Verse:Mwtqwlqwj/Qwbmwdqwg: Difference between revisions

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: [[Corsican Arabic/Lexicon]]
{{List subpages}}
 
'''Qwbmwdqwg''' /ʔə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language.
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]]
|nativename = əl-KoRSəKī́jə; táNGəTNaN
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Corsican Arabic
|pronunciation = ɜ̟lq̟ʰɔɾˁsˁʌˈq̟ʰɪːjɜ̟
|states = Corsica
|speakers = 330,000
|script = Latin
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Arabic
|fam5=Irta Maghrebi Arabic
}}
 
'''Corsican Arabic''' is an Irish-influenced historical Arabic variety spoken in the [[Verse:Irta|Irta]] timeline's Corsica (natively ''əl-KóRSəKə'' [ɜ̟lˈq̟ʰɔɾˁsˁʌq̟ʰʌ]), an independent country where it's an official language alongside English. In Irta it's called Corsican (natively ''əl-KoRSəKī́jə'' [ɜ̟lq̟ʰɔɾˁsˁʌˈq̟ʰɪːjɜ̟] or ''ət-táNGə KoRSəKī́jə'' [ɜ̟t̪ˈt̪ʰæɴ̟ɢ̟ʌ q̟ʰɔɾˁsˁʌˈq̟ʰɪːjɜ̟]; ''táNGə'' is from Irish ''teanga''). It may also be called ''táNGəTNaN'' 'our language'.  Its speakers are predominantly Catholic and almost always also speak English, and some also speak French or Irish.
 
Its premise is "Maltese but with Middle Irish and Classical Irish (and secondarily French and Irta Sardinian) instead of Italian", and it's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence ([[Crannish]] is more Azalic, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers), and the only Irtan Semitic language written in a Latin orthography (which is different from the one used on this page)
 
Should be Mallorcan?
== History ==
Corsica was ruled by Muslim Arabs (8th c. - 11th c.), then by the Irish (11th c. - 17th c.), then the French (17th c. - 19th c. Ireland ceded it to France when it was being threatened by Remonitionists and the Hivantish), then the Azalic English (19th c. - 20th c.). Corsica gained independence from the Azalic English in 1954.
 
The first surviving text in Corsican Arabic is dated to 1515. Though it uses mainly native vocabulary, it has most of the morphological and syntactic features of modern Corsican Arabic.
 
Corsican Arabic evolved from Sardino-Arabic, a fictional vernacular Arabic variety similar to our old Maghrebi Arabic which had the following features:
* ''qāf'' and ''ṭāʔ'' are unaspirated, sometimes voiced.
* ''ẓāʔ'' and ''ḍād'' are both [z{{phar}}~ð{{phar}}].
* has imāla after nonemphatics
** new ā from 3ayn loss (same condition as Maltese stressed għa and agħ) causes old ā > ō after emphatics
** The combination of imāla and Irish borrowing has resulted in two archiphonemes: Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á) (ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics after ayin loss)
*** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
** Ə - schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
* vowels: {{angbr|''w oo''}} /ə ã/
Corsican Arabic has an almost complete set of emphatic-nonemphatic pairs, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became D Z S Z G) and the contrast between broad (velarized) and slender (palatalized) consonants in borrowed Irish vocabulary. (Some of the labial pairs probably have low functional load, though.) Irish broad and slender consonants are borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively (unless possibly after a stressed syllable, where they're subject to emphasis/nonemphasis spreading). Clusters may not follow "broad with broad, slender with slender" in native words or with Irish words put into Arabic patterns. This article represents emphatic consonants with capitalized letters.
* consonants: {{angbr|''q m k''}} /ʔ m k~h/
 
* tone letters are used at the end of syllables: {{angbr|''-b -0 -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l''}} /˥ ˧ ˩˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/
(blue background and bold = regularly occurs in native words' underlying forms)
The -0 tone only occurs in function words and affixes.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+Consonant phonemes in Corsican Arabic
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Dorsal
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>uvularized</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>velarized</small>
! <small>prevelar</small>
! <small>preuvular</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''m''' m || M mˁ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''n''' n̪ || N n̪ˁ
|
| [ŋ&#799;]
| [ɴ]
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>aspirated</small>
| p pʰ || P pˁʰ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''t''' t̪ʰ || T t̪ˁʰ
|
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''k''' k&#799;ʰ
| K q&#799;ʰ
|
|-
!<small>unaspirated</small>
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''b''' b || B bˁ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''d''' d̪
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''D''' d̪ˁ
|
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''g''' ɡ&#799;
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''G''' ɢ&#799;
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''f''' φ || F fˁ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''s''' s
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''S''' sˁ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''š''' ʃ
| x x&#799;
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''X''' χ&#799;
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''h''' h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''w''' β || W vˁ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''z''' z 
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''Z''' zˁ~ðˁ
| ž ʒ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''j''' j
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''Γ''' ʁ&#799;
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| || 
| r r
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''R''' rˁ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Lateral
| ||
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''l''' l || L l̪ˁ
| 
|
|
|
|}
 
/h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/.
 
H [hˁ] is an allophone of /h/ or a marginal phoneme.
 
Emphatic consonants are realized as uvularized (for dorsal and labial emphatics) or velarized (for coronal emphatics, like Irish broad coronals). They're transcribed as pharyngealized for simplicity.
 
"Voiceless" stops are consistently aspirated; voiced stops are weakly voiced and are always devoiced after a voiceless or aspirated consonant.
 
w = [β&#798;], [β] before vowels
 
t d T D n N L are dental
 
word-final nonemphatic consonants are slightly palatalized (relic of -i endings?): ''walid'' 'child' /βalid/ [βælid̪ʲ].
 
/rˁ/ may be realized as [ɾˁ] or [ɹʷˁ], the latter sounding a lot like a General American English r: ''aSFūR'' [ɐs{{vel}}ˈf{{phar}}uːɹʷˁ] 'bird'.
 
=== Vowels ===
has a similar vowel inventory to Irish, with short /u/ (retained from Classical Arabic) realized as [y] after nonemphatic consonants and with more vowels from lost ayin
 
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū əj əw aj aw ea oa ia ua
 
a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics
 
o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics
 
i is [i] after nonemphatics, [ɪ] after emphatics
 
u is [ÿ] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics
 
unstressed a is similar to stressed a; unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ɜ&#799;] after a nonemphatic
 
Stress is no longer predictable
 
=== Minimal pairs ===
* n vs. N: ''náhir'' 'river'; ''Náhir'' 'snake': ''Náhir mamū́l Mill-ilmḗ hu náhir'' 'A river is a snake made of water'
 
=== Archiphonemes ===
* Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á): ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics and ā after pharyngeals
** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
* Ə: schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics in a final syllable


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
=== Pronouns ===
Most Qwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT<sub>1</sub>mwT<sub>2</sub>kwT<sub>3</sub> verb stem:
* ínə (older ēnə), ínt(i), hú(wə), hí(jə), nān(ə), íntum, húm(ə); impersonal mir (< mar2 'person')
* ''qw'''l'''mw'''b'''kw'''j''''' = to preside
** ''mir'' is often used as 1pl (cf. spoken Finnish)
* ''qw'''b'''mw'''d'''kw'''g''''' = to speak
* emphatic pronouns: Rúahi, Rúahək, ...
* ''qw'''x'''mw'''b'''kw'''b''''' = to hear
* object pronouns: ī́jə, īk, ī́juh, ī́hə, ī́nan, ī́kum, ī́hum (from 2iyyā-, cognate to Hebrew et < *2iyyōt < *2iyy-āt-)
* ''qw'''j'''mw'''g'''kw'''d''''' = to see
** object pronouns go to the end of a transitive clause
* ''qw'''b'''mw'''x'''kw'''s''''' = to eat
** ''ritkállim mir gil əS-Sīn ī́hə'' = it (f.) was spoken in China / one spoke it in China
* ''qw'''z'''mw'''x'''kw'''v''''' = to drink


Some roots are bitonal:
* ''qw'''x'''kw'''j''''' 'to stand'
* ''qw'''s'''kw'''s''''' 'to go, to walk'
* ''qw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'to fly'
=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
sound plurals: m. -0 > -īn, f. -ə > -ḗh/ṓh/ijḗh;
The plural marker is ''-qoob'': ''mw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'bird', ''mw'''b'''kw'''x'''qoob'' 'birds'.
 
==== Patterns ====
m. pl. const. -ē
(b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root)
 
f. sg. const. -ət/-t (''Gī́jə'' 'prayer' -> ''Gī́jət'' 'prayer of', ''Gī́jəti'' 'my prayer'); f. pl. const. -ēt/-ōt
 
nisba nouns: -i -īn, f. -ījə -ījēh
 
emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic
* Gī́jə 'prayer', Gī́jəti 'my prayer'; Gī́jətuh 'his prayer'
* táNGə 'language', táNGəTi 'my language'; táNGəTuh 'his language'; taNGijḗh 'languages'
* wáNəXT 'blessing', wəNṓWiX 'blessings'? (dəwáNi 'he blessed')
 
todo: broken plurals
 
article əl- (moon) or əC- (sun); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š ž
 
sg and sound pl fem possessives: -i -ək -uh -hə -nan -kum -hum
 
sound pl masc possessives: -éjjə -ḗk -ḗh -ḗhə -ḗnan -ḗkum -ḗhum
 
irish -ə nouns are borrowed as feminine -ə, unless they are animate masculines
 
head-marked (house.CONST DEF-king, house-3SG.M DEF-king) or double-marked possessives (house-SG.M DAT DEF-king)
 
=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives became a separate morphological part of speech from nouns under Irish influence.
 
All non-nisba adjectives have the same declension: m. sg. -0, f. sg. -ə, pl. -ə. Nisba adjectives decline as -i -ījə -ījə. (The plural -ə comes from broken plurals taking feminine singular agreement, and spread to all plural adjectives under the influence of Irish plural -a/-e for adjectives.)
 
Predicative adjectives and adverbs formed from adjectives use kəl-(moon)/kəC-(sun) + masculine sg. form of the adjective.


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
4 principal parts: past 3sg.m, imperative sg, passive participle, verbal noun
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+ ''qwlmwlkwd'' 'to sleep'
loan verbs use -əXəZ for VN from MidIr *-aghadh (~ Scottish Gaelic -achadh, Irish -ú)
 
passive binyanim are lost; maSdars serve the same grammatical roles as Irish verbnouns
 
Gzarot split based on emphatic/nonemphatic, then simplification
 
negative mə-š sticks to the first (focused) constituent; the unmarked construction is ''məRáDWi huš'' 'he did not admit' for pronoun subjects, but ''məRáDWiš šēMəS'' 'Séamus did not admit' for noun subjects.
 
Work out interactions between subject suffixes + object suffixes + subject pronoun clitics
 
 
fa33ala (Stems whose past and imperative stems fall together get the  preverb rə-/Rə- in the past tense, də-/Də- if the first consonant in the stem is R/r (from Middle Irish ''ro''). Some conservative dialects only use the Irish preverbs rə-/də- in the past tense (in verbs that use them) when in the affirmative, not in interrogatives or negatives (cf. Irish lenition/d'- and Welsh ''mi''):
 
: ''– əl Gáddis KáLəM əlláwm? – RəGáddis.'' (Standard ''əR RəGáddis'')
: – Did Calum attend Mass today? – He did.
 
kətábnə/kətábbint came from kətábt inə/int
==== Inherited 3-consonant verbs ====
===== Stem I (katib) =====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation: ''katib'' 'he wrote' (Arabic ''kataba'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''kətábnə''
| ''kətábt, kətábbint''
| ''kátib hu''
| ''kátbit hi''
| ''kətábnan''
| ''kətábtum, kətábbintum''
| ''kátbu hum''
|-
|-
! future
! Person !! Non-past !! Past/Stative
| ''náktibnə''
| ''táktibint''
| ''jáktib hu''
| ''táktib hi''
| ''náktibnan''
| ''táktibintum''
| ''jáktbu hum''
|-
|-
! imperative
! 1sg
| ''-''
|| ''qoolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoox''
| ''uktib!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''uktəbu!''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! 2sg
|colspan=7| ''məktūb''
|| ''koolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkwt''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! 3sg
|colspan=7| ''kitb''
|| ''moolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqood''
|}
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation: ''šaRəB'' 'he drank' (Arabic ''šaraba'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! 1pl
| ''šəRáBNə''
|| ''qoolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoov''
| ''šəRáBT, šəRáBBiNT''
| ''šáRəB hu''
| ''šáRBəT hi''
| ''šəRáBNaN''
| ''šəRáBTuM, šəRáBBiNTuM''
| ''šáRəBu hum''
|-
|-
! future
! 2pl
| ''nášRəBNə''
|| ''koolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkoov''
| ''tášRəBiNT''
| ''jášRəB hu''
| ''tášRəB hi''
| ''nášRəBNaN''
| ''tášRəBiNTuM''
| ''jášRəBu hum''
|-
|-
! imperative
! 3pl
| ''-''
|| ''moolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodmooj''
| ''ušRəB!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ušRəBu!''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! Participle
|colspan=7| ''məšRūB''
|colspan=2| ''moolqwlqwd''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! Verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''šuRB''
|colspan=2| ''qwlmwlkwd''
|}
|}


===== Stem II (rəkattib) =====
==== Patterns ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
(b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root)
|+ Stem II verb conjugation: ''RəGaddis'' 'he sanctified; he attended Mass' (Arabic ''qaddasa'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''RəGəddásnə''
| ''RəGəddást, RəGəddássint''
| ''RəGáddis hu''
| ''RəGáddəsit hi''
| ''RəGəddásnan''
| ''RəGəddástum, RəGəddássintum''
| ''RəGáddəsu hum''
|-
! future
| ''nəGáddəsnə''
| ''təGáddəsint''
| ''jəGáddis hu''
| ''təGáddis hi''
| ''nəGáddəsnan''
| ''təGáddəsintum''
| ''jəGáddəsu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''Gáddis!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''Gáddəsu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''məGaddəs''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''taGdīs''
|}
===== Stem III (rəkētib) =====
===== Stem IV (Raktib) =====


===== Stem V (ritkattib) =====
Need nif3al and hif3il
===== Stem VI (ritkētib) =====
===== Stem VII (rintaktib) =====


===== Stem X (riktatib) =====
=== Pronouns ===
===== Stem X (ristaktib) =====
No subject pronouns


==== 4-consonant roots ====
Pronominal affixes: todo
usually treated somewhat like loan verbs; they even take r- in the past tense
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ rəCaCCƏC verb conjugation: ''rətárgim'' 'he translated, interpreted' (Arabic ''tarjama'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''rətərgámnə''
| ''rətərgámt, rətərgámmint''
| ''rətárgim hu''
| ''rətárgəmit hi''
| ''rətərgámnan''
| ''rətərgámtum, rətərgámmintum''
| ''rətárgəmu hum''
|-
! future
| ''nətárgəminə''
| ''tətárgəmint''
| ''jətárgim hu''
| ''tətárgim hi''
| ''nətárgəmunan''
| ''tətárgəmintum''
| ''jətárgəmu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''tárgim!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''tárgəmu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mittárgim''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''tárgəməXəZ''
|}
 
==== Irish ''-aigh'' verbs ====
Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish -aigh verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs, hence the stress shifts and possibly vowel reduction and addition of the R- to past forms from Irish ro and d-/D- if the 1st consonant in the stem is a r/R)
 
past tense forms are lenited as in Irish, and VN follows that (Irish feminine definite article lenition + analogy to past for d-/t-/s-)
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''RáDWi'' 'he admitted, confessed' (from ''*ro admhaigh sé'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''RəDWájnə''
| ''RəDWájt, RəDWájnt''
| ''RáDWi hu''
| ''RáDWiT hi''
| ''RəDWájnan''
| ''RəDWájtum, RəDWájntum''
| ''RáDWu hum''
|-
! future
| ''náDWiNə''
| ''táDWiNT''
| ''jáDWi hu''
| ''táDWi hi''
| ''náDWuNaN''
| ''táDWiNTuM''
| ''jáDWu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''áDWi!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''áDWu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mitáDWi''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''áDWəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə f-áDWəXəZ'' 'I confess')
|}
 
==== Newer loan verbs ====
Newer loan verbs use the same stress patterns and affixes as Irish ''-aigh'' loan verbs, but have a fixed stem.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Newer loan verb conjugation: ''rəmaksimízi'' 'he maximized' (from French ''maximiser'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''rəmaksimizájnə''
| ''rəmaksimizájt, rəmaksimizájnt''
| ''rəmaksimízi hu''
| ''rəmaksimízit hi''
| ''rəmaksimizájnan''
| ''rəmaksimizájtum, rəmaksimizájntum''
| ''rəmaksimízu hum''
|-
! future
| ''nəmaksimízinə''
| ''təmaksimízint''
| ''jəmaksimízi hu''
| ''təmaksimízi hi''
| ''nəmaksimízinan''
| ''təmaksimízintum''
| ''jəmaksimízu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''maksimízi!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''maksimízu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''maksimizḗ''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''maksimízəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə fi-maksimízəXəZ'' 'I maximize')
|}
 
=== Prepositions ===
frē (< Irish fré) = against
: frḗjə, frēk, frēh, frḗhə, frḗnan, frḗkum, frḗhum (that -hə for 3fs really sounds Scottish Gaelic)
 
ā́lə = on; alájjə, alájk, ...
 
mijéjn 'about' (~ Scottish Gaelic mu dheidhinn): mijéjni, mijéjnək, mijéjnuh, mijéjnhə, mijéjnnan, mijéjnkum, mijéjnhum
 
fi (< CA fī) is matched to faoi sometimes; 'in' often uses a different prep ''gil'' (from ''majāl'' 'domain')
 
=== Numerals ===
wḗhad, tnēn, tlḗtə, áRBa, hámsə, síttə, sába, tmḗnjə, dísa, ā́šRə
 
áwwil, tḗni, tḗlit, RṓBa, hā́mis, sḗtit, sḗba, tmḗni, dḗsa, ā́šir
 
Ordinals come before nouns, as in Irish: ət-tḗlit bēb = the third door


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
Irish/Gàidhlig relex; VSO and verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects. Even more Irishy than Irta Modern Hebrew; grammar-wise it's the most Irishy Irtan Semlang, though it does not have mutations.
=== Word order ===
 
Stolen from Lushootseed: predicate-first clauses and determiner-based noun phrases
Less topic-prominent than Arabic so no "anā ismī"


Question particle ''əl'' (from ''hal'')
=== Noun phrases ===
Noun phrases acting as constituents rather than as predicates need the determiner ''qw'':


The vocative particle ''jə/j' '' is consistently used (like the Irish vocative): ''əl məRūhakš fi-targiməXəZHuM, jə šān?'' 'Aren't you the one translating them, Seán?'
: Compare:
:''Qw'''d'''kw'''l'''qw'''b''' qw qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g'''.''
: Qwbmwdqwg is easy.
:''Qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g''' kwt. Qoo Kwskwskwskws kwt.''
: This is Qwbmwdqwg. And this is Quququqquq.


* is fear é Dónal = Rágil hu DóWNəL
=== Emphasis ===
* is é Dónal an Taoiseach olc = DóWNəL hu əT-TīšəX āR
The emphatic pronoun is ''koo'' in all persons and numbers. It serves the same role as Irish emphatic forms.
* tá Dónal mór = DóWNəL kəl-kəbīR; bhí Dónal ... = kēn DóWNəL..., beidh Dónal = jəkin DóWNəL...
* tá úll ann/agam = (form of kēn) tuffēh nēk/āndi (reverse of Arabic)


== Texts ==
* ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' 'I go'
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
* ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''' koo'' / ''koo qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' '<i>I</i> go'
called ''əl-Pádir'' or ''əl-misḗrnə''


[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Angai]]

Latest revision as of 01:36, 3 July 2025

In this versespace:

Verse talk:

Qwbmwdqwg /ʔə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language.

Phonology

  • vowels: ⟨w oo⟩ /ə ã/
  • consonants: ⟨q m k⟩ /ʔ m k~h/
  • tone letters are used at the end of syllables: ⟨-b -0 -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l⟩ /˥ ˧ ˩˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/

The -0 tone only occurs in function words and affixes.

Morphology

Most Qwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT1mwT2kwT3 verb stem:

  • qwlmwbkwj = to preside
  • qwbmwdkwg = to speak
  • qwxmwbkwb = to hear
  • qwjmwgkwd = to see
  • qwbmwxkws = to eat
  • qwzmwxkwv = to drink

Some roots are bitonal:

  • qwxkwj 'to stand'
  • qwskws 'to go, to walk'
  • qwbkwx 'to fly'

Nouns

The plural marker is -qoob: mwbkwx 'bird', mwbkwxqoob 'birds'.

Patterns

(b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root)

Verbs

qwlmwlkwd 'to sleep'
Person Non-past Past/Stative
1sg qoolmwlqwd qwlkwlqoodqoox
2sg koolmwlqwd qwlkwlqoodkwt
3sg moolmwlqwd qwlkwlqood
1pl qoolmwlqood qwlkwlqoodqoov
2pl koolmwlqood qwlkwlqoodkoov
3pl moolmwlqood qwlkwlqoodmooj
Participle moolqwlqwd
Verbal noun qwlmwlkwd

Patterns

(b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root)

Need nif3al and hif3il

Pronouns

No subject pronouns

Pronominal affixes: todo

Syntax

Word order

Stolen from Lushootseed: predicate-first clauses and determiner-based noun phrases

Noun phrases

Noun phrases acting as constituents rather than as predicates need the determiner qw:

Compare:
Qwdkwlqwb qw qwbmwdqwg.
Qwbmwdqwg is easy.
Qwbmwdqwg kwt. Qoo Kwskwskwskws kwt.
This is Qwbmwdqwg. And this is Quququqquq.

Emphasis

The emphatic pronoun is koo in all persons and numbers. It serves the same role as Irish emphatic forms.

  • qoosmws 'I go'
  • qoosmws koo / koo qoosmws 'I go'
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