /ɣ/
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| **f /f/ > fh /0/
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| **g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
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| **c /k/ > ch /χ/
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| **c̦ /tʃ/ > c̦h /ʃ/
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| **m /m/ > mh /v/
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| **p /p/ > ph /f/
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| **s /s/ > sh /h/
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| **t /t/ > th /h/
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| **ț /ts/ > țh /h/
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| **j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
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| *Vowels: ''a e i o u ai ei oi ea oa ie ua ă î'' /a e i o u ai ei oi~y eə oə iə uə ə ɨ/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. /eə oə/ are [ei ou] dialectally.
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| *Stress is transcribed if not initial
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| *OIr oí > oi
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| *short i > î (some other sources pls)
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| *short o > ă
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| ==Orthography==
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| An Yidiș is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.
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| Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words:
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| א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f ț c̦ c r ș /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h z t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʃ/.
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| Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh țh c̦h ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
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| /j/ between two vowels is written יי.
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| Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Semitic words):
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| אַ א ע עא יי י יא אָ אוֹ או אוא יַי וי = /a ə e eə ei i iə o oə u uə ai oi/ (what about ɨ?)
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| יִ is used for /i/ after י /j/.
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| Hebrew words are spelled as in Hebrew. A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.
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| The hyphen used looks like this: מאָ־מֿאַדרע ''mă-mhadră'' 'my dog'.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Verbs===
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| Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:
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| :{{heb|טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.}}
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| :'''''Tom ă łasăgh nearăs hanucă.'''
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| :/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'hanukə/
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| :be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
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| :''I'm lighting Hanukkah candles.'' (or ''I light Hanukkah candles'')
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| :{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}}
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| :'''''Noh scrivu do oas ăr zi șabăs!'''''
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| :PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
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| :''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!''
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| Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.
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| ====Tenses====
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| The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.
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| *''to șe ag îth'' = he eats; he is eating
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| **''vîl șe...'' = does he...?
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| **''chal șe...'' = he does not...
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| **''nachîl șe...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not
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| **''gu vîl șe...'' = COMP he...
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| **''ă to șe...'' = REL he...
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| *''to șe nei îth'' = he ate/has eaten
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| *''bei șe ag îth'' = he will eat
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| **''bei șe...'' = will he...?
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| **''cha bhea șe...'' = he will not...
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| **''nach bhea șe...'' = won't he...?
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| **''ă vi șe...'' = REL he will...
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| *''vă șe ag îth'' = he was eating/he would eat
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| **''rov șe...'' = was he...?/would he?
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| **''cha rov șe...'' = he was not.../he would not...
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| **''nach rov șe...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
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| *''îth!'' = Eat! (2sg)
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| *''îthu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh)
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| *''noh îth(u)!'' = Don't eat!
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| For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''î mă-, î dă-, înă-, etc.'' + VN is used:
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| *''tom î mă-chadăl'' = I sleep
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| *''tom î mă-thi'' = I sit
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| *''tom î mă-șesăv'' = I stand
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| *''tom î mă-li'' = I lie (somewhere)
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| *''tom î mă-fhirăch'' = I live (I dwell)
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| ====Conjugation====
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| *''to'', ''vîl'', ''chal'', and ''nachîl'' are conjugated as follows:
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| **''tom, tor, to șe/și, toj, tohi, to șîd''
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| **''vîlim, vîlir, vîl șe/și, vîlij, vîlhi, vîl șîd''
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| **''chalim, chalir...''
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| **''nachîlim, nachîlir...''
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| *''va, rov'':
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| **''vas, vaș, va șe/și, vimăr, vyur, va șîd''
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| **''rovăs, rovăș, rov șe/și, roamăr, rovyur, rov șîd''
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| *''bea'': ''beam, bear, bea șe/și, beaj, beahi, bea șîd''
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| ===Copula===
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| ===Nouns===
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| Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiș has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case.
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| Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-ăn'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''.
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| Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ăs'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
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| Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ănt'', before a labial ''ăm'', otherwise ''ăn''
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| *אנט אישצשע ''ănt ișc̦e'' = the water
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| *אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food
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| *אן ל'אַהּ ''ăn łath'' = the day
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| *אן צעך ''ăn țech'' = the house
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| *אן נס ''ăn nes'' = the miracle
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| Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite and take ''ă'';
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| *א גּֿעלעך ''ă jhełăch'' = the moon
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| *א מֿען ''ă mhen'' = the woman/wife
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| *אן אות ''ăn oas'' = the letter (character)
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| *אנט סֿוכּה ''ănt shucă'' = the booth
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| Plural nouns take ''năh-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel)
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| *נאהּ־טיש ''năh tîș'' = the houses
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| *נאהּ־ל'אַהן ''năh łathăn'' = the days
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| *נאהּ־מנאָ ''năh mno'' = the women/wives
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| *נאהּ אותיות ''năh oasyăs'' = the letters
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| *נאהּ סוכּות ''năh sucăs'' = the booths
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| *נאהּ ניסים ''năh nisim'' = the miracles
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| Nouns may take a preposed vocative particle ''ă'' which lenites.
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives always have ''-e'' in the plural, except that the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-i'': the plural of ייִדעך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי ''Yidi''.
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| *pred: טאָם בּעגּ ''Tom beg.'' = I am short.
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| *m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ ''fer beg'' = a short man; אַם ףער בּעג ''am fer beg'' = the short man
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| *f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ ''fyur bheg'' = a short sister; אַן ףֿיור בֿעגּ ''an fhyur bheg'' = the short sister
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| *pl.: ףערן אָרדע ''ferăn ordă'' = tall men; נאַה ףערן אָרדע ''nah ferăn ordă'' = the tall men
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| Comparatives are formed by adding ניס ''nis'' 'more' and עס ''es'' 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:
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| מוֹר - ניס מוֹ - עס מוֹ ''moar - nis moa - es moa'' = big - bigger - biggest
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| ===Pronouns===
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| conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu șe și șîn șîv șîd
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| disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i șîn șîv îd
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| emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן mișe, tuse, șeșn, șișe, șînye, șîvșe, șîțăn
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| emphatic suffixes: -șe -se -șn -șe -ye -șe -săn
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| Possessive prefixes:
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| *מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mă-bhrohăr'' /mə vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער ''m-ahăr'' /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
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| *דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''dă-bhrohăr'' /də vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער ''d-ahăr'' /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
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| *אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a-bhrohăr'' /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער ''a-ahăr'' /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
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| *אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah-brohăr'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ''ah-ahăr'' /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
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| *אָר־בּראָהער ''or-brohăr'' /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער ''orn-ahăr'' /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
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| *באַר־בּראָהער ''văr-brohăr'' /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער ''varn-ahăr'' /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
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| *אַ־בּראָהער ''a-brohăr'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער ''an-ahăr'' /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'
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| ''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור ''fyur'' /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור ''m-fhyur'' /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.
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| A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mă-mhohăr îs m-ahăr'', not ''*mo-moher is aher''.
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| ===Prepositions===
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| *ag 'at': agom, agăt, ejă, ec̦i, agăn, agăv, acu
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| *de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
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| *ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu
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| *ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uan, uav, uahu
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| *î(n) 'in': înom, înăt, on, înți, înăn, înăv, întu [''în'' is used before a vowel]
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| *ăr 'on': orom, orăt, er, eri, orăn, orăv, oru
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| *ăs 'from': asom, asăt, as, ași, asăn, asăv, asu
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| *ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, revă, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
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| *rî 'with': ryom, ret, reș, rei, rin, riv, ryu
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| *um 'around': umom, umăt, emă, empi, umăn, umăv, umpu
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| *fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu
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| ====Combinations====
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| ''î'' before a definite article is ''îns'':
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| *אינס אן צעך ''îns ăn țech'' 'in the house'
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| *אינס אן אָץ ''îns ăn oț'' 'in the place'
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| *אינס נאה צירען ''îns năh țirăn'' 'in the countries'
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| ''î'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''îna(n)-''
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| ''î'' + possessive ''or-'': ''înăr-''
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| ''oh'' + ''ăn-/ăm-/ă-'' : ''oan-/oam-/oan-''
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| ====Syntax====
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| Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nei fol năh fregărțăn oh mă-mhohăr îs oh mă-bhrohăr'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
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| ===Adverbs===
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| ====Directionals====
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| ===Numerals===
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| Numerals are always followed by the singular form.
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| 0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero)
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| counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah c̦ehăr, ah cuj, ah șea, ah șecht, ah ăcht, ah noi, ah zeș
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| 11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg...
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| 20, 30, 40, ... = fișăd, trișăd, doișăd, cujăd, șescăd, șechtăd, ăchtăd, noiăd
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| 21, 22, ... = fișăd îs oin, fișăd îs du, ...
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| 100, 200, ... = c̦ead, du c̦head, tri c̦head, ...
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| 1000 = milă
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| attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites
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| Counting humans: (fer/men), bert, tryur, čehrăr, cujăr, șeșăr, șechtăr, ăchtăr, noinăr, zeșăr
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| ordinals: ''tăsi, elă, triăv, c̦ehrăv, cujăv,...'' or just ''ăh N''
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| ==Syntax==
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| An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified.
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| Since An Yidiș lost the genitive case except in fossilized expressions, most genitives use the construction ''ăn X ag Y'' (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק ''ăn cat ag mă-mhac'' = my son's cat.
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| ===Predicate nouns===
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| *"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע ''Îș men me'' = I'm a woman
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| *"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה ''Îș men i Rîvcă'' = Rîvcă (Rebekah) is a woman
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| *"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה ''Îș mișă ă mhen ag Moașă'' = I am Moașă's (Moses') wife
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| *"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי ''Și ă mhen ag Moașă i'' = She is Moașă's wife
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| **שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה ''Și ă mhen ag Moașă i Rîvcă'' (or ''și Rîvcă i ă mhen ag Moașă'') = Rîvcă is Moașă's wife
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| *For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָרית אַ טאָ אי רבקה ''Îș munțoris ă to î Rîvcă'' 'Rîvcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)'
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| *Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'':
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| **טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To Rîvcă ord'' 'Rîvcă is tall'
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| **טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל ''To Rîvcă îns ăn chedăr cadăl'' 'Rivcă is in the bedroom'
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| ===Infinitive phrases===
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| Infinitive phrases usually correspond to German ''zu''-infinitives, and are also used with some modals.
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| They're of the form ''a'' + VN + direct object + oblique objects, where ''de'' lenites the VN.
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| If there is a pronominal direct, ''a'' + possessive pronoun (for the pronominal object) + VN must be used, with contractions and mutations occurring as necessary.
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| Examples:
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| *''ă thavărț matonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'')
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| *''o-thavărț dom'' = to give it (masc.) to me
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| *''o-tavărț dom'' = to give it (fem.)/them to me
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| ===Derivation===
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| *־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-iyăs'' or ־יתאן ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix'
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| ==Phrasebook==
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| *שלום ''Șolăm'' = Hello, goodbye
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| *שלום עליכם ''Șolăm aléachăm'' = Hello
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| *עליכם שלום ''Aléachăm șolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolăm aléachăm'')
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| *סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye
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| *בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Byonăcht agăt/agăv'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
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| *ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Folță rut/ruv'' = Welcome
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| *צ'עאד מילע ףאָלצע ''c̦ead milă folță'' = A hundred thousand welcomes
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| *קאַרד ע אנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ănt enim ret?'' = What is your name?
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| *דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid șe ănt enim ryom'' = My name is David
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| *ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vil ăn Azăliș agăt/agăv?'' = Do you speak English?
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| *כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם ''Chal ăn Yidiș agom'' = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș
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| *כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim ă ticșinț'' = I don't understand
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| *ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דא־טֿעל = ''Łavăr nis melă, rî dă-thel'' = Please speak more slowly
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| **ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באר־טעל ''Łavru nis melă, rî văr-tel'' = above, 2pl
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| *טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To ieri agom ă łavăr ăs Yidiș, ach chal cumăs dom.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.
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| *בּליאן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blien mhath bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year
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| ===Dates and time===
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| ====Civil months====
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| ====Jewish months====
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| ====Days of the week====
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| Note: in {{PAGENAME}} a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
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| *Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''zi-soal''
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| **Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''mazin soal''
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| **Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescăr soal''
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| **Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!)
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| **Sunday night: עאשע ל'ואַן ''eașă łuan'' (!)
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| *Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan''
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| *Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-morț''
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| *Wednesday: זי־צ'עאדין ''zi-c̦eadin''
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| *Thursday: זי־זעארעדין ''zi-zearădin''
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| *Friday: זי־הייַנע ''zi-haină''
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| *Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-șabăs''
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| ====Telling the time====
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| *טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To și tri șo.'' = It's 3:00.
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| *טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To și du șo yeag'' = It's 12:00.
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| ===Colors===
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| *ףין ''fin'' = white
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| *דוב ''duv'' = black
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| *זערעגּ ''zerăg'' = red
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| *בּוייע ''buyă'' = yellow
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| *גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green
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| *גּאָרעם ''gărăm'' = blue
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| *בּאַנעש ''banăș'' = violet; purple
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| *דוֹן ''doan'' = brown
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| ==Poetry==
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| ==Sample texts==
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| ===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)===
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| :קאַרד אַ טאָ ניי אַהרעב אַר אַן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישן עלע?
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| :'''''Card ă to nei ahrăv ăr ăn eașă șo oh coch eașăn elă?'''''
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| :''What has changed on this night from all other nights?''
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| :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע נאַכיליג' אַ טום גּל'אַסרען אפילו אוין ל'ער, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' דו ל'ער.
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| :'''''Gur ăr coch eașăn elă nachîlij ă tum głasrăn afílu oin łer, ach îș ănắcht a toj du łer.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we do so twice.''
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| :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איזיר חמץ איס מצה, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' אך מצה.
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| :'''''Gur ăr coch eașăn elă ă toj ag îth izir chomăț îs mață, ach îș ănắcht nachîlij ach mață.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo; but tonight, we eat only matzo.''
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| :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ קאָך צ'ינעל' גּל'אַסרען, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' אך מרור.
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| :'''''Gur ăr coch eașăn elă ă toj ag îth coch c̦inăł głasrăn, ach îș ănắcht nachîlij ach morăr.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables; but tonight, we eat only bitter herbs.''
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| :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איס טאָג' קיז אינאָר-טי איס טאָג' קיז אינאָר-לי שיאַר, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' קאָכנע אינאָר-לי שיאַר.
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| :'''''Gur ăr coch eașăn elă ă toj ag îth îs toj ciz înăr-ti îs toj ciz înăr-li șier, ach îș ănắcht ă toj cochnă înăr-li șier.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.''
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| ===From "Dirge Without Music"===
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| <poem>
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| '''{{rtl|קינה ג'אן צֿ'אָל'}}'''
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| '''''Cină jăn c̦hoł'''''
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| </poem>
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| <poem>
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| I am not resigned to the shutting away of loving hearts in the hard ground.
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| So it is, and so it will be, for so it has been, time out of mind:
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| Into the darkness they go, the wise and the lovely. Crowned
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| With lilies and with laurel they go; but I am not resigned.
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| </poem>
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| [[Category:Celtic languages]]
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