Verse:Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}


{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = socovíc/socovija lesán
|region =
|speakers = 393,000
|date = 2013
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=North Semitic
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]
}}
Yet another Europeanized Semitic! Yay.
That grows ever more far-fetched by the day.
==todo==
*Dislike those long dual endings :-(
==Background==
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''socovíc'' /ˈsotsoviːts/ or ''socovija lesán'' /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called '''Sotsovian''' in English, is a Semitic language in the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan Sprachbund]]. A North Semitic language, it shares many features with Central Semitic tongues such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew; however, it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. The name of the language, ''socovíc'', seems to have originated from {{recon|√s-t-w}}, a root meaning 'north' in {{PAGENAME}} (cf. Hebrew {{heb|סְתָו}} ''săṯâw'' 'winter'). Like its Semitic relatives, {{PAGENAME}} is a fusional language with an accusative alignment.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! |Alveolar
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Uvular
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
|
| '''t''' /t/
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''q''' /q/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
|
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''þ''' /θ/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʂ/
|
| '''ch''' /x/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''z''' /z/
| '''ž''' /ʐ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|
| '''c''' /ts/
| '''č''' /ʈʂ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
====Oral====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e̞/
| '''é''' /e̞ː/
| '''y''' /ə/
| '''ý''' /əː/
| '''o''' /o̞/
| '''ó''' /o̞ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''ě''' /æ/
| '''ě''' /æː/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}
====Nasal====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| '''ę''' /ɛ̃ː/
|
|
|
| '''ǫ''' /ɔ̃ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
===Stress===
Stress always falls on the first syllable of a word.
==Diachronics==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
! Proto-North Semitic
! Proto-{{PAGENAME}}
|-
| i
| ь
|-
| u
| ъ
|-
| a
| o
|-
| ī
| i
|-
| ū
| y
|-
| aj
| ě
|-
| aw
| u
|-
| ā
| a
|-
| an
| ǫ
|-
| in
| ę, ь
|-
| un
| ǫ, ъ
|}
Havlík's law: strong {{recon|ъ}} > {{recon|o}}, strong {{recon|ь}} > {{recon|e}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything
Cja > Cě
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PSem
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|ṭ}}
! {{recon|ḳ}}
! {{recon|ð}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|þ}}
! {{recon|š}}
! {{recon|ś}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|þ&#803;}}
! {{recon|ṣ}}
! {{recon|ṣ́}}
! {{recon|ɣ}}
! {{recon|ʕ}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|x}}
! {{recon|ħ}}
! {{recon|h}}
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|j}}
|-
! {{PAGENAME}}
| ''b''
| ''d''
| ''ž''
| ''p''
| ''c''
| ''č''
| ''t''
| ''k''
| ''v''
| ''z''
| ''f''
| ''s''
| ''š''
| ''s''
| ''f''
| ''š''
| ''þ''
| ''g''
| ''q''ː
| ː
| ''ch''
| ''h<sup>a</sup>''
| ''h''
| ''m''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''v''
| ''j''
|}
==Nouns==
{{PAGENAME}} nouns decline in definiteness, three numbers (singular, dual and plural), and three cases (direct, genitive, instrumental-locative). Unusually for a modern Semitic language, case plays a very important and productive role. There is no counterpart to the construct state or possessed forms of other Semitic languages (The {{PAGENAME}} forms are from the original construct state forms); however, the possessor always follows the noun.
{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PSem {{recon|''-a''}}. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} > ''-a'' under Indo-European influence. The instrumental/locative is older than the definite affixes and wasformed by suffixing inflected forms of the preposition {{recon|''bi''}} 'with/by, in'. This means that overall, the fusional nature of the Semitic nominal declension is well-preserved.
The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vodov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vъ''}} < {{recon|''waldu&nbsp;ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (gen./acc.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < {{recon|''parašī&nbsp;ʔulī''}}.
Nouns fall into one of several declension paradigms. Diachronically, the declension paradigm a noun belongs to is a function of the declension class it was analyzed as, as well as the noun's gender.
===Masculine nouns of type ''júm''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''júm'' 'day'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
! direct
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''ov''''' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''ava''' || ''júm'''y''''' || ''júm'''yly'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ovo''' || ''júm'''ě''''' || ''júm'''ěvě''' || ''júm'''i''''' || ''júm'''ili'''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''júm'''bi''''' || ''júm'''vobi''' || ''júm'''ěma''''' || ''júm'''ěvěma''''' || ''júm'''ím''''' || ''júm'''ilím'''''
|}
===Masculine *-ь-stems===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''fob'' 'antelope'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! direct
| ''fob'' || ''fob'''ja''''' || ''fob'''je'''''
|-
! gen./acc.
| ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''jě''''' || ''fob'''ji'''''
|-
! dative
| ''fob'''lu''''' || ''fob'''luma'''''  || ''fob'''jilúm'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''fob'''bi''''' || ''fob'''bima''''' || ''fob'''jibím'''''
|}
Also: ''máj'' 'water', ''somáj'' 'heaven'
===Masculine ''-ot-'' nouns===
Loanwords: Greek loans in ''-ma'', several suffixes such as ''-ista'', Slavic loanwords.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine ''-ot-'' declension: ''þéma'' 'subject'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! direct
| ''þém'''a''''' || ''þém'''ota''''' || ''þém'''y'''''
|-
! gen./acc.
| ''þém'''oto''''' || ''þém'''ocě''''' || ''þém'''i'''''
|-
! dative
| ''þém'''ótlu''''' || ''þém'''ótluma'''''  || ''þém'''ilúm'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''þém'''ótbi''''' || ''þém'''ótbima''''' || ''þém'''ibím'''''
|}
===Feminine nouns of type ''molča''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | ''syra'' 'performance, ritual'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! direct
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''ác'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''syr'''oto''''' || ''syr'''ocě''''' || ''syr'''aci'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''syr'''óbě''''' || ''syr'''óbima''''' || ''syr'''ábín'''''
|}
===Feminine nouns of type ''lesán''===
This declension class does not use the usual feminine suffix {{recon|''-at-''}} in the singular and dual, but still adds feminine dative and instrumental/locative suffixes in the singular. This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ''qӗn'' 'eye'; ''ovon, ovn-'' 'ear'; ''beton, betn-'' 'stomach'; ''koron, korn-'' 'horn'; ''lӗl'' 'night'; ''oroþ, orþ-'' 'earth'.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''lesán'' 'tongue, language'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! direct
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ác'''''
|-
! gen./acc.
| ''lesán'''o''''' || ''lesán'''ě''''' || ''lesán'''aci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''lesán'''la''''' || ''lesán'''luma'''''  || ''lesán'''átlěn'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''lesán'''bě''''' || ''lesán'''bima''''' || ''lesán'''átbín'''''
|}
===Feminine abstract ''-íc'' nouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''omyníc'' 'truth'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! direct
| ''omyn'''íc''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijác'''''
|-
! gen./acc.
| ''omyn'''ito''''' || ''omyn'''icě''''' || ''omyn'''ijaci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''omyn'''ítla''''' || ''omyn'''ítluma'''''  || ''omyn'''ijátlěn'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''omyn'''ítbě''''' || ''omyn'''ítbima''''' || ''omyn'''ijátbín'''''
|}
===Irregular nouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Irregular: ''ęs'' 'human, person'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! direct
| ''ęs'' || ''ęs'''a''''' || ''ęs'''áj'''''
|-
! gen./acc.
| ''ęs'''o''''' || ''ęs'''ě''''' || ''ęs'''áje'''''
|-
! dative
| ''ęs'''lu''''' || ''ęs'''luma'''''  || ''ęs'''ájlúm'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''ęs'''bi''''' || ''ęs'''bima''''' || ''ęs'''ájbím'''''
|}
==Adjectives==
Adjectives tend to precede nouns: ''rób běc'' 'big house', ''taba spara'' 'good story'.
Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ''-ǫ'': ''tab'' 'good' > ''tabǫ'' 'well', ''hočam'' 'wise' > ''hočamǫ'' 'wisely'.
===Adjectives ending in a consonant===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good'
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! nominative
| ''tab''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''y''''' || ''tab'''ác'''''
|-
! gen./acc.
| ''tab'''o'' || ''tab'''oto'' || ''tab'''ě''''' || ''tab'''ocě''''' || ''tab'''i''''' || ''tab'''aci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''tab'''lu''''' || ''tab'''ótla''''' || ''tab'''luma''''' || ''tab'''ótluma''''' || ''tab'''ilúm''''' || ''tab'''átlěn'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''tab'''bi''''' || ''tab'''ótbě''''' || ''tab'''bima''''' || ''tab'''ótbima''''' || ''tab'''ibím''''' || ''tab'''átbín'''''
|}
===Nisba adjectives===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''bošorí'' 'bodily, physical'
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! nominative
| ''bošor'''í''''' || ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''ijota''''' || ''bošor'''ije''''' || ''bošor'''ijác'''''
|-
! gen./acc.
| ''bošor'''ije'' || ''bošor'''ijoto'' || ''bošor'''ijě''''' || ''bošor'''ijocě''''' || ''bošor'''í''''' || ''bošor'''ijaci'''''
|-
! dative
| ''bošor'''ílu''''' || ''bošor'''ijótla''''' || ''bošor'''íluma''''' || ''bošor'''ijótluma''''' || ''bošor'''ílúm''''' || ''bošor'''ijátlěn'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''bošor'''íbi''''' || ''bošor'''ijótbě''''' || ''bošor'''íbima''''' || ''bošor'''ijótbima''''' || ''bošor'''íbím''''' || ''bošor'''ijátbín'''''
|}
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="3" | First person
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
|''nák''|| ''nána'' || ''nány''
|-
! Genitive
|''meni''|| ''menna'' || ''menny''
|-
! Dative
|''li''|| ''lona'' || ''lony''
|-
! Accusative
|''níc''|| ''nác'' || ''nýc''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bi''|| ''bna'' || ''bny''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns, cont.
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="5" | Second person !! colspan="5" | Third person
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural !! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''ǫto''|| ''ǫc'' || ''ǫtma'' || ''ǫtmy'' || ''ǫtna'' || ''ho'' || ''hi'' || ''homa'' || ''homy'' || ''hen''
|-
! Genitive
|''męk''|| ''męč''  || ''mękma'' || ''mękmy'' || ''męčna'' || ''men'' || ''mená'' || ''menema'' || ''menemy'' || ''menen''
|-
! Dative
|''lók''|| ''lóč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókmy'' || ''lóčna'' ||''lú''||''lá''||''luma''||''lumy''||''lěn''
|-
! Accusative
|''kác''||''číc''|| ''kmác'' || ''kmýc'' ||''čnác''||''hóc''||''hác''||''homác''||''homýc''||''henác''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bek''||''beč''||''bekma''||''bekmy''||''bečna''||''bí''||''bě''||''bíma''||''bímy''||''bín''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Interrogative pronouns
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | 'who' !! style="width: 90px;" | 'what'
|-
! Nominative
| ''mǫ'' || ''ma''
|-
! Genitive
| ''menmǫ'' || ''menma''
|-
! Dative
| ''mǫlu'' || ''malu''
|-
! Accusative
| ''mǫc'' || ''ma''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''mǫbi'' || ''mabi''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Demonstrative/relative pronoun
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! nom.
| ''vy'' || ''věc'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''oly'' || ''olác''
|-
! acc./gen.
| ''vu'' || ''věto'' || ''vě'' || ''věcě'' || ''oli'' || ''olaci''
|-
! dat.
| ''vylu'' || ''větla'' || ''věluma''''' || ''větluma''''' || ''olilúm'' || ''olátlěn''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''vybi'' || ''větbě'' || ''věbima'' || ''větbima'' || ''olibím'' || ''olátbín''
|}
==Numerals==
===Cardinal numerals===
Different cardinal numerals are declined differently, and have various effects on the modified noun depending on the final digits of the numeral:
*Cardinal numerals one and two, and those ending in "1" or "2", are declined as adjectives. The modified noun is singular (and agrees in case) for numbers ending in ''ahod'', and the noun is dual for numbers ending in ''fla''.
*All other numerals are declined as nouns and require the noun they modify to be in the genitive plural.
**Words ''šolaf'' (3) through ''cés'' (9) or in ''qošor'' (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Jef šolafa ęsáje'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Jef šolaf'' 'There are three').
**Words ''qošory'' (20), ''šolafy'' (30), ..., ''césy'' (90) are declined as masculine plural nouns.
**Units such as ''sefor'' (0), ''meja'' (100), ''olop'' (1000), ''miljón'', ''miljard'', etc. are declined as ordinary nouns, taking dual and plural as necessary.
Examples:
*''qošory júmi'' '20 days', ''qošory sonáci'' '20 years'
*''qošory ahod júm'' '21 days', ''qošory ahda sona'' '21 years'
*''qošory fla júma'' '22 days', ''qošory flota sonota'' '22 years'
*''qošory šolafa júmi'' '23 days', ''qošory šolafa sonaci'' '23 years'
One may also encounter calques from Arabic:
*''Olop lělaci v lěl'' 'One thousand and one nights' (Arabic ''ˀalf<sup>u</sup> layla<sup>tin</sup> wa-layla<sup>tun</sup>'').
Since {{PAGENAME}} has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus ''Nǫšú vodě v bęto'' 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as ''Nǫšú flě vodě v ahdoto bęto''.
The ordinal numerals ''okdom'' 'first' and ''okrob'' 'second' are suppletive; ''okdom'' is the elative of the root ''k-d-m'' (''kodam'') 'front, before', (cf. the etymology of ''first''), and ''okrob'' is the elative of ''k-r-b'' (''koryb'') 'near' (cf. ''next'').
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4"|{{PAGENAME}} numerals
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''th
!style="width: 120px; "|1/''n''
|-
|0
|''sefor''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1
|''ahod (m), ahda (f)''
|''okdom''
|''-''
|-
|2
|''fla (m), flota (f)''
|''okrob''
|''žǫb''
|-
|3
|''šolaf, šolafa''
|''šolyf''
|''mošólef''
|-
|4
|''roba, roboqa''
|''robá''
|''moróba''
|-
|5
|''chǫs, chǫsa''
|''chonys''
|''mochónes''
|-
|6
|''séf, séfa''
|''sodyf''
|''mosódef''
|-
|7
|''sóp, sópa''
|''sobá''
|''mosóba''
|-
|8
|''fomán, fomána''
|''fomyn''
|''mofómen''
|-
|9
|''cés, césa''
|''cosá''
|''mocósa''
|-
|10
|''qošor, qošora''
|''qosyr''
|''moqósyr''
|-
|11
|''ahod v qošor''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|20
|''qošory''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|21
|''qošory v ahod''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|30
|''šolafy''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|40
|''roboqy''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|50
|''chǫsy''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|60
|''séfy''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|70
|''sópy''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|80
|''fomány''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|90
|''césy''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|100
|''meja''
|''mejocí''
|''-''
|-
|200
|''mejota''
|''mejotají''
|''-''
|-
|300
|''šolafa mejác''
|''šolafamejocí''
|''-''
|-
|1000
|''olop''
|''olpí''
|''-''
|-
|2000
|''olpa''
|''olpají''
|''-''
|-
|3000
|''šolafa olpy''
|''šolafaolpí''
|''-''
|}
==Verbs==
:''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Verbal subparadigms|Verbal subparadigms]].''
The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine. In the aorist, the 3fs form is always identical to the 3md form.
Todo: verbal system too Central Semitic. Use the prefix-conjugated preterite for aorist, and stative for present/future?
===G-stems: ''kotol''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''kotlec, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel'' 'kill'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''kotlec''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''katel''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''ktol!''
|rowspan="2"| ''ktola!'' || ''ktoly!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ktoli!'' || ''ktolno!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''noktol'' || ''noktla'' || ''noktly''
|-
! 2.m
| ''toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''toktla'' || ''toktly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''toktli'' || ''toktolno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''joktla'' || ''joktly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''joktli'' || ''joktolno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
!| 1
| ''fonoktol'' || ''fonoktla'' || ''fonoktly''
|-
! 2.m
| ''fotoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''fotoktla'' || ''fotoktly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''fotoktli'' || ''fotoktolno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''fojoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''fojoktla'' || ''fojoktly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''fojoktli'' || ''fojoktolno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''kotolok'' || ''kotolna'' || ''kotolny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''kotolot''
|rowspan="2"| ''kotoltma'' || ''kotoltmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''kotoloc'' || ''kotoltno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''kotol'' || ''kotola'' || ''kotoly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''kotola'' || ''kotolota'' || ''kotolno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future I
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''rþi noktol'' || ''rþi noktla'' || ''rþi noktly''
|-
! 2.m
| ''rþi toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi toktla'' || ''rþi toktly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''rþi toktli'' || ''rþi toktolno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''rþi joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi joktla'' || ''rþi joktly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''rþi joktli'' || ''rþi joktolno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future II
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''nočyn katel''|| ''nočyna katla'' || ''nočyny katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''nočyn katla'' || ''nočyna katlota'' || ''nočyny katlác''
|-
! 2.m
| ''točyn katel'' || ''točyna katla'' || ''točyny katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''točyni katla''|| ''točyna katlota'' || ''točynno katlác''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jočyn katel'' || ''jočyna katla'' || ''jočyny katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jočyni katla''|| ''jočyna katlota'' ||  ''jočynno katlác''
|-
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''nák katel'' || ''nána katla'' || ''nány katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''nák katla'' || ''nána katlota'' || ''nány katlác''
|-
! 2.m
| ''ǫto katel'' || ''ǫtma katla'' || ''ǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ǫc katla'' || ''ǫtma katlota'' || ''ǫtno katlác''
|-
! 3.m
| ''(ho) katel'' || ''(homa) katla'' || ''(homy) katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''(hi) katla'' || ''(homa) katlota'' || ''(hen) katlác''
|-
! colspan="4" | Pluperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''čǫk katel'' || ''čanna katla'' || ''čanny katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''čǫk katla'' || ''čanna katlota'' || ''čanny katlác''
|-
! 2.m
| ''čǫt katel'' || ''čǫtma katla'' || ''čǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''čǫc katla'' || ''čǫtma katlota'' || ''čǫtno katlác''
|-
! 3.m
| ''čan katel'' || ''čana katla'' || ''čany katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''čana katla'' || ''čanota katlota'' || ''čanno katlác''
|}
===N-stems: ''noktyl''===
===D-stems: ''katol, kótal''===
Examples: ''baroč'' 'greet, celebrate'
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''pólžíc, pólež, jopólež, palož, mopólež'' 'split (something)'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''pólžíc''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''mopólež''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''pólež!''
|rowspan="2"| ''pólža!'' || ''pólžy!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''pólži!'' || ''póležno!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''nopólež'' || ''nopólža'' || ''nopólžy''
|-
! 2.m
| ''topólež''
|rowspan="2"| ''topólža'' || ''topólžy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''topólži'' || ''topóležno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jopólež''
|rowspan="2"| ''jopólža'' || ''jopólžy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jopólži'' || ''jopóležno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''paložok'' || ''paložna'' || ''paložny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''paložot''
|rowspan="2"| ''paložtma'' || ''paložtmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''paložoc'' || ''paložtno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''palož'' || ''paloža'' || ''paložy''
|-
! 3.f
| ''paloža'' || ''paložota'' || ''paložno''
|}
===Š-stems: ''soktel, soktal''===
===T-stems: ''ektotel, ętoktal''===
===ŠT-stems: ''stoktol, stoktal''===
===''čan'' 'be, exist'===
The verb ''čan'' has no present tense indicative forms; the formal "present tense" forms are used for the future and subjunctive. It also has no imperfective-perfective distinction in the past or future. In the present indicative, pronouns are used as the copula, and the word ''jef'' is used to indicate existence.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''čanec, čon, jočyn, čan, čun'' 'be'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''čanec''
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
|-
| colspan="4" | ''čun''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''čon!''
|rowspan="2"| ''čona!'' || ''čony!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''čoni!'' || ''čonno!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| (''nák'') || (''nána'') || (''nány'')
|-
! 2.m
| (''ǫto'')
|rowspan="2"| (''ǫtma'') || (''ǫtmy'')
|-
! 2.f
| (''ǫc'') || (''ǫtno'')
|-
! 3.m
| (''ho'')
|rowspan="2"| (''homa'') || (''homy'')
|-
! 3.f
| (''hi'') || (''hen'')
|-
! colspan="4" | Past
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''čǫk'' || ''čanna'' || ''čanny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''čǫt''
|rowspan="2"| ''čǫtma'' || ''čǫtmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''čǫc'' || ''čǫtno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''čan'' || ''čana'' || ''čany''
|-
! 3.f
| ''čana'' || ''čanota'' || ''čanno''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''(rþi) nočyn'' || ''(rþi) nočyna'' || ''(rþi) nočyny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''(rþi) točyn''
|rowspan="2"| ''(rþi) točyna'' || ''(rþi) točyny''
|-
! 2.f
| ''(rþi) točyni'' || ''(rþi) točynno''
|-
! 3.m
| ''(rþi) jočyn''
|rowspan="2"| ''(rþi) jočyna'' || ''(rþi) jočyny''
|-
! 3.f
| ''(rþi) jočyni'' || ''(rþi) jočynno''
|}
==Conjunctions==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Conjunctions
|-
!|{{PAGENAME}}
!|Gloss
|-
||''v(o)''|| and
|-
||''u''|| or
|-
||''vén''|| so, thus
|-
||''éla''|| but
|-
||''no''|| subjunctive
|-
||''ję''|| if
|-
||''lu''|| if (contrary-to-fact)
|-
||''po''|| then
|}
==Usage==
===Nominal sentences===
Present indicative does not require a copula:
:'''''Élah ibošorí.''''' (also: ''Élah ho ibošorí.'')
:''God is incorporeal.''
===Imperative===
The second person imperatives use the imperative forms.
The non-2nd person imperatives are formed with the hortative particle ''c'' (< ''ci'' 'come') plus the present tense.
:'''''{{blue|C}} jóci memlóč męk.'''''
:''Let Thy kingdom come.''
The imperative is negated with the negative particle ''la'', instead of ''bo''.
:'''''La šní li!'''''
:''Don't be mad at me!''
===Relative clauses===
As is the case in most European languages, but unlike in other Semitic languages, relative pronouns agree with the gender and number of the head, but are case-marked for their syntactic position within the relative clause.
The choice of the relative pronoun depends on the definiteness/specificity of the noun. Specific referents use ''vy'' as the relative pronoun, whereas indefinite or hypothetical nouns use ''mǫ'' (animate)/''ma'' (inanimate).
Examples of ''vy'' vs. ''mǫ/ma'':
:'''''Norþi nefoto věc jorqí li.'''''
:''I want the woman who will take care of me.''
:'''''Norþi nefoto mǫ jorqí li.'''''
:''I want a woman who would take care of me.''
==Derivational morphology==
*''i-'' 'un-', 'non-' (negative prefix for nouns and adjectives)
*''-izom, -izm-'' '-ism'
==Expressions==
*''Solám!'' 'Hello!'
*''Tab mahár!'' 'Good morning!'
*''Tab júm!'' 'Good day!'
*''Taba mesa!'' 'Good evening!'
*''Taba lěl!'' 'Good night!'
*''Staqpu/Staqpovi/Staqpova/Staqpovy/Staqpuna li!'' (to one man/one woman/two people/m.pl./f.pl) 'Excuse me!'
*''Oj vil ma!'' 'No worries!'
==Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
:'''''Čóly ęsájly jǫvolydy horary v savije i qosorvobi v tahiklibím.'''''
:<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small>
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.''
:'''''Mosyčaly mosbárbi v tostočínbi, homy mopokady no joptaqly vy vylu i ryhánbi ochovíto.'''''
:<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM reason-SG.INS and conscience-SG.INS 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M DEM-SG.M.NOM DEM-SG.M.DAT in mindset-SG.INS brotherhood-SG.GEN</small>
:''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
([[Media:Udhr_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]])
===Pater noster===
<poem>
''Ób lony vy i somájlibím!''
''C joktódas smov lók.''
''C jóci memlóčov lók.''
''C jǫpoqyly roþív lók, ěma i somájlibím ěvi v in oroþvěbě.''
''Chlebov lony jumí hab lony ojúm.''
''V staqpu lony chotálác menny, ěvi v nány nostaqpovy chotálác nož lony.''
''V la sabé nýc i tonésíny, éla žal nýc leč rogovo.''
''Amen.''
</poem>
===Schleicher's fable===
'''''Sověc v porosyly'''''
:''Sova věc bo fojǫšovi qobáje rája porosi; ahod fojožórer čobido merčabo, ahod fojoshab róbo homolo, v ahod fojoshab odomo išǫ. Sověc kala poroslilúm: "Lébov jomorar li, rějótla odomo mosožéro porosi." Porosyly kaly: "Stosmeqi, sova, lébov jomorar lony, rějilúm vu: odom, baqlov, jaqši noposvolu qobájvobi sověto hamo molbeso. Vén sověc bo jǫšovi qobáje." Sameqa vu, sověc boraha i mesvójvolu.''
([[Media:Schleicher_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]])
'''The Sheep and the Horses'''
:A sheep that had no wool saw horses; one was pulling a heavy wagon, one was carrying a big load, and one was carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, having seen a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us, having seen this: a man, the master, makes out of the wool of the sheep a warm garment for himself. So the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 00:36, 24 June 2025

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