Verse:Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Socovíc
|nativename = socovíc/socovija lesán
|region =
|speakers = 393,000
|date = 2013
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=North Semitic
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]
}}


==Background==
'''Socovíc''' (Socovíc: ''socovíc'' /ˈsotsoviːts/ or ''socovija lesán'' /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called '''Sotsovian''' in English, is a Semitic language spoken in the Turkey and Bosphorus area. A North Semitic language, it shares many features with Central Semitic tongues such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew; however, it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. The name of the language, ''socovíc'', seems to have originated from {{recon|√s-t-w}}, a root meaning 'north' in Socovíc (cf. Hebrew {{heb|סְתָו}} ''săṯâw'' 'winter').
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! |Alveolar
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Uvular
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
|
| '''t''' /t/
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''q''' /q/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
|
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''þ''' /θ/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʂ/
|
| '''ch''' /x/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''z''' /z/
| '''ž''' /ʐ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|
| '''c''' /ts/
| '''č''' /ʈʂ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
====Oral====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e̞/
| '''é''' /e̞ː/
| '''y''' /ə/
| '''ý''' /əː/
| '''o''' /o̞/
| '''ó''' /o̞ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''ě''' /æ/
| '''ě''' /æː/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}
====Nasal====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| '''ę''' /ɛ̃ː/
|
|
|
| '''ǫ''' /ɔ̃ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
===Stress===
Stress always falls on the first syllable of a word.
==Diachronics==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
! Proto-North Semitic
! Proto-socovíc
|-
| i
| ь
|-
| u
| ъ
|-
| a
| o
|-
| ī
| i
|-
| ū
| y
|-
| aj
| ě
|-
| aw
| u
|-
| ā
| a
|-
| an
| ǫ
|-
| in
| ę, ь
|-
| un
| ǫ, ъ
|}
Havlík's law: strong {{recon|ъ}} > {{recon|o}}, strong {{recon|ь}} > {{recon|e}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything
Cja > Cě
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PSem
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|ṭ}}
! {{recon|ḳ}}
! {{recon|ð}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|þ}}
! {{recon|š}}
! {{recon|ś}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|þ&#803;}}
! {{recon|ṣ}}
! {{recon|ṣ́}}
! {{recon|ɣ}}
! {{recon|ʕ}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|x}}
! {{recon|ħ}}
! {{recon|h}}
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|j}}
|-
! {{PAGENAME}}
| ''b''
| ''d''
| ''ž''
| ''p''
| ''c''
| ''č''
| ''t''
| ''k''
| ''v''
| ''z''
| ''f''
| ''s''
| ''š''
| ''s''
| ''f''
| ''š''
| ''þ''
| ''g''
| <sup>''a''</sup>, ː
| ː
| ''ch''
| ''h<sup>a</sup>''
| ''h''
| ''m''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''v''
| ''j''
|}
==Nouns==
{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive singular ''-o'' < PSem {{recon|''-a''}}. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} > ''-a'' under Indo-European influence.
The case system has also been restructured along Slavic lines. The behavior of the accusative and genitive is identical to Slavic: accusative is identical to the genitive for animate masculine singular nouns, and to the nominative otherwise, and objects of negative sentences take the genitive. The dative and instrumental/locative were formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions {{recon|''la''}} 'to' and {{recon|''bi''}} 'with/by, in'.
===Masculine nouns of type ''moloč''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''moloč'' 'king'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''moloč'' || ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''y'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''molč'''o''''' || ''molč'''ě''''' || ''molč'''i'''''
|-
! dative
| ''molč'''lu''''' || ''molč'''ěluma'''''  || ''molč'''ilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''molč'''o''''' || ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''y'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''molč'''bi''''' || ''molč'''ěbima''''' || ''molč'''ibím'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''júm'' 'day'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''y'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ě''''' || ''júm'''i'''''
|-
! dative
| ''júm'''lu''''' || ''júm'''ěluma'''''  || ''júm'''ilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''y'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''júm'''bi''''' || ''júm'''ěbima''''' || ''júm'''ibím'''''
|}
===Masculine *-ь-stems===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''fob'' 'antelope'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''fob'' || ''fob'''ě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''jě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! dative
| ''fob'''lu''''' || ''fob'''jěluma'''''  || ''fob'''jilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''ě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''fobe'''bi''''' || ''fob'''jěbima''''' || ''fob'''jibím'''''
|}
===Masculine nouns of type ''ráj''===
Example nouns: ''máj'' 'water', ''somáj'' 'heaven', ''ráj'' 'splendor'
===Feminine nouns of type ''molča''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''molča'' 'queen'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''ác'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''molč'''oto''''' || ''molč'''ocě''''' || ''molč'''aci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''molč'''ótla''''' || ''molč'''ótluma'''''  || ''molč'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''ác'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''molč'''ótbě''''' || ''molč'''ótbima''''' || ''molč'''átbín'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''syra'' 'performance; ritual'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''ác'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''syr'''oto''''' || ''syr'''ocě''''' || ''syr'''aci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''syr'''ótla''''' || ''syr'''ótluma'''''  || ''syr'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''ác'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''syr'''ótbě''''' || ''syr'''ótbima''''' || ''syr'''átbín'''''
|}
===Feminine nouns of type ''lesán''===
This declension class does not use the usual feminine suffix {{recon|''-at-''}} in the singular and dual, but still adds feminine dative and instrumental/locative suffixes in the singular. This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ''ӗn'' 'eye'; ''ovon, ovn-'' 'ear'; ''beton, betn-'' 'stomach'; ''lӗl'' 'night', ''oroþ, orþ-'' 'earth'.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''lesán'' 'tongue, language'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ác'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''lesán'''o''''' || ''lesán'''ě''''' || ''lesán'''aci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''lesán'''la''''' || ''lesán'''ěluma'''''  || ''lesán'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ác'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''lesán'''bě''''' || ''lesán'''ěbima''''' || ''lesán'''átbín'''''
|}
===Feminine abstract ''-íc'' nouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''omyníc'' 'truth'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''omyn'''íc''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijác'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''omyn'''ito''''' || ''omyn'''icě''''' || ''omyn'''ijaci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''omyn'''ítla''''' || ''omyn'''ítluma'''''  || ''omyn'''ijátlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''omyn'''íc''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijác'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''omyn'''ítbě''''' || ''omyn'''ítbima''''' || ''omyn'''ijátbín'''''
|}
==Adjectives==
Adjectives tend to precede nouns: ''rób běþ'' 'big egg', ''taba spara'' 'good story'.
Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ''-ǫ'': ''tab'' 'good' > ''tabǫ'' 'well', ''júm'' 'day', ''júmǫ'' 'per day'.
===Adjectives ending in a consonant===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good'
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nom./Voc.
| ''tab''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''y''''' || ''tab'''ác'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tab'''o'' || ''tab'''oto'' || ''tab'''ě''''' || ''tab'''ocě''''' || ''tab'''i''''' || ''tab'''aci'''''
|-
! Dative
| ''tab'''lu''''' || ''tab'''ótla''''' || ''tab'''ěluma''''' || ''tab'''ótluma''''' || ''tab'''ilúm''''' || ''tab'''átlěn'''''
|-
! Acc.
| ''tab'''o'''''<sup>an</sup> <br/> ''tab''<sup>inan</sup> || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''y''''' || ''tab'''ác'''''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''tab'''bi''''' || ''tab'''ótbě''''' || ''tab'''ěbima''''' || ''tab'''ótbima''''' || ''tab'''ibím''''' || ''tab'''átbín'''''
|}
===Nisba adjectives===
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="3" | First person
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
|''nák''|| ''náma'' || ''nány''
|-
! Genitive
|''meni''|| ''mennama, menma'' || ''menny''
|-
! Dative
|''li''|| ''lonama, loma'' || ''lony''
|-
! Accusative
|''nic''|| ''mac'' || ''nyc''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bi''|| ''bema'' || ''bny''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns, cont.
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="5" | Second person !! colspan="5" | Third person
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural !! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''ǫto''|| ''ǫc'' || ''ǫtma'' || ''ǫtmy'' || ''ǫtna'' || ''hy'' || ''hi'' || ''homa'' || ''homy'' || ''hena''
|-
! Genitive
|''męk''|| ''męč''  || ''mękma'' || ''mękmy'' || ''męčna'' || ''men'' || ''mená'' || ''menema'' || ''menemy'' || ''menen''
|-
! Dative
|''lók''|| ''lóč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókmy'' || ''lóčna'' ||''lu''||''lá''||''luma''||''lumy''||''lěn''
|-
! Accusative
|''kác''||''číc''|| ''kmác'' || ''kmýc'' ||''čnác''||''hóc''||''hác''||''homác''||''homýc''||''henác''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bek''||''beč''||''bekma''||''bekmy''||''bečna''||''bí''||''bě''||''bíma''||''bímy''||''bín''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Interrogative pronouns
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | 'who' !! style="width: 90px;" | 'what'
|-
! Nominative
| ''mi'' || ''ma''
|-
! Genitive
| ''menmi'' || ''menma''
|-
! Dative
| ''milu'' || ''malu''
|-
! Accusative
| ''míc'' || ''ma''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''mibi'' || ''mabi''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Demonstrative/relative pronoun
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nom./Voc.
| ''vy'' || ''věc'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''oly'' || ''olác''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vu'' || ''věto'' || ''vě'' || ''věcě'' || ''oli'' || ''olaci''
|-
! Dative
| ''vulu'' || ''větla'' || ''věluma''''' || ''větluma''''' || ''olilúm'' || ''olátlěn''
|-
! Acc.
| ''vu''<sup>an</sup> <br/> ''vy''<sup>inan</sup> || ''věc'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''oly'' || ''olác''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''vubi'' || ''větbě'' || ''věbima'' || ''větbima'' || ''olibím'' || ''olátbín''
|}
==Numerals==
Cardinal numerals one and two (and those ending in "1" or "2") are declined as adjectives. Cardinals that end in ''šolaf'' (3) through ''cés'' (9) or in ''hošor'' (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Jef šolafa ęsáj'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Jef šolaf'' 'There are three').
Since {{PAGENAME}} has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus ''Nošók bna v bęc'' 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as ''Nošók fla bna v ahoda bęc''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="6"|Netagin numerals
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''th
!style="width: 120px; "|''n'' each/at a time
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''-fold; ''n''-ad
!style="width: 120px; "|1/''n''
|-
|0
|''sefor''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1
|''ahod (m), ahoda (f)''
|''mehálúdh''
|''halúdhládh''
|''halálédh''
|''-''
|-
|2
|''fla (m), flota (f)''
|''megáḥúz''
|''gaḥuzḥáz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''géḥáz''
|-
|3
|''šolaf, šolafa''
|''metzábhúl''
|''tzebhulbál''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzibál''
|-
|4
|''roba, roboha''
|''memháqhútz''
|''meqhutzqátz''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''miqátz''
|-
|5
|''chǫs, chǫsa''
|''mepházúmh''
|''pezumhzámh''
|''pezázémh''
|''pizzámh''
|-
|6
|''séf, séfa''
|''melábhún''
|''lebhunbán''
|''lebhábhén''
|''libán''
|-
|7
|''sóp, sópa''
|''meqhátzúdh''
|''qetzudhtzádh''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qittzádh''
|-
|8
|''fomán, fomána''
|''mecháˁúš''
|''ceˁušˁáš''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''céˁáš''
|-
|9
|''cés, césa''
|''merápheh''
|''rephuipheh''
|''rephápheh''
|''ripeh''
|-
|10
|''hošor, hošora''
|''meḥáchúbh''
|''ḥachubhcábh''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥicábh''
|-
|11
|''ahod v hošor''
|''ḥáchúbh mehálúdh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|20
|''hošory''
|''megháḥúz nḥachúbh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|21
|''hošory v ahod''
|''gáḥéz nḥachúbh mehálúdh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|30
|''šolafy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|40
|''robohy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|50
|''chǫsy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|60
|''séfy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|70
|''sópy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|80
|''fomány''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|90
|''césy''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|100
|''meja''
|''mejocí''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1000
|''olop''
|''olpí''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|}
==Verbs==
:''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Verbal subparadigms|Verbal subparadigms]].''
The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine. In the aorist, the 3fs form is always identical to the 3md form.
Todo: verbal system too Central Semitic. Use the prefix-conjugated preterite for aorist, and stative for present/future?
===Binyan A: ''kotol''===
====Regular (strong) paradigm====
=====Active=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''kotlec, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel'' 'kill'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''kotlec''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''katel''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''ktol!''
|rowspan="2"| ''ktola!'' || ''ktoly!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ktoli!'' || ''ktolna!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''oktol'' || ''nektla'' || ''nektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''cektla'' || ''cektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''toktli'' || ''cektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektla'' || ''jektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''joktli'' || ''jektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
!| 1
| ''fóktol'' || ''fonektla'' || ''fonektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''fotoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''focektla'' || ''focektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''fotoktli'' || ''focektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''fojoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''fojektla'' || ''fojektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''fojoktli'' || ''fojektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''kotolok'' || ''kotolma'' || ''kotolny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''kotolot''
|rowspan="2"| ''kotoltma'' || ''kotoltmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''kotoloc'' || ''kotoltna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''kotol'' || ''kotola'' || ''kotoly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''kotola'' || ''kotolota'' || ''kotolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future I
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''rþi oktol'' || ''rþi nektla'' || ''rþi nektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''rþi toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi cektla'' || ''rþi cektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''rþi toktli'' || ''rþi cektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''rþi joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi jektla'' || ''rþi jektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''rþi joktli'' || ''rþi jektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future II
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''očun katel''|| ''nečuna katla'' || ''nečun katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''očun katla'' || ''nečuna katlota'' || ''nečun katlác''
|-
! 2.m
| ''točun katel'' || ''cečuna katla'' || ''cečuny katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''točuni katla''|| ''cečuna katlota'' || ''cečunna katlác''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jočun katel'' || ''ječuna katla'' || ''ječuny katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jočuni katla''|| ''ječuna katlota'' ||  ''ječunna katlác''
|-
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''nák katel'' || ''náma katla'' || ''nány katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''nák katla'' || ''náma katlota'' || ''nány katlác''
|-
! 2.m
| ''ǫto katel'' || ''ǫtma katla'' || ''ǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ǫc katla'' || ''ǫtma katlota'' || ''ǫtna katlác''
|-
! 3.m
| ''(hy) katel'' || ''(homa) katla'' || ''(homy) katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''(hi) katla'' || ''(homa) katlota'' || ''(hena) katlác''
|-
! colspan="4" | Pluperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''čǫk katel'' || ''čanma katla'' || ''čanny katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''čǫk katla'' || ''čanma katlota'' || ''čanny katlác''
|-
! 2.m
| ''čǫt katel'' || ''čǫtma katla'' || ''čǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''čǫc katla'' || ''čǫtma katlota'' || ''čǫtna katlác''
|-
! 3.m
| ''čan katel'' || ''čana katla'' || ''čany katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''čana katla'' || ''čanota katlota'' || ''čanna katlác''
|}
====Weak paradigm: I-*ʔ====
NB. Look at what happens before the second radical.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''ocíc, ci, jóci, ocě, ací'' 'come'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''ocíc''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''ací''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''ci!''
|rowspan="2"| ''cě!'' || ''cý!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''cí!'' || ''cina!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''óci'' || ''nécě'' || ''néci''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tóci''
|rowspan="2"| ''cécě'' || ''cécý''
|-
! 2.f
| ''tócí'' || ''cécina''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jóci''
|rowspan="2"| ''jécě'' || ''jécý''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jócí'' || ''jécina''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''ocěk'' || ''ocěma'' || ''ocěny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''ocět''
|rowspan="2"| ''ocětma'' || ''ocětmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ocěc'' || ''ocětna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''ocě'' || ''ocá'' || ''ocý''
|-
! 3.f
| ''ocá'' || ''ocáta'' || ''ocěna''
|}
====Weak paradigm: III-*ʔ====
NB. Look at what happens after the second radical
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''nošúc, nošú, jǫšú, nošó, naší'' 'have'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''nosúc''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''naší''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''šú!''
|rowspan="2"| ''šova!'' || ''šovy!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''šovi!'' || ''šúna!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''ǫšú'' || ''nęšova'' || ''nęšovy''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tǫšú''
|rowspan="2"| ''cęšova'' || ''cęšovy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''tǫšovi'' || ''cęšúna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jǫšú''
|rowspan="2"| ''jęšova'' || ''jęšovy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jǫšovi'' || ''jęšúna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''nošók'' || ''nošóma'' || ''nošóny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''nošót''
|rowspan="2"| ''nošótma'' || ''nošótmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''nošóc'' || ''nošótna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''nošó'' || ''nošova'' || ''nošovy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''nošova'' || ''nošóta'' || ''nošóna''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''šonovec, šní, jošní, šoní, šaní'' 'be angry at, resent'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''šonovec''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''šaní''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''šní!''
|rowspan="2"| ''šně!'' || ''šnevy!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''šní!'' || ''šnína!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''ošní'' || ''nešně'' || ''nešní''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tošní''
|rowspan="2"| ''cešně'' || ''cešnevy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''tošní'' || ''cešnína''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jošní''
|rowspan="2"| ''ješně'' || ''ješnevy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jošní'' || ''ješnína''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''šoník'' || ''šoníma'' || ''šoníny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''šonít''
|rowspan="2"| ''šonítma'' || ''šonítmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''šoníc'' || ''šonítna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''šoní'' || ''šoně'' || ''šonevy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''šoně'' || ''šoníta'' || ''šonína''
|}
====Weak paradigm: III-*j====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''socíc, sec, josci, socě, sací'' 'drink'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''socíc''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''sací''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''sec!''
|rowspan="2"| ''scě!'' || ''scý!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''scí!'' || ''scina!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''osci'' || ''nescě'' || ''nesci''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tosci''
|rowspan="2"| ''cescě'' || ''cescý''
|-
! 2.f
| ''toscí'' || ''cescina''
|-
! 3.m
| ''josci''
|rowspan="2"| ''jescě'' || ''jescý''
|-
! 3.f
| ''joscí'' || ''jescina''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''socěk'' || ''socěma'' || ''socěny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''socět''
|rowspan="2"| ''socětma'' || ''socětmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''socěc'' || ''socětna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''socě'' || ''socá'' || ''socý''
|-
! 3.f
| ''socá'' || ''socáta'' || ''socěna''
|}
====Weak paradigm: III-*w====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''monýc, mon, jomny, monu, manev'' 'count'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''monýc''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''manev''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''mon!''
|rowspan="2"| ''mnova!'' || ''mnovy!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''mnovi!'' || ''mnyna!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''omny'' || ''nemnova'' || ''nemnovy''
|-
! 2.m
| ''tomny''
|rowspan="2"| ''cemnova'' || ''cemnovy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''tomnovi'' || ''cemnyna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jomny''
|rowspan="2"| ''jemnova'' || ''jemnovy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jomnovi'' || ''jemnyna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''monúk'' || ''monuma'' || ''monuny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''monút''
|rowspan="2"| ''monútma'' || ''monútmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''monúc'' || ''monútna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''monu'' || ''monova'' || ''monovy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''monova'' || ''monovota'' || ''monuna''
|}
==Usage==
===Imperative===
The second person imperatives use the imperative forms.
The non-2nd person imperatives are formed with the hortative particle ''c'' (< 'come') plus the present tense.
:'''''{{blue|C}} jóci memloč męk.'''''
:''Let Thy kingdom come.''
The imperative is negated with the negative particle ''la'', instead of ''bol''.
:'''''La šní li!'''''
:''Don't be mad at me!''
==Expressions==
*''Solám!'' 'Hello!'
*''Tab júm!'' 'Good day!'
*''Taba lěl!'' 'Good night!'
==Texts==
===Pater noster===
<poem>
''Ob menny vy na somájbi!''
''C jotkódas sem męk.''
''C jóci memloč męk.''
''C jepuly roþí męk, ěma na somájbi ěvi v in orþbě.''
''Chleb menny jumí hab lony ojúm.''
''V stápu lony chotavác menny, ěvi v nány nostápú chotavác nož lony.''
''V la sabé nyc na tonésíny, éla žal nyc leč rogo.''
''Amen.''
</poem>
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 00:36, 24 June 2025

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