Verse:Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = socovíc
|nativename = socovíc/lesán socovija
|region =
|speakers = 393,000
|date = 2013
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=North Semitic
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]
}}


''Solám alóm!''
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral app.
|}
===Vowels===
====Oral====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e̞/
| '''é''' /e̞ː/
| '''y''' /ə/
| '''ý''' /əː/
| '''o''' /o̞/
| '''ó''' /o̞ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''ě''' /æ/
| '''ě''' /æː/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}
====Nasal====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| '''ę''' /ɛ̃ː/
|
|
|
| '''ǫ''' /ɔ̃ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
==Diachronics==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
! Proto-North Semitic
! Proto-socovíc
|-
| i
| ь
|-
| u
| ъ
|-
| a
| o
|-
| ī
| i
|-
| ū
| y
|-
| aj
| ě
|-
| aw
| u
|-
| ā
| a
|-
| an
| ǫ
|-
| in
| ę, ь
|-
| un
| ǫ, ъ
|}
Havlík's law: strong {{recon|ъ}} > {{recon|o}}, strong {{recon|ь}} > {{recon|e}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything
Cja > Cě
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PSem
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|ṭ}}
! {{recon|ḳ}}
! {{recon|ð}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|þ}}
! {{recon|š}}
! {{recon|ś}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|þ&#803;}}
! {{recon|ṣ}}
! {{recon|ṣ́}}
! {{recon|ɣ}}
! {{recon|ʕ}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|x}}
! {{recon|ħ}}
! {{recon|h}}
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|j}}
|-
! {{PAGENAME}}
| ''b''
| ''d''
| ''ž''
| ''p''
| ''c''
| ''č''
| ''t''
| ''k''
| ''v''
| ''z''
| ''f''
| ''s''
| ''š''
| ''s''
| ''f''
| ''š''
| ''þ''
| ''g''
| <sup>''a''</sup>, ː
| ː
| ''ch''
| ''h<sup>a</sup>''
| ''h''
| ''m''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''v''
| ''j''
|}
==Nouns==
{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive singular ''-o'' < PSem {{recon|''-a''}}. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} > ''-a'' under Indo-European influence.
The case system has also been restructured along Slavic lines. The behavior of the accusative and genitive is identical to Slavic: accusative is identical to the genitive for animate masculine singular nouns, and to the nominative otherwise, and objects of negative sentences take the genitive. The dative and instrumental/locative were formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions {{recon|''la''}} 'to' and {{recon|''bi''}} 'with/by, in'.
===Masculine nouns of type ''moloč''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''moloč'' 'king'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''moloč'' || ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''y'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''molč'''o''''' || ''molč'''ě''''' || ''molč'''i'''''
|-
! dative
| ''molč'''lu''''' || ''molč'''ěluma'''''  || ''molč'''ilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''molč'''o''''' || ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''y'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''molč'''bi''''' || ''molč'''ěbima''''' || ''molč'''ibím'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''júm'' 'day'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''y'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ě''''' || ''júm'''i'''''
|-
! dative
| ''júm'''lu''''' || ''júm'''ěluma'''''  || ''júm'''ilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''y'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''júm'''bi''''' || ''júm'''ěbima''''' || ''júm'''ibím'''''
|}
===Masculine *-ь-stems===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''fob'' 'antelope'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''fob'' || ''fob'''ě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''jě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! dative
| ''fob'''lu''''' || ''fob'''jěluma'''''  || ''fob'''jilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''ě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''fobe'''bi''''' || ''fob'''jěbima''''' || ''fob'''jibím'''''
|}
===Masculine nouns of type ''ráj''===
Example nouns: ''máj'' 'water', ''somáj'' 'heaven', ''ráj'' 'wealth'
===Feminine nouns of type ''molča''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''molča'' 'queen'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''ác'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''molč'''oto''''' || ''molč'''ocě''''' || ''molč'''aci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''molč'''ótla''''' || ''molč'''ótluma'''''  || ''molč'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''ác'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''molč'''ótbě''''' || ''molč'''ótbima''''' || ''molč'''átbín'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''syra'' 'performance; ritual'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''ác'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''syr'''oto''''' || ''syr'''ocě''''' || ''syr'''aci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''syr'''ótla''''' || ''syr'''ótluma'''''  || ''syr'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''ác'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''syr'''ótbě''''' || ''syr'''ótbima''''' || ''syr'''átbín'''''
|}
===Feminine nouns of type ''lesán''===
This declension class does not use the usual feminine suffix {{recon|''-at-''}} in the singular and dual, but still adds feminine dative and instrumental/locative suffixes in the singular. This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ''ӗn'' 'eye'; ''ovon, ovn-'' 'ear'; ''beton, betn-'' 'stomach'; ''lӗl'' 'night', ''oroþ, orþ-'' 'earth'.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''lesán'' 'tongue, language'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ác'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''lesán'''o''''' || ''lesán'''ě''''' || ''lesán'''aci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''lesán'''la''''' || ''lesán'''ěluma'''''  || ''lesán'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ác'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''lesán'''bě''''' || ''lesán'''ěbima''''' || ''lesán'''átbín'''''
|}
===Feminine abstract ''-íc'' nouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''omyníc'' 'truth'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''omyn'''íc''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijác'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''omyn'''ito''''' || ''omyn'''icě''''' || ''omyn'''ijaci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''omyn'''ítla''''' || ''omyn'''ítluma'''''  || ''omyn'''ijátlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''omyn'''íc''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijác'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''omyn'''ítbě''''' || ''omyn'''ítbima''''' || ''omyn'''ijátbín'''''
|}
==Adjectives==
Adjectives tend to precede nouns: ''rób běþ'' 'big egg', ''taba spara'' 'good story'.
===Adjectives ending in a consonant===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good'
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nom./Voc.
| ''tab''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''y''''' || ''tab'''ác'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tab'''o'' || ''tab'''oto'' || ''tab'''ě''''' || ''tab'''ocě''''' || ''tab'''i''''' || ''tab'''aci'''''
|-
! Dative
| ''tab'''lu''''' || ''tab'''ótla''''' || ''tab'''ěluma''''' || ''tab'''ótluma''''' || ''tab'''ilúm''''' || ''tab'''átlěn'''''
|-
! Acc.
| ''tab'''o'''''<sup>an</sup> <br/> ''tab''<sup>inan</sup> || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''y''''' || ''tab'''ác'''''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''tab'''bi''''' || ''tab'''ótbě''''' || ''tab'''ěbima''''' || ''tab'''ótbima''''' || ''tab'''ibím''''' || ''tab'''átbín'''''
|}
===Nisba adjectives===
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="3" | First person
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
|''nák''|| ''náma'' || ''nány''
|-
! Genitive
|''meni''|| ''mennama, menma'' || ''menny''
|-
! Dative
|''li''|| ''lonama, loma'' || ''lony''
|-
! Accusative
|''nic''|| ''mac'' || ''nyc''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bi''|| ''bema'' || ''bny''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns, cont.
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="5" | Second person !! colspan="5" | Third person
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural !! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''ǫto''|| ''ǫc'' || ''ǫtma'' || ''ǫtmy'' || ''ǫtna'' || ''hy'' || ''hi'' || ''homa'' || ''homy'' || ''hena''
|-
! Genitive
|''męk''|| ''męč''  || ''mękma'' || ''mękmy'' || ''męčna'' || ''men'' || ''mená'' || ''menema'' || ''menemy'' || ''menen''
|-
! Dative
|''lók''|| ''lóč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókmy'' || ''lóčna'' ||''lu''||''lá''||''luma''||''lumy''||''lěn''
|-
! Accusative
|''kác''||''číc''|| ''kmác'' || ''kmýc'' ||''čnác''||''hóc''||''hác''||''homác''||''homýc''||''henác''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bek''||''beč''||''bekma''||''bekmy''||''bečna''||''bí''||''bě''||''bíma''||''bímy''||''bín''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Interrogative pronouns
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | 'who' !! style="width: 90px;" | 'what'
|-
! Nominative
| ''mi'' || ''ma''
|-
! Genitive
| ''menmi'' || ''menma''
|-
! Dative
| ''milu'' || ''malu''
|-
! Accusative
| ''míc'' || ''ma''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''mibi'' || ''mabi''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Demonstrative/relative pronoun
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nom./Voc.
| ''vy'' || ''věc'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''oly'' || ''olác''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vu'' || ''věto'' || ''vě'' || ''věcě'' || ''oli'' || ''olaci''
|-
! Dative
| ''vulu'' || ''větla'' || ''věluma''''' || ''větluma''''' || ''olilúm'' || ''olátlěn''
|-
! Acc.
| ''vu''<sup>an</sup> <br/> ''vy''<sup>inan</sup> || ''věc'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''oly'' || ''olác''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''vubi'' || ''větbě'' || ''věbima'' || ''větbima'' || ''olibím'' || ''olátbín''
|}
==Numerals==
Cardinal numerals one and two (and those ending in "1" or "2") are declined as adjectives. Cardinals that end in ''šolaf'' (3) through ''cés'' (9) or in ''hošor'' (the teens) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Jef šolafa ęfáj'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Jef šolaf'' 'There are three').
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="6"|Netagin numerals
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''th
!style="width: 120px; "|''n'' each/at a time
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''-fold; ''n''-ad
!style="width: 120px; "|1/''n''
|-
|0
|''sefor''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1
|''ahod (m), ahoda (f)''
|''mehálúdh''
|''halúdhládh''
|''halálédh''
|''-''
|-
|2
|''fla (m), flota (f)''
|''megáḥúz''
|''gaḥuzḥáz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''géḥáz''
|-
|3
|''šolaf, šolafa''
|''metzábhúl''
|''tzebhulbál''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzibál''
|-
|4
|''roba, roboha''
|''memháqhútz''
|''meqhutzqátz''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''miqátz''
|-
|5
|''chǫs, chǫsa''
|''mepházúmh''
|''pezumhzámh''
|''pezázémh''
|''pizzámh''
|-
|6
|''séf, séfa''
|''melábhún''
|''lebhunbán''
|''lebhábhén''
|''libán''
|-
|7
|''sóp, sópa''
|''meqhátzúdh''
|''qetzudhtzádh''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qittzádh''
|-
|8
|''fomán, fomána''
|''mecháˁúš''
|''ceˁušˁáš''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''céˁáš''
|-
|9
|''cés, césa''
|''merápheh''
|''rephuipheh''
|''rephápheh''
|''ripeh''
|-
|10
|''hošor, hošora''
|''meḥáchúbh''
|''ḥachubhcábh''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥicábh''
|-
|11
|''ahod v hošor''
|''ḥáchúbh mehálúdh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|20
|''hošory''
|''megháḥúz nḥachúbh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|21
|''hošory v ahod''
|''gáḥéz nḥachúbh mehálúdh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|30
|''šolafy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|40
|''robohy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|50
|''chǫsy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|60
|''séfy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|70
|''sópy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|80
|''fomány''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|90
|''césy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|100
|''meja''
|''mejocí''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1000
|''olop''
|''olpí''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|}
==Verbs==
The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine. In the aorist, the 3fs form is always identical to the 3md form.
Todo: verbal system too Central Semitic. Use the prefix-conjugated preterite for aorist, and stative for present/future?
===Binyan A: ''kotol''===
====Regular (strong) paradigm====
=====Active=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''kotlec, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel'' 'kill'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''kotlec''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''katel''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''ktol!''
|rowspan="2"| ''ktola!'' || ''ktoly!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ktoli!'' || ''ktolna!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''oktol'' || ''nektla'' || ''nektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''cektla'' || ''cektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''toktli'' || ''cektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektla'' || ''jektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''joktli'' || ''jektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
!| 1
| ''fóktol'' || ''fonektla'' || ''fonektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''fotoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''focektla'' || ''focektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''fotoktli'' || ''focektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''fojoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''fojektla'' || ''fojektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''fojoktli'' || ''fojektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''kotolok'' || ''kotolma'' || ''kotolny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''kotolot''
|rowspan="2"| ''kotoltma'' || ''kotoltmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''kotoloc'' || ''kotoltna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''kotol'' || ''kotola'' || ''kotoly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''kotola'' || ''kotolota'' || ''kotolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future I
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''rþi oktol'' || ''rþi nektla'' || ''rþi nektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''rþi toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi cektla'' || ''rþi cektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''rþi toktli'' || ''rþi cektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''rþi joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi jektla'' || ''rþi jektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''rþi joktli'' || ''rþi jektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future II
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''očun katel''|| ''nečuna katla'' || ''nečun katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''očun katla'' || ''nečuna katlota'' || ''nečun katlác''
|-
! 2.m
| ''točun katel'' || ''cečuna katla'' || ''cečuny katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''točuni katla''|| ''cečuna katlota'' || ''cečunna katlác''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jočun katel'' || ''ječuna katla'' || ''ječuny katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jočuni katla''|| ''ječuna katlota'' ||  ''ječunna katlác''
|-
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''nák katel'' || ''náma katla'' || ''nány katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''nák katla'' || ''náma katlota'' || ''nány katlác''
|-
! 2.m
| ''ǫto katel'' || ''ǫtma katla'' || ''ǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ǫc katla'' || ''ǫtma katlota'' || ''ǫtna katlác''
|-
! 3.m
| ''(hy) katel'' || ''(homa) katla'' || ''(homy) katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''(hi) katla'' || ''(homa) katlota'' || ''(hena) katlác''
|-
! colspan="4" | Pluperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''čǫk katel'' || ''čanma katla'' || ''čanny katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''čǫk katla'' || ''čanma katlota'' || ''čanny katlác''
|-
! 2.m
| ''čǫt katel'' || ''čǫtma katla'' || ''čǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''čǫc katla'' || ''čǫtma katlota'' || ''čǫtna katlác''
|-
! 3.m
| ''čan katel'' || ''čana katla'' || ''čany katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''čana katla'' || ''čanota katlota'' || ''čanna katlác''
|}
====Weak paradigm: I-*ʔ====
NB. Look at what happens before the second radical.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''ocíc, ci, jóci, ocě, ací'' 'come'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''ocíc''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''ací''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''ci!''
|rowspan="2"| ''cě!'' || ''cý!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''cí!'' || ''cina!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''óci'' || ''nécě'' || ''néci''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tóci''
|rowspan="2"| ''cécě'' || ''cécý''
|-
! 2.f
| ''tócí'' || ''cécina''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jóci''
|rowspan="2"| ''jécě'' || ''jécý''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jócí'' || ''jécina''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''ocěk'' || ''ocěma'' || ''ocěny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''ocět''
|rowspan="2"| ''ocětma'' || ''ocětmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ocěc'' || ''ocětna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''ocě'' || ''ocá'' || ''ocý''
|-
! 3.f
| ''ocá'' || ''ocáta'' || ''ocěna''
|}
====Weak paradigm: III-*ʔ====
NB. Look at what happens after the second radical
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''nošúc, nošú, jǫšú, nošó, naší'' 'have'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''nosúc''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''naší''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''šú!''
|rowspan="2"| ''šova!'' || ''šovy!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''šovi!'' || ''šúna!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''ǫšú'' || ''nęšova'' || ''nęšovy''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tǫšú''
|rowspan="2"| ''cęšova'' || ''cęšovy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''tǫšovi'' || ''cęšúna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jǫšú''
|rowspan="2"| ''jęšova'' || ''jęšovy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jǫšovi'' || ''jęšúna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''nošók'' || ''nošóma'' || ''nošóny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''nošót''
|rowspan="2"| ''nošótma'' || ''nošótmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''nošóc'' || ''nošótna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''nošó'' || ''nošova'' || ''nošovy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''nošova'' || ''nošóta'' || ''nošóna''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''šonovec, šní, jošní, šoní, šaní'' 'be angry at, resent'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''šonovec''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''šaní''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''šní!''
|rowspan="2"| ''šně!'' || ''šnevy!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''šní!'' || ''šnína!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''ošní'' || ''nešně'' || ''nešní''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tošní''
|rowspan="2"| ''cešně'' || ''cešnevy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''tošní'' || ''cešnína''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jošní''
|rowspan="2"| ''ješně'' || ''ješnevy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jošní'' || ''ješnína''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''šoník'' || ''šoníma'' || ''šoníny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''šonít''
|rowspan="2"| ''šonítma'' || ''šonítmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''šoníc'' || ''šonítna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''šoní'' || ''šoně'' || ''šonevy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''šoně'' || ''šoníta'' || ''šonína''
|}
====Weak paradigm: III-*j====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''socíc, sec, josci, socě, sací'' 'drink'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''socíc''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''sací''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''sec!''
|rowspan="2"| ''scě!'' || ''scý!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''scí!'' || ''scina!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''osci'' || ''nescě'' || ''nesci''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tosci''
|rowspan="2"| ''cescě'' || ''cescý''
|-
! 2.f
| ''toscí'' || ''cescina''
|-
! 3.m
| ''josci''
|rowspan="2"| ''jescě'' || ''jescý''
|-
! 3.f
| ''joscí'' || ''jescina''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''socěk'' || ''socěma'' || ''socěny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''socět''
|rowspan="2"| ''socětma'' || ''socětmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''socěc'' || ''socětna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''socě'' || ''socá'' || ''socý''
|-
! 3.f
| ''socá'' || ''socáta'' || ''socěna''
|}
====Weak paradigm: III-*w====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''monýc, mon, jomny, monu, manev'' 'count'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''monýc''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''manev''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''mon!''
|rowspan="2"| ''mnova!'' || ''mnovy!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''mnovi!'' || ''mnyna!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''omny'' || ''nemnova'' || ''nemnovy''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tomny''
|rowspan="2"| ''cemnova'' || ''cemnovy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''tomnovi'' || ''cemnyna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jomny''
|rowspan="2"| ''jemnova'' || ''jemnovy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jomnovi'' || ''jemnyna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''monúk'' || ''monuma'' || ''monuny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''monút''
|rowspan="2"| ''monútma'' || ''monútmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''monúc'' || ''monútna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''monu'' || ''monova'' || ''monovy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''monova'' || ''monovota'' || ''monuna''
|}
==Usage==
===Imperative===
The second person imperatives use the imperative forms.
The non-2nd person imperatives are formed with the hortative particle ''c'' (< 'come') plus the present tense.
:'''''{{blue|C}} jóci memloč męk.'''''
:''Let Thy kingdom come.''
The imperative is negated with the negative particle ''la'', instead of ''bol''.
:'''''La šní li!'''''
:''Don't be mad at me!''
==Pater noster==
<poem>
''Ob menny vy na somájbi!''
''C jotkódas sem męk.''
''C jóci memloč męk.''
''C jepuly roþí męk, ěma na somájbi ěvi v in orþbě.''
''Chleb menny jumí hab lony ojúm.''
''V stápu lony chotavác menny, ěvi v nány nostápú chotavác nož lony.''
''V la sabé nyc na tonésíny, éla žal nyc leč rogo.''
''Amen.''
</poem>
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 00:36, 24 June 2025

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