Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions

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m IlL moved page Verse:Tadyrzu/Knench to Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench without leaving a redirect
 
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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity


[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]
l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters


{{construction}}
Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh


{{Infobox language
/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = Kibrið
|image =
|setting =
|name = Cubrite
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|script = Latin
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Canaanite
|fam5=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
}}


'''Cubrite''' (''Kibrið'' /kɪbɹɪð/ or ''núm Kibr'' /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in an alt-hist timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, a minority in the Balkans . Standard Cubrite is based on the Criadosch (''Krírdox'' /kɹɪəˈdɔɧ/ from ''karyō ħadasō'') dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical Hebrew words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations. Most modern Cubrites are Eastern Orthodox; a few are Muslim.
samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/


Cubrite has many Greek, Turkish, Arabic and Romance loanwords.
definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural


It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
Heth and he merge
<!--


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
pronouns:
* 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
* 2sg /tʰə/
* 3sg m /hʏ/
* 3sg f /hɪ/
* 1pl /nʏ/
* 2pl /tʰəm/
* 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'


==History==
h-g-y 'to savor'


==TODO==
ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'
*Swadesh list
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
*''biuth'' or ''šą har...'' = when...
*Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
*''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God])
*''šovuą'' = week
*''mødbár'' = conference
*נא becomes a focus marker ''=nø''
**question marker ''a ... [FOCUS]=nø''
*Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
*''Makhin fows ta xett likkori?'' = Why did you have to die?


===Some sound changes===
k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'
*non-rhoticity, H-dropping
*ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
*ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
*dt, tt > st
*-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
*ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
*OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi
*xr > x


==Phonology==
g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'
===Consonants===
*/m n (Philly L) h l w j ɹ~ʋ ɾ/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r rr}}
*/p b f v t d ʔtʰ~ʔ θ ð k g ʔkʰ/ {{angbr|p b f v t d tt þ ð k g kk}}
*/s z ts ʃ ž ɧ h/ {{angbr|s z ts š ž x h}}


Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.
ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')
====Mutations====
Words can undergo initial voicing mutation.


===Vowels===
One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')
{{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in Lõis:


/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə iː äɤ ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oʊ~oː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r}}
== Phonology ==
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |b| from Old Knench /b/
* |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
* |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
* |h| from Old Knench /h/
* |w| from Old Knench /w/
* |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |j| from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
* |l| from Old Knench /l/
* |m| from Old Knench /m/
* |n| from Old Knench /n/
* |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| from Old Knench /p/
* |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |r| from Old Knench /r/
* |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/


Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'', or ''ør'' after ''r''.
==== Vocalizables ====
''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|.


The following is the traditional classification of vowels:
=== Mutation ===
*Shva: ø
*Short vowels: a e i o u
*Long vowels: á é í ó ú
*Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
*L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
*R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur r


===Prosody===
== Morphology ==
====Stress====
=== Verbs ===
Stress tends penultimate or final.
Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)


====Intonation====
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Orthography==
Modern Cubrite is written in a Latin orthography which is an almost exact relex of an earlier Koine Greek-inspired deep orthography. A notable feature is that b d are always fricatives.
 
Its orthography is as irregular as English. The orthography used on this page is an academic one devised by Icelandic linguist Hrafn Leifsson (expy of Inthar lus Lăneaf).
 
==Morphology==
{{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
 
-->
===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
 
{{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' and ''-ōδ''). It also lost grammatical gender, although animates still have natural gender.
 
Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: ''pdą'' 'tree', ''pdąrør'' 'trees'.
 
Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human
 
Canaanite has lost the construct state.
 
Degree markers:
*Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough')
*Emphatic: ''ro-'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''prið'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite ''pirʔūðī'' 'when I see')
 
Example: ''kkrú'' 'big', ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ''rogrú'' 'so big; very big indeed', ''kkrúðr'' 'bigger/biggest'
 
===Verbs===
Almost all verbs use only one form, the infinitive (usually etymologically the infinitive construct). The infinitive is also used as an imperative: ''ðett lo hi!'' = 'Give it to her!' The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation in the infinitive construct. Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the relevant triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
 
====Inflected lexical verbs====
There are only six inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
*''juð'' 'to be'
*''fluð'' 'to do' (from √ʕśy, with contamination from √pȝl)
*''luð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ); ''bu'' is still used as a directional
*''laht'' 'to go'
*''kaht'' 'to take'
*''ðett'' 'to give'
 
The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite/plural)
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
!rowspan=2| ''juð''
! future
| ''é ni''
| ''þé ta''
| ''þí te''
| ''jé u''
| ''þé hi''
| ''né nu''
| ''þú tem''
| ''jú'm''
| ''jé/þé''
|-
! past
| ''ið i''
| ''is ta''
| ''is te''
| ''jo u''
| ''ðo hi''
| ''in nu''
| ''is tem''
| ''ju'm''
| ''jo/ðo''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''fluð''
! future
| ''ąf i''
| ''þąf ta''
| ''þąf te''
| ''jąf u''
| ''þąf hi''
| ''nąf nu''
| ''þąflu tem''
| ''jąflu'm''
| ''jąf/þąf''
|-
! past
| ''fowð i''
| ''fows ta''
| ''fows te''
| ''fow u''
| ''fól hi''
| ''fown nu''
| ''fows tem''
| ''flu'm''
| ''fow/fól''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''luð''
! future
| ''eð i''
| ''þes ta''
| ''þes te''
| ''jeð u''
| ''þeð hi''
| ''neð nu''
| ''þeðu tem''
| ''jeðu'm''
| ''jeð/þeð''
|-
! past
| ''powð i''
| ''pows ta''
| ''pows te''
| ''pow u''
| ''pól hi''
| ''pown nu''
| ''pows tem''
| ''pu'm''
| ''pow/pól''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''laht''
! future
| ''ley ni''
| ''tley ta''
| ''tley te''
| ''len u''
| ''tlen hi''
| ''ley nu''
| ''tlew tem''
| ''lew'm''
| ''ley/tley''
|-
! past
| ''laht i''
| ''laht ta''
| ''laht te''
| ''law u''
| ''lál hi''
| ''layn nu''
| ''laht tem''
| ''lølu'm''
| ''law/lál''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''kaht''
! future
| ''key ni''
| ''tkey ta''
| ''tkey te''
| ''ken u''
| ''tken hi''
| ''key nu''
| ''tkew tem''
| ''kew'm''
| ''key/tkey''
|-
! past
| ''kaht i''
| ''kaht ta''
| ''kaht te''
| ''kaw u''
| ''kál hi''
| ''kayn nu''
| ''kaht tem''
| ''klu'm''
| ''kaw/kál''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''ðett''
! future
| ''ney ni''
| ''tney ta''
| ''tney te''
| ''nen u''
| ''tnen hi''
| ''ney nu''
| ''tnew tem''
| ''new'm''
| ''nen/tnen''
|-
! past
| ''naht i''
| ''naht ta''
| ''naht te''
| ''naw u''
| ''nál hi''
| ''nayn nu''
| ''naht tem''
| ''nølu'm''
| ''naw/nál''
|}
 
Non-pronominal forms agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural ''nominal'' subjects, the masculine singular form is used.
 
====Regular pa3al verbs====
The regular pattern is *(li)CCuC.
 
====-t verbs====
Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
*laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
*kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
*šaht /saxt/ = to go back
*šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
*ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
*lost /lɔst/ = to be born
*rost /ɹɔst/ = to go down
*xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
*tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
*šątt /ʃãːʔt/ = to travel
*gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
*dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
*tątt /tãːʔt/ = to plant
 
====Regular nif3al====
The regular pattern is *(li)CoCiC where the first C is not lenited.
 
====Regular pi3el====
The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.
 
====Regular hif3il====
The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
 
====Regular hithpa3el====
The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
====Other verbs====
Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
 
===Auxiliaries===
{{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
*''Re Dovíð ław šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
*''Piuth Dovíð ław šun'' = When David is about to sleep
 
''ho/he/hem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Present (''re, r' '', from ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
| ''i, ni''
| ''ta''
| ''te''
| ''u''
| ''hi''
| ''nu''
| ''tem''
| ''rem''
| ''re'', ''r' '' before V
|-
! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
| ''łud i''
| ''łud ta''
| ''łud te''
| ''łuden u''
| ''łuden hi''
| ''łud nu''
| ''łud tem''
| ''łud em''
| ''ngud''
|-
! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)
| ''am ni, am i''
| ''am ta''
| ''am te''
| ''am u''
| ''am hi''
| ''am nu''
| ''am tem''
| ''am em''
| ''am''
|-
! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''ur ni, ur i''
| ''þur ta''
| ''þri te''
| ''jur u''
| ''þur hi''
| ''nur nu''
| ''þru tem''
| ''ru'm''
| ''jur/þur''
|-
! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''bar ni, bar i, bart i''
| ''bart ta''
| ''bart te''
| ''bar u''
| ''bro hi''
| ''barn nu''
| ''bart tem''
| ''bru'm''
| ''bar/bro''
|-
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''siv i''
| ''tsiv ta''
| ''tsiv te''
| ''isiv u''
| ''tsiv hi''
| ''nusiv nu''
| ''tsiv tem''
| ''isivu'm''
| ''isiv/tsiv/isivu''
|-
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''seft i''
| ''seft ta''
| ''seft te''
| ''sev u''
| ''sivø hi''
| ''sev nu''
| ''seft tem''
| ''sivu'm''
| ''siv/sivu''
|-
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| ''zum i''
| ''tøzum ta''
| ''tøzum te''
| ''zum u''
| ''tøzum hi''
| ''nøzum nu''
| ''tøzmu tem''
| ''zmu'm''
| ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
|-
! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''atteb i''
| ''tatteb ta''
| ''tattbi te''
| ''jatteb u''
| ''tatteb hi''
| ''natteb nu''
| ''tatteb tem''
| ''yattebu'm''
| ''yatteb/tatteb/yattebu''
|-
! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''ettebt i''
| ''ettebt ta''
| ''ettebt te''
| ''etteb u''
| ''ettibø hi''
| ''etteb nu''
| ''ettebt tem''
| ''ettebu'm''
| ''etteb''
|}
 
''kaht'' 'to take' is used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB'.
 
The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
** '''''Zum''' sąras ða luð fu hol ngeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' tafkestas mul lið kobuą hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
 
===Prepositions===
Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
 
example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly
*1sg: li, li ni
*2sg.m: lah to
*2sg.f: lah te
*3sg.m: lomu hu
*3sg.f: lo hi
*1pl. lon nu
*2pl. lahøm tem
*3pl. low'm
 
Other prepositions:
*''túb lø'' = for
*''ján'' = because of (also "reason")
*''łøj'' = on, above
*''jax, jaxøm'' = with (both inst. and com.)
*''pøłé'' = inside, within
**sim. ''løłé, møłé'' 'into, out of'
*''pølip'' = amidst
*''wén'' = without
*''møné'' = before, in front of
*''kkorrm'' = before (temporally)
*''xár'' = after
*''møłál'' = above
*''møþál'' = below
*''þaht'' = instead of
*''til'' = like, as
*''hakr'' = until
*''gu'' = up to
 
=== Numbers ===
0-10: zero, xóð (inanimate)/xáð (animate), šném/šné (attributive), šluš, arvą, xomi, šeš, šebą, šmún, þeš, łax
 
11-20: štąx, šnająx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, łixi
 
21-30: łixi xóð, łixi šném, ... łixi łax
 
31-40: łixi łax štąx, ..., šné łixi
 
41, 42, ...: šné łixi xóð/xáð, šné łixi šném, ...
 
60: šluš łixi
 
...
 
100: mír
 
1000: awv
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
 
:'''''R'išas bø hél ablas.'''''
:''The man is eating the apple.''
 
:'''''Re béð u bø de-rul til stadi.'''''
:''His house is as big as a stadium.''
 
:'''''Fól hi ða fluð halkkbéð hi bø ro-múhr.'''''
:''She did her homework too late.''
 
The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mə'umâ lo'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
 
===Faulty accusative===
{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '' (from Ancient Cubrite ''ʔet ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. ''Đa'' must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס נינר ''Hettvø hi ða litfus ninø.'' = She was good at catching fish.
 
It's also used in a ''ba'' construction of sorts:
 
:Fow Móše prah ða hél.
:PST.3SG.M Moshe meat ÐA eat.INF
:It's meat that Moshe ate.
 
===Noun phrase===
Both nouns and adjectives inflect for definiteness, as follows:
*Singular: -as (after C) or -sr (after V)
*Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
Examples:
*''xadr'' = a room
*''xadras'' = the room
*''xadrør'' = rooms
*''xadril'' = the rooms
*''xadr grú'' = a big room
*''xadras grú'' = the big room
*''botr grulr'' = big houses
*''botil grulr'' = the big houses
 
There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''šem mawkas'' = the king's name.
 
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-as fu'' and ''X-as feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
 
The abstract demonstrative is ''suð''.
 
===Words for yes and no===
*''ens'' (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = present 'yes'
*''aj'' (from ajjē "where?") = present 'no'
*''ríð'' (from rahīδī "I saw") = past 'yes'
*''lu fow'' (from lū 3aśā inflected) = past 'no'
*''jąf'' (from ja3śē, inflected) = future 'yes'
*''lu jąf'' (inflected) = future 'no'
*''aw'' (from hal "don't!") = imperative 'no'
 
===Verb phrase===
====VN constructions====
*''re Parm '''pø''' laht'' = Parm is going, goes
*''re Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
*''re Parm '''hár''' laht'' = Parm has gone
*''re Parm '''hár juð pø''' laht'' = Parm has been going
*''re Parm '''døs''' laht'' = Parm just went
*''re Parm '''wén''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
*'''''fól''' Parm laht'' = Parm went
*'''''þąf''' Parm laht'' = Parm will go
*''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
*'''''Púþnu''' laht!'' = Let's go!
 
===Sentence phrase===
===Complementizer===
There is a complementizer ''mur'' /mɐ/ (from ''lēmōr'') or ''jið'' /əð/ (from conflation of ''hajūδ'' 'to be' and ''jūδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
 
===Relativizer===
Relative clauses use the relativizer ''har'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in the present tense.
 
*{{gentium|''I bø hél ablas har pø xadr i.''}} = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
 
=== Serial verb construction ===
Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Ancient Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).
 
: Pow Móše kaht él prah. / Fow Móše luð kaht él prah.
: come.PST.3SG.M Moshe take.INF eat.INF meat / PST.3SG.M Moshe come.INF take.INF eat.INF meat
:Moshe came, took, and ate the meat.
 
Directionals derived from verbs, such as ''laht'' 'hence', ''bu'' 'hither' and ''kub'' 'with a person' are also common and may replace pronouns.
 
==Vocabulary==
Canaanite has the following vocabulary layers:
 
# Most of the common words are inherited from Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''šłúd'' 'a lot' comes from ''saȝudō'' 'feast'.
# Celtic substrates
# Ancient Greek, Old Togarmite and Aramaic loans
# Latin, Romance and Modern Greek
 
Although it is attested in Ancient Cubrite, the *CaCīCō verbal noun pattern is not as productive as the corresponding pattern in Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew.
 
Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
*''ambin'' 'brick' from ''*ʔabanē binyan'' 'building stones'
*''søvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šapk dam'' 'spilling of blood'
*''łénøm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
*''xeppin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ pin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
*''xettném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes'
*''klalib'' 'conscience' from ''*qūl hal-lēbb'' lit. 'voice of the heart'
 
Some productive affixes are:
*pen-/ple- = agentive
** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen har 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb''
*peδ- = place noun
*pəd-/pd- = singulative of a collective noun
**''pdą'' = tree, from *pett ya3r 'daughter of forest'
*-əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Hol plenšil bru'm lost til xor; em bø šow łøj akšoprepil e ðičomatil. Bru'm fkuð jax režún e kulalib, e rem bø xett liðaléh jaxøm šúv pø nøšóm axwr.'''''
:all human/PL-DEF.PL PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES should behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
 
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! Cubrite !! Masoretic Hebrew (translit.)
|-
||
# ''Bar pø þó law þebwas súðu xóv ða dapr e fow súðu núm ða lúl.''
# ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkarrm, flu'm þakkiw pø mišuras Šinłar e ližešib feni.''
# ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lúl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
# ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu bnuð krír lon nu e piri pø ze, jąf ruš u ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ða nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir łøj þó law þebwas."''
# ''Wini fow Kižas rost bu, há jąf u xettném el kríras e pirisr har ju plenšil bø bnuð.''
# ''Fow Kižas mur: "Šą har flu'm laxel fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, hé mú mihšul mul el mádovr har jąflu'm zúm fluð!''
# ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbil núm em, oz jąflu'm mul lábin šúv."''
# ''E me feni fow Kižas vasir em łøj þó law þebwas, e flu'm látul bnuð kríras.''
# ''Me jánas fu har kríras xár kaht šemas Babel -- šom fow Kižas bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fow Kižas vasir em łøj þó law þebwas.''
||
#Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
#Vayehi bnos'am mikedem vayyimtse'u vik'a b'erets Shin'ar vayyeshvu sham.
#Vayyomru ish el-re'ehu hava nilbena lvenim venisrefa lisrefa vatehi lahem hallvena l'aven vehakhemar haya lahem lakhomer.
#Vayyomru hava nivne-lanu ir umigdal verosho vashamayim vena'ase-lanu shem pen-nafuts al-pnei khol-ha'arets.
#Vayyered Adonai lir'ot et-ha'ir ve'et-hammigdal asher banu bnei ha'adam.
#Vayyomer Adonai hen am ekhad vesafa akhat lekhullam veze hakhillam la'asot ve'ata lo-yibatser mehem kol asher yazmu la'asot.
#Hava nerda vnovla sham sfatam asher lo yishme'u ish sfat re'ehu.
#Vayyafets Adonai otam misham al-pnei khol-ha'arets vayyakhdelu livnot ha'ir.
#Al-ken kara shmah bavel ki-sham balal Adonai sfat kol-ha'arets umisham hefitsam Adonai al-pnei kol-ha'arets.
|}
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
 
==Phrasebook==
When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.
*''Šoløm!'' [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
*''Hakr gorv!'' = See you!
*''Ebí Tem!'' = Welcome!
*''Parg el Tem!'' = Thank you!
*''imtsøhém Tem'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
**also ''plíz'' [pli:z] (from English)
*''łeð tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
* ''Ay šemas tkey to?'' = What's your name?
*''Key ni šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].
 
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 5 July 2025

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ̃ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity

l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters

Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh

/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr

samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/

definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural

Heth and he merge

pronouns:

  • 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
  • 2sg /tʰə/
  • 3sg m /hʏ/
  • 3sg f /hɪ/
  • 1pl /nʏ/
  • 2pl /tʰəm/
  • 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/

Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style

/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'

h-g-y 'to savor'

ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'

k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'

g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'

ʔ-š-r (ser 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')

One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |b| from Old Knench /b/
  • |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
  • |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
  • |h| from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |j| from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| from Old Knench /n/
  • |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| from Old Knench /p/
  • |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |r| from Old Knench /r/
  • |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/

Vocalizables

Vocalizables are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ̃|, |l|, and |w|.

Mutation

Morphology

Verbs

Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)

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