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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
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| The '''Tsimulh languages''' (Eevo: ''bo brits Tsimyx'', Rhythoed: ''fi imbrits Tsimăł'', from Sacred Swutsim ''ciməσ'', from ''*címə'' 'tribe', pl. of ''*ʔímə'' 'tribesman') are a [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]. The proto-language is '''Proto-Tsimulh''', which is inspired by the Bantu languages, Tlingit, and the Salish languages.
| | [[Tsimulh languages/Lexicon|Lexicon of Proto-Tsimulh]]<br/> |
| | [[Tsimulh languages/Swadesh list|Swadesh lists for the Tsimulh languages]]<br/> |
| | [[Tsimulh languages/Sketchbook]] |
| | {{Infobox language family |
| | | setting = [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]] |
| | | region = Taivíor, Txapoalli, Talma |
| | | name = Tsimulh |
| | | familycolor = Tsimulh |
| | | family = One of Hmøøh's primary language families |
| | | protoname = Proto-Tsimulh |
| | | child1 = Mustlup |
| | | child2 = Swuntsim |
| | | child3 = Twethoic |
| | | child4 = Hetomic |
| | }} |
| | The '''Tsimulh languages''' are a large [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Hmøøh/Taivíor|Taivíor]]. |
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
| *''-s'': past tense, genitive | | *''-s'': past tense, genitive |
| *''-əσ'': some adjectival suffix | | *''-txʷ'' |
| *''t-...-t'' for abstract nouns | | *''-cid'' |
| *''-iyad'' = augmentative | | *''-dəb'' = augmentative |
| *Reduplication | | *Reduplication |
| *relativizer/relative forms for verbs | | *relativizer/relative forms for verbs |
| *m n > Sf. v dh? (-tsiv in [[Talman Swutsim]] ~ Tsimulh?)
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| *dtüžo = water (as a liquid) - Sf. ''tüdjo''
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| *čtüžo = body of water - Sf. ''tjtüdjo''
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| More Caucasian phonology?
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| CVCVCV...
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| tone > breathy voice > Devoiced vowels?
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| ==Phylogeny== | | ==Phylogeny== |
| *Proto-Tsimulh | | *Proto-Tsimulh |
| **[[Sacred Swutsim]] | | **[[Mustlup]] |
| ***[[Talman Swutsim]]
| | **[[Swuntsim]] |
| ***Naquian Swutsim | | ** Twethoic languages (placeholder name) |
| ***Sjowaazhéñ Swutsim? | | *** [[Twetho]] |
| ***Bjeheondian Swutsim? | | *** [[Adatsim]] |
| **[[Hetomic]] | | **[[Hetomic]] |
| **[[Pelhyys]]
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| **Idosic
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| ***[[Nizutsam]] (''tsim'' > ''tsam'', ''idos'' > ''izus'')
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| ***[[Idosian]]
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| ==Urheimat== | | ==Urheimat== |
| Somewhere in Txapoalli | | Somewhere in Txapoalli |
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Phonotactics===
| | Tlingit-Lushootseed hybrid gib, liquidless |
| Tsimulh phonotactics is dominated by CV syllables. Coda consonants are only allowed word-finally.
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| Any vowel may occur in roots, while vowels in prefixes and suffixes are restricted to /a ə i u/.
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| A lot of consonants, but no liquids!
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| {| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center | | {| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center |
| |-style="font-size: 90%;" | | |-style="font-size: 90%;" |
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| | g | | | g |
| | gʷ | | | gʷ |
| | ɢ | | | |
| | ɢʷ | | | |
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| |- | | |- |
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| | c | | | c |
| | ξ | | | ƛ |
| | č | | | č |
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| | z | | | z |
| | | | | λ |
| | ž | | | ž |
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| | cʼ | | | cʼ |
| | ξʼ | | | ƛʼ |
| | čʼ | | | čʼ |
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| | s | | | s |
| | σ | | | ł |
| | š | | | š |
| | x | | | x |
| | xʷ | | | xʷ |
| | χ | | | x̌ |
| | χʷ | | | x̌ʷ |
| | h | | | h |
| |- | | |- |
| !colspan=2| Approximant | | !rowspan=2| Approximant |
| | ! <small>plain</small> |
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| | | | | |
| | | | | l |
| | y | | | y |
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| | w | | | w |
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| | |- |
| | ! <small>glottalized</small> |
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| | | lʼ |
| | | yʼ |
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| | | wʼ |
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| |} | | |} |
| | l and l' are actually Eevo L and glottalized Eevo L. |
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| 6 or 7 vowels
| | '''i u ə a''' |
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| '''i ü u e ə o a''' /i ü u e ə o a/ | |
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| i u a are rather reduced.
| | ===Stress=== |
| | | Penultimate. |
| ===Tone=== | |
| Proto-Tsimulh was a tonal language: Every syllable had either high or low tone. The low tone is marked with a grave accent.
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| ==Morphology== | | ==Morphology== |
| ===Nouns===
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| ====Noun classes====
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| Proto-Tsimulh had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
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| #''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
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| #''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
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| #''pà-'', pl. ''ə̀pí-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
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| #''sə̀-'', pl. ''dúsì-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
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| #''út-'', pl. ''pàσə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
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| #''má-'', pl. ''ə́wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
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| #''kè-'', pl. ''ábí-'' = places, locations, slots
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| #''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
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| #''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
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| #''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way
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| #''t’ím-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
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| #''pòdá-'' = -ness, -hood
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| In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have:
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| *Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred Swutsim)
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| *Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Pelhyys)
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| *Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman Swutsim)
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| *Type D: SG/PL-marking only
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| *Type E: No concords at all
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| ====Cases====
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| *Nominative: ''-0''
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| *Genitive: ''-s''
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| ====Possession====
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| Possessive prefixes exist for each noun class of the possessor.
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| ===Verbs===
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| ====Noun class prefixes====
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| TODO: Some of the class markers should be different from class markers on nouns.
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| *I = ''kʷə-''
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| *you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
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| *we = ''wə-''
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| *you (pl) = ''cu-''
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| *Noun class prefixes:
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| #''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
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| #''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
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| #''pà-'', pl. ''ə̀pí-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
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| #''sə̀-'', pl. ''dúsì-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
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| #''út-'', pl. ''pàσə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
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| #''má-'', pl. ''ə́wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
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| #''kè-'', pl. ''ábí-'' = places, locations, slots
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| #''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
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| #''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
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| #''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way
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| #''t’ím-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
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| #''pòdá-'' = -ness, -hood
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|
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| ====Tense affixes====
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| ''-s'' - past tense
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| ===Numbers===
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| The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not.
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| 1: *-an
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| 2: *-xʷiš
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| 3: *-ʔiyəm
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| 4: *-udzuq
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| 5: *-t'u
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| 6: *-čaydž
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| 7: *-buč'oh
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| 8: *-gwiməʔ
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| 9: *-anay
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| 10: *-kʷ'in
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| [[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]][[Category:Language families]] | | [[Category:Naquic languages|*]][[Category:Language families]] |
Lexicon of Proto-Tsimulh
Swadesh lists for the Tsimulh languages
Tsimulh languages/Sketchbook
| Tsimulh |
|---|
| Created by | – |
|---|
Geographic
distribution | Taivíor, Txapoalli, Talma |
|---|
| Linguistic classification | One of Hmøøh's primary language families |
|---|
| Proto-language | Proto-Tsimulh |
|---|
| Subdivisions |
- Mustlup
- Swuntsim
- Twethoic
- Hetomic
|
|---|
The Tsimulh languages are a large Trician language family mainly spoken in Taivíor.
Todo
- -s: past tense, genitive
- -txʷ
- -cid
- -dəb = augmentative
- Reduplication
- relativizer/relative forms for verbs
Phylogeny
Urheimat
Somewhere in Txapoalli
Phonology
Tlingit-Lushootseed hybrid gib, liquidless
Consonants
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Bilabial
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Alveolar
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Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
Glottal
|
| central
|
lateral
|
plain
|
labialized
|
plain
|
labialized
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| Nasal
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m
|
n
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| Stop
|
plain
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p
|
t
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k
|
kʷ
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q
|
qʷ
|
ʔ
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| voiced
|
b
|
d
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|
g
|
gʷ
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|
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| ejective
|
pʼ
|
tʼ
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|
kʼ
|
kʷʼ
|
qʼ
|
qʷʼ
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| Affricate
|
plain
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|
c
|
ƛ
|
č
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|
|
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| voiced
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|
z
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λ
|
ž
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| ejective
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cʼ
|
ƛʼ
|
čʼ
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| Fricative
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|
s
|
ł
|
š
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x
|
xʷ
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x̌
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x̌ʷ
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h
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| Approximant
|
plain
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|
l
|
y
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|
w
|
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| glottalized
|
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|
lʼ
|
yʼ
|
|
wʼ
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l and l' are actually Eevo L and glottalized Eevo L.
Vowels
i u ə a
Stress
Penultimate.
Morphology