Verse:Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Sošovíć
|nativename = sošovíć/lesán sošovija
|region = Balkan Peninsula
|speakers = 393,000
|date = 2013
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=North Semitic
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
}}


''Solám alóm!''
Assumptions:
*Final short vowels are weakened at around the same time as Proto-Slavic reduces final short vowels to jers.
*Palatalization does *not* follow Slavic, except in affixes and function words
==Phonology==
===Vowels===
====Oral====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e̞/
| '''é''' /e̞ː/
| '''y''' /ə/
| '''ý''' /əː/
| '''o''' /o̞/
| '''ó''' /o̞ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''ě''' /æ/
| '''ě''' /æː/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}
====Nasal====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| '''ę''' /ɛ̃ː/
|
|
|
| '''ǫ''' /ɔ̃ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
==Diachronics==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
! Proto-North Semitic
! Proto-Sošovíć
|-
| i
| ь
|-
| u
| ъ
|-
| a
| o
|-
| ī
| i
|-
| ū
| y
|-
| aj
| ě
|-
| aw
| u
|-
| ā
| a
|-
| an
| ǫ
|-
| in
| ę, ь
|-
| un
| ǫ, ъ
|}
Havlík's law: strong {{recon|ъ}} > {{recon|o}}, strong {{recon|ь}} > {{recon|e}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything
Cja > Cě
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PSem
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|ṭ}}
! {{recon|ḳ}}
! {{recon|ð}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|þ}}
! {{recon|š}}
! {{recon|ś}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|þ&#803;}}
! {{recon|ṣ}}
! {{recon|ṣ́}}
! {{recon|ɣ}}
! {{recon|ʕ}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|x}}
! {{recon|ħ}}
! {{recon|h}}
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|j}}
|-
! {{PAGENAME}}
| ''b''
| ''d''
| ''ž''
| ''p''
| ''ć''
| ''č''
| ''t''
| ''k''
| ''v''
| ''z''
| ''f''
| ''s''
| ''š''
| ''s''
| ''f''
| ''š''
| ''þ''
| ''g''
| <sup>''a''</sup>, ː
| ː
| ''ch''
| ''h<sup>a</sup>''
| ''h''
| ''m''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''v''
| ''j''
|}
==Nouns==
{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive singular ''-o'' < PSem {{recon|''-a''}}. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} > ''-a'' under Indo-European influence.
The case system has also been restructured along Slavic lines. The behavior of the accusative and genitive is identical to Slavic: accusative is identical to the genitive for animate masculine singular nouns, and to the nominative otherwise, and objects of negative sentences take the genitive. The dative and instrumental/locative were formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions {{recon|''la''}} 'to' and {{recon|''bi''}} 'with/by, in'.
===Masculine nouns of type ''moloč''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''moloč'' 'king'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''moloč'' || ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''y'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''molč'''o''''' || ''molč'''ě''''' || ''molč'''i'''''
|-
! dative
| ''molč'''lu''''' || ''molč'''ěluma'''''  || ''molč'''ilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''molč'''o''''' || ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''y'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''molč'''bi''''' || ''molč'''ěbima''''' || ''molč'''ibím'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''júm'' 'day'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''y'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ě''''' || ''júm'''i'''''
|-
! dative
| ''júm'''lu''''' || ''júm'''ěluma'''''  || ''júm'''ilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''y'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''júm'''bi''''' || ''júm'''ěbima''''' || ''júm'''ibím'''''
|}
===*-ь-stems===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''fob'' 'antelope'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''fob'' || ''fob'''ě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''jě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! dative
| ''fob'''lu''''' || ''fob'''jěluma'''''  || ''fob'''jilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''ě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''fobe'''bi''''' || ''fob'''jěbima''''' || ''fob'''jibím'''''
|}
===*-j-stems===
Example nouns: ''máj'' 'water', ''somáj'' 'heaven'
===Feminine nouns of type ''molča''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''molča'' 'queen'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''áć'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''molč'''oto''''' || ''molč'''oćě''''' || ''molč'''aći'''''
|-
! dative
| ''molč'''ótla''''' || ''molč'''ótluma'''''  || ''molč'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''áć'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''molč'''ótbě''''' || ''molč'''ótbima''''' || ''molč'''átbín'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''syra'' 'performance; ritual'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''áć'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''syr'''oto''''' || ''syr'''oćě''''' || ''syr'''aći'''''
|-
! dative
| ''syr'''ótla''''' || ''syr'''ótluma'''''  || ''syr'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''áć'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''syr'''ótbě''''' || ''syr'''ótbima''''' || ''syr'''átbín'''''
|}
===Feminine nouns of type ''lesán''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''lesán'' 'tongue'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''áć'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''lesán'''o''''' || ''lesán'''ě''''' || ''lesán'''aći'''''
|-
! dative
| ''lesán'''la''''' || ''lesán'''ěluma'''''  || ''lesán'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''áć'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''lesán'''bě''''' || ''lesán'''ěbima''''' || ''lesán'''átbín'''''
|}
===Feminine abstract ''-íć'' nouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''omyníć'' 'truth'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''omyn'''íć''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijáć'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''omyn'''ito''''' || ''omyn'''ićě''''' || ''omyn'''ijaći'''''
|-
! dative
| ''omyn'''ítla''''' || ''omyn'''ítluma'''''  || ''omyn'''ijátlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''omyn'''íć''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijáć'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''omyn'''ítbě''''' || ''omyn'''ítbima''''' || ''omyn'''ijátbín'''''
|}
==Adjectives==
Adjectives tend to precede nouns: ''rób běþ'' 'big egg', ''taba spara'' 'good story'.
===Adjectives ending in a consonant===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good'
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nom./Voc.
| ''tab''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''y''''' || ''tab'''áć'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tab'''o'' || ''tab'''oto'' || ''tab'''ě''''' || ''tab'''oćě''''' || ''tab'''i''''' || ''tab'''aći'''''
|-
! Dative
| ''tab'''lu''''' || ''tab'''ótla''''' || ''tab'''ěluma''''' || ''tab'''ótluma''''' || ''tab'''ilúm''''' || ''tab'''átlěn'''''
|-
! Acc.
| ''tab'''o'''''<sup>an</sup> <br/> ''tab''<sup>inan</sup> || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''y''''' || ''tab'''áć'''''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''tab'''bi''''' || ''tab'''ótbě''''' || ''tab'''ěbima''''' || ''tab'''ótbima''''' || ''tab'''ibím''''' || ''tab'''átbín'''''
|}
===Nisba adjectives===
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="3" | First person
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
|''nák''|| ''náma'' || ''nány''
|-
! Genitive
|''meni''|| ''mennama, menma'' || ''menny''
|-
! Dative
|''li''|| ''lonama, loma'' || ''lony''
|-
! Accusative
|''nić''|| ''mać'' || ''nyć''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bi''|| ''bema'' || ''bny''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns, cont.
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="5" | Second person !! colspan="5" | Third person
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural !! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''ǫto''|| ''ǫć'' || ''ǫtma'' || ''ǫtmy'' || ''ǫtna'' || ''hy'' || ''hi'' || ''homa'' || ''homy'' || ''hena''
|-
! Genitive
|''męk''|| ''męč''  || ''mękma'' || ''mękmy'' || ''męčna'' || ''men'' || ''mená'' || ''menema'' || ''menemy'' || ''menen''
|-
! Dative
|''lók''|| ''lóč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókmy'' || ''lóčna'' ||''lu''||''lá''||''luma''||''lumy''||''lěn''
|-
! Accusative
|''kać''||''čić''|| ''kmać'' || ''kmyć'' ||''čnać''||''hoć''||''hać''||''homać''||''homyć''||''henać''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bek''||''beč''||''bekma''||''bekmy''||''bečna''||''bí''||''bě''||''bíma''||''bímy''||''bín''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Interrogative pronouns
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | 'who' !! style="width: 90px;" | 'what'
|-
! Nominative
| ''mi'' || ''ma''
|-
! Genitive
| ''menmi'' || ''menma''
|-
! Dative
| ''milu'' || ''malu''
|-
! Accusative
| ''mić'' || ''ma''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''mibi'' || ''mabi''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Demonstrative/relative pronoun
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nom./Voc.
| ''vy'' || ''věć'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''oly'' || ''oláć''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vu'' || ''věto'' || ''vě'' || ''věćě'' || ''oli'' || ''olaći''
|-
! Dative
| ''vulu'' || ''větla'' || ''věluma''''' || ''větluma''''' || ''olilúm'' || ''olátlěn''
|-
! Acc.
| ''vu''<sup>an</sup> <br/> ''vy''<sup>inan</sup> || ''věć'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''oly'' || ''oláć''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''vubi'' || ''větbě'' || ''věbima'' || ''větbima'' || ''olibím'' || ''olátbín''
|}
==Verbs==
The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine.
Todo: verbal system too Central Semitic. Use the prefix-conjugated preterite for aorist, and stative for present/future?
===Binyan A: ''kotol''===
====Regular (strong) paradigm====
=====Active=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''kotlíć, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel'' 'kill'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''kotlíć''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''ktol!''
|rowspan="2"| ''ktola!'' || ''ktoly!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ktoli!'' || ''ktolna!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''oktol'' || ''nektla'' || ''nektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''ćektla'' || ''ćektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''toktli'' || ''ćektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektla'' || ''jektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''joktli'' || ''jektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
!| 1
| ''fóktol'' || ''fonektla'' || ''fonektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''fotoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''foćektla'' || ''foćektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''fotoktli'' || ''foćektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''fojoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''fojektla'' || ''fojektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''fojoktli'' || ''fojektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''kotolok'' || ''kotolma'' || ''kotolny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''kotolot''
|rowspan="2"| ''kotoltma'' || ''kotoltmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''kotoloć'' || ''kotoltna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''kotol'' || ''kotola'' || ''kotoly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''kotola'' || ''kotolota'' || ''kotolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future I
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''rþi oktol'' || ''rþi nektla'' || ''rþi nektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''rþi toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi ćektla'' || ''rþi ćektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''rþi toktli'' || ''rþi ćektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''rþi joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi jektla'' || ''rþi jektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''rþi joktli'' || ''rþi jektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future II
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''očun katel''|| ''nečuna katla'' || ''nečun katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''očun katla'' || ''nečuna katlota'' || ''nečun katláć''
|-
! 2.m
| ''točun katel'' || ''ćečuna katla'' || ''ćečuny katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''točuni katla''|| ''ćečuna katlota'' || ''ćečunna katláć''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jočun katel'' || ''ječuna katla'' || ''ječuny katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jočuni katla''|| ''ječuna katlota'' ||  ''ječunna katláć''
|-
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''nák katel'' || ''náma katla'' || ''nány katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''nák katla'' || ''náma katlota'' || ''nány katláć''
|-
! 2.m
| ''ǫto katel'' || ''ǫtma katla'' || ''ǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ǫć katla'' || ''ǫtma katlota'' || ''ǫtna katláć''
|-
! 3.m
| ''(hy) katel'' || ''(homa) katla'' || ''(homy) katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''(hi) katla'' || ''(homa) katlota'' || ''(hena) katláć''
|-
! colspan="4" | Pluperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''čǫk katel'' || ''čanma katla'' || ''čanny katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''čǫk katla'' || ''čanma katlota'' || ''čanny katláć''
|-
! 2.m
| ''čǫt katel'' || ''čǫtma katla'' || ''čǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''čǫć katla'' || ''čǫtma katlota'' || ''čǫtna katláć''
|-
! 3.m
| ''čan katel'' || ''čana katla'' || ''čany katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''čana katla'' || ''čanota katlota'' || ''čanna katláć''
|}
==Pater noster==
<poem>
''Ob menny vy na somájbi!''
''Ći jotkódas sem męk.''
''Ći jóći memloč męk.''
''Ći jepuly roþí męk, ěma na somájbi ěvi v in orþbě.''
''Chleb menny jumí hab lony ojúm.''
''V stápu-ny chotaváć menny, evi v nany nostápú chotaváć nož lony.''
''V la sabé-ny na tonésíny, éla žal-ny leč rogo.''
''Amen.''
</poem>
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 00:36, 24 June 2025

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