Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions

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m IlL moved page Verse:Tadyrzu/Knench to Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench without leaving a redirect
 
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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity


[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]
l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters


{{Infobox language
Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = Kibrið
|image =
|setting =
|name = Cubrite
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|script = Latin
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Canaanite
|fam5=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
}}


'''Cubrite''' (''Kibrið'' /kɪbɹɪð/ or ''núm Kibr'' /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in an alt-hist timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, a minority in the Balkans. Standard Cubrite is based on the Criadosch (''Krírdox'' /kɹɪəˈdɔɧ/ from ''karjō ħadasō''; Greek Κριαντόσχα) dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language descends from a close relative of Biblical Hebrew and preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical Hebrew words and phrases, but its grammar is far more analytic than its ancestor: it was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations, and it is the only Lõisian Semitic language that has lost grammatical gender outside of [[Far East Semitic]]. Most modern Cubrites are Eastern Orthodox; a few are Muslim or Jewish.
/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr


Cubrite has many Greek, Turkish, Arabic and Romance loanwords.
samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/


It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer. Linguist Hrafn Leifsson believes that the similarity between English and Cubrite aesthetics is due to similar Celtic substrates influencing both, English by Brythonic and Cubrite by an old Celtic language of Galatia.
definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural
<!--  


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
Heth and he merge


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
pronouns:
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
* 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
* 2sg /tʰə/
* 3sg m /hʏ/
* 3sg f /hɪ/
* 1pl /nʏ/
* 2pl /tʰəm/
* 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/


-->
Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style


== Names ==
/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'
=== Native Cubrite names ===
* Parm (f.) is from baśam


==History==
h-g-y 'to savor'
Non-rhoticity and the shift to auxiliaries was complete by the 12th century, and Cubrite has had little change since except in vocabulary, accent, and the loss of grammatical mutation and gender.


==TODO==
ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'
*should be Cypriot? justify the name. Or rename
*Swadesh list
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
*''biuth'' or ''šą har...'' = when...
*Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
*''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God])
*''šavų'' = week
*''mødbár'' = conference
*נא becomes a focus marker ''=nr''
**question marker ''a ... [FOCUS]=nr''
*Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
*''Makhin fows ta xett likkori?'' = Why did you have to die?


===Some sound changes===
k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'
*non-rhoticity, H-dropping
*ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
*ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
*dt, tt > st
*-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
*ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
*OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi
*xr > x


==Phonology==
g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'
===Consonants===
*/m n (Philly L) h l w j ɹ ɾ/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r rr}}
*/p ʔpʰ b f v t d ʔtʰ θ ð k g ʔkʰ/ {{angbr|p b pp f v t d tt þ ð k g kk}}
*/s z ts ʃ ž tʃ (voiceless ɹ) h~x/ {{angbr|s z ts š ž č x h}}


Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C or pausa.
ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')


Stops are unaspirated.
One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')


===Vowels===
== Phonology ==
{{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in Lõis:
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |b| from Old Knench /b/
* |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
* |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
* |h| from Old Knench /h/
* |w| from Old Knench /w/
* |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |j| from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
* |l| from Old Knench /l/
* |m| from Old Knench /m/
* |n| from Old Knench /n/
* |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| from Old Knench /p/
* |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |r| from Old Knench /r/
* |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/


/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə iː äɤ ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r}}
==== Vocalizables ====
''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|.


Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'', or ''ør'' after ''r''.
=== Mutation ===


The following is Hrafn Leifsson's classification of Cubrite vowels:
== Morphology ==
*Schwa: ø/r
=== Verbs ===
*Short vowels: a e i o u
Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)
*Lengthened vowels: á é í ó ú
*Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
*L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
*R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur


===Prosody===
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)
====Stress====
Stress tends penultimate or final.
 
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Orthography==
Modern Cubrite is written in a Latin orthography which is an almost exact relex of an earlier Koine Greek-inspired deep orthography. A notable feature is that b d are always fricatives. <sch> for x?
 
Its orthography is as irregular as English. The orthography used on this page is an academic one devised by Icelandic linguist Hrafn Leifsson, detailed in his work ''Vergleichende Grammatik der Balkansprachen''.
 
==Morphology==
{{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
 
-->
===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number. Cubrite has lost grammatical gender and the construct state, although animates still have natural gender.
==== Number and definiteness ====
{{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' > ''*-ī'' and ''-ūδ''). ''-u'' nouns become ''-lr'' in the plural: ''þebu, þeblr'' 'a world, worlds'.
 
Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: ''plą'' 'tree', ''pląrør'' 'trees'.
 
Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human
 
Nouns inflect for definiteness, as follows:
*Singular: -as (after C) or -sr (after V)
** -u nouns become -was: ''abu, abwas'' 'an apple, the apple'
*Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
** ''ablr, ablil'' 'apples, the apples'
Examples:
*''xadr'' = a room
*''xadras'' = the room
*''xadrør'' = rooms
*''xadril'' = the rooms
*''xadr grú'' = a big room
*''xadras grú'' = the big room
*''botr grulr'' = big houses
*''botil grulr'' = the big houses
 
''-ma'' nouns from Greek become ''-matr'' in the plural: ''þema, þemasr, þematr, þematil'' 'topic, theme'.
 
==== Degree ====
*Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough')
*Emphatic: ''ro-'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''prið'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite ''pirūðī'' 'when I see')
 
Example: ''kkrú'' 'big', ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ''rogrú'' 'so big; very big indeed', ''kkrúðr'' 'bigger/biggest'
 
=== Pronouns ===
Cubrite has a pronoun system similar to European languages, except that there is no grammatical gender and ''se'' "that" is used as an inanimate or gender-neutral pronoun. There is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun. ''ha/he/hem'' may be found instead of ''ta/te/tem'' in some dialects.
 
===Verbs===
Almost all verbs use only one form, the infinitive (usually etymologically the infinitive construct). The infinitive is also used as an imperative: ''ðett lo hi!'' = 'Give it to her!' The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation (e.g. ''bnuð'' 'to build'). Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the relevant triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
 
====Inflected lexical verbs====
There are only six inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
*''juð'' 'to be'
*''fluð'' 'to do' (from √ʕśy, with contamination from √pȝl)
*''luð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ); ''bu'' is still used as a directional
*''laht'' 'to go'
*''kaht'' 'to take'
*''ðett'' 'to give'
 
The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite/plural)
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
!rowspan=2| ''juð''
! future
| ''é ni''
| ''þé ta''
| ''þí te''
| ''jé u''
| ''þé hi''
| ''né nu''
| ''þú tem''
| ''jú'm''
| ''jé/þé''
|-
! past
| ''ið i''
| ''is ta''
| ''is te''
| ''jo u''
| ''ðo hi''
| ''in nu''
| ''is tem''
| ''ju'm''
| ''jo/ðo''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''fluð''
! future
| ''ąf i''
| ''þąf ta''
| ''þąf te''
| ''jąf u''
| ''þąf hi''
| ''nąf nu''
| ''þąflu tem''
| ''jąflu'm''
| ''jąf/þąf''
|-
! past
| ''fowð i''
| ''fows ta''
| ''fows te''
| ''fow u''
| ''fól hi''
| ''fown nu''
| ''fows tem''
| ''flu'm''
| ''fow/fól''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''luð''
! future
| ''eð i''
| ''þes ta''
| ''þes te''
| ''jeð u''
| ''þeð hi''
| ''neð nu''
| ''þeðu tem''
| ''jeðu'm''
| ''jeð/þeð''
|-
! past
| ''powð i''
| ''pows ta''
| ''pows te''
| ''pow u''
| ''pól hi''
| ''pown nu''
| ''pows tem''
| ''pu'm''
| ''pow/pól''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''laht''
! future
| ''lej ni''
| ''tlej ta''
| ''tlej te''
| ''len u''
| ''tlen hi''
| ''lej nu''
| ''tlew tem''
| ''lew'm''
| ''lej/tlej''
|-
! past
| ''laht i''
| ''laht ta''
| ''laht te''
| ''law u''
| ''lál hi''
| ''lajn nu''
| ''laht tem''
| ''lølu'm''
| ''law/lál''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''kaht''
! future
| ''kej ni''
| ''tkej ta''
| ''tkej te''
| ''ken u''
| ''tken hi''
| ''kej nu''
| ''tkew tem''
| ''kew'm''
| ''kej/tkej''
|-
! past
| ''kaht i''
| ''kaht ta''
| ''kaht te''
| ''kaw u''
| ''kál hi''
| ''kajn nu''
| ''kaht tem''
| ''kalu'm''
| ''kaw/kál''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''ðett''
! future
| ''nej ni''
| ''tnej ta''
| ''tnej te''
| ''nen u''
| ''tnen hi''
| ''nej nu''
| ''tnew tem''
| ''new'm''
| ''nen/tnen''
|-
! past
| ''naht i''
| ''naht ta''
| ''naht te''
| ''naw u''
| ''nál hi''
| ''najn nu''
| ''naht tem''
| ''nølu'm''
| ''naw/nál''
|}
 
Most non-pronominal forms come in non-feminine and feminine, and agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural ''nominal'' subjects the non-feminine form is used.
 
====Regular pa3al verbs====
The regular pattern is *(li)CCuC.
 
====-t verbs====
Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
*laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go by foot
*kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
*šaht /ʃaxt/ = to go back
*šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
*ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
*lost /lɔst/ = to be born
*rost /ɹɔst/ = to go down
*xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
*tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
*šątt /ʃãːʔt/ = to go by vehicle
*gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
*dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
*tątt /tãːʔt/ = to farm, to grow (plants)
 
====Regular nif3al====
The regular pattern is *(li)CoCiC where the first C is not voiced. The L appears when the first consonant is a guttural or a semivowel.
 
====Regular pi3el====
The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not voiced.
 
====Regular hif3il====
The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
 
====Regular hithpa3el====
The regular pattern is *liδCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
 
====Other verbs====
Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
 
=== Auxiliaries ===
''Re'' is not used in subordinate clauses:
*''Re Davíð ław šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
*''Pið Davíð ław šun, u mul bø hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Present (''re, r' '', from ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
| ''i, ni''
| ''ta''
| ''te''
| ''u''
| ''hi''
| ''nu''
| ''tem''
| ''rem''
| ''re'', ''r' '' before V
|-
! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
| ''łud i, łud ni''
| ''łud ta''
| ''łud te''
| ''łuden u''
| ''łuden hi''
| ''łud nu''
| ''łud tem''
| ''łud em''
| ''ngud''
|-
! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)
| ''am ni, am i''
| ''am ta''
| ''am te''
| ''am u''
| ''am hi''
| ''am nu''
| ''am tem''
| ''am em''
| ''am''
|-
! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''ur ni, ur i''
| ''þur ta''
| ''þri te''
| ''jur u''
| ''þur hi''
| ''nur nu''
| ''þru tem''
| ''ru'm''
| ''jur/þur''
|-
! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''bar ni, barð i''
| ''bart ta''
| ''bart te''
| ''bar u''
| ''bro hi''
| ''barn nu''
| ''bart tem''
| ''bru'm''
| ''bar/bro''
|-
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''siv i''
| ''tsiv ta''
| ''tsiv te''
| ''isiv u''
| ''tsiv hi''
| ''nusiv nu''
| ''tsiv tem''
| ''isivu'm''
| ''isiv/tsiv/isivu''
|-
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''seft i''
| ''seft ta''
| ''seft te''
| ''sev u''
| ''sivø hi''
| ''sev nu''
| ''seft tem''
| ''sivu'm''
| ''siv/sivu''
|-
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| ''zum i''
| ''þøzum ta''
| ''þøzum te''
| ''zum u''
| ''þøzum hi''
| ''nøzum nu''
| ''þøzmu tem''
| ''zmu'm''
| ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
|}
 
''kaht'' 'to take' is used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB'.
 
The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
** '''''Zum''' sąras ða luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' þafkestas mul juð kabų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah ta mul jedą ma '''zum''' i fluð lah ta!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
 
===Prepositions===
Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
 
example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', men 'from' are inflected similarly
*1sg: li ni
*2sg.m: lah ta
*2sg.f: lah te
*3sg.m: lomu hu
*3sg.f: lo hi
*3sg.n: løze
*1pl. lon nu
*2pl. lahøm tem
*3pl. low'm
 
Other prepositions:
*''túb lø'' = for
*''ján'' = because of (also "reason")
*''łej'' = on, above
*''jax, jaxøm'' = with (both inst. and com.)
*''pøłé'' = inside, within
**sim. ''løłé, møłé'' 'into, out of'
*''pølip'' = amidst
*''wén'' = without
*''møné'' = before, in front of
*''kkorrm'' = before (temporally)
*''xár'' = after
*''møłál'' = above
*''møþál'' = below
*''þaht'' = instead of
*''til'' = like, as
*''xakr'' = until
*''gu'' = up to
 
=== Numbers ===
 
Danish system?
 
0-10: zero, xóð (inanimate)/xáð (animate), šném/šné (attributive), šluš, arvą, xomi, šeš, šebą, šmún, þeš, łax
 
11-20: štąx, šnająx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, łexi
 
21-30: łexi xóð, łexi šném, ... łexi łax
 
31-40: łexi łax štąx, ..., šné łexi
 
41, 42, ...: šné łexi xóð/xáð, šné łexi šném, ...
 
60: šluš łexi
 
...
 
100: mír
 
1000: awv
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
 
:'''''R'išas bø hél ablas.'''''
:''The man is eating the apple.''
 
:'''''Re béð u bø degrú til stadi.'''''
:''His house is as big as a stadium.''
 
:'''''Fól hi ða fluð halkkbéð hi bø ro-múxr.'''''
:''She did her homework too late.''
 
The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mahumō lū'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
 
===Faulty accusative===
{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '' (from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads.
 
It's also used in a ''ba'' construction of sorts:
 
:'''''Re Móše prah ða bø hél.'''''
:PRES Moshe meat ÐA PRES eat.INF
:It's meat that Moshe eats.
 
=== Noun phrase ===
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-as fu'' and ''X-as feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
 
The abstract demonstrative is ''suð''.
 
===Words for yes and no===
*''ens'' (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = present 'yes'
*''aj'' (from ajjē "where?") = present 'no'
*''ríð'' (from rahīδī "I saw") = past 'yes'
*''lu fow'' (from lū 3aśā inflected) = past 'no'
*''jąf'' (from ja3śē, inflected) = future 'yes'
*''lu jąf'' (inflected) = future 'no'
*''aw'' (from hal "don't!") = imperative 'no'
 
===Verb phrase===
====VN constructions====
*''re Parm '''pø''' laht'' = Parm is going, goes
*''re Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
*''re Parm '''hár''' laht'' = Parm has gone
*''re Parm '''hár juð pø''' laht'' = Parm has been going
*''re Parm '''døš''' laht'' = Parm just went
*''re Parm '''wén''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
*'''''fól''' Parm laht'' = Parm went
*'''''þąf''' Parm laht'' = Parm will go
*''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
*'''''Púþnu''' laht!'' = Let's go!
 
===Sentence phrase===
===Complementizer===
There is a complementizer ''mur'' /mo/ (from ''lēmūr'') or ''jið'' /əð/ (from conflation of ''hajūδ'' 'to be' and ''jūδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
 
===Relativizer===
Relative clauses use the relativizer ''har'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir'').
 
*{{gentium|''I bø hél abwas har pø xadr i.''}} = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
 
=== Serial verb construction ===
Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Ancient Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).
 
: Pow Móše kaht él prah. / Fow Móše luð kaht él prah.
: come.PST.3SG.M Moshe take.INF eat.INF meat / PST.3SG.M Moshe come.INF take.INF eat.INF meat
:Moshe came, took, and ate the meat.
 
Directionals derived from verbs, such as ''laht'' 'hence', ''bu'' 'hither' and ''kub'' 'movement together with another person' are also common and may replace pronouns.
 
==Vocabulary==
Cubrite has the following vocabulary layers:
 
# Most of the common words are inherited from the Semitic ancestor of Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''šłúd'' 'a lot' comes from ''saȝudō'' 'feast'.
# Celtic substrates
# Ancient Greek, Aramaic
# Latin, Romance, Arabic, Turkic and Modern Greek
 
Although it is attested in Ancient Cubrite, the *CaCīCō verbal noun pattern is not as productive as the corresponding pattern in Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew.
 
Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
*''ambin'' 'brick' from ''*ʔabanē binyan'' 'building stones'
*''søvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šapk dam'' 'spilling of blood'
*''łénøm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
*''xeppin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ pin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
*''xettném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes'
*''kraleb'' 'conscience' from ''*qūl hal-lēbb'' lit. 'voice of the heart'
 
Some productive affixes are:
*pen-/ple- = agentive
** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen harr 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb''
*peδ- = place noun
*pød-/pd-/pl- = associated inanimate, esp. singulative of a collective noun (from peθθ 'daughter')
** ''pdą'' = tree (*pett ja3r)
** ''pdam'' = wave (*pett jamm)
** ''pdémr'' = word (*pett himrō)
** ''pdeš'' = flame
** ''pled'' = echo
** ''pødnár'' = stream
** ''pødgašøm'' = (''poetic'') petrichor (''mattr'' is the normal word for 'rain')
*-əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:{{gentium|'''''Hol plenšil bru'm lost bø xor e bø šaw łej akšoprepisr e ðičomatil. Bru'm fkud jax režún e kraleb, e rem bø xett liðaléh jaxøm šúv pø nøšóm axwr.'''''}}
:all human/PL-DEF.PL PASS.PRES-3PL be_born PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES should behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood.
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
 
 
# ''Bar pø þó law þebwas súðu xóv ða dapr e fow súðu núm ða lúl.''
# ''Wini pið em bø laht me mikkarrm, flu'm vrikk meštaxas Šinłar e ližešib feni.''
# ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lúl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
# ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu benin krír lon nu e piri pøze, jąf ruš u ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ða nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir łej þó law þebwas."''
# ''Wini fow Kižas rost bu, há jąf u xettném el kríras e pirisr har ju plenšil bø benin.''
# ''Fow Kižas mur: "Łeðr flu'm laxel fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, hé mú mihšul mul el mádovr har jąflu'm zúm fluð!''
# ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbil núm em, oz jąflu'm mul lábin núm šúv."''
# ''E me feni fow Kižas vasir em łej þó law þebwas, e flu'm látul benin kríras.''
# ''Me jánas fu har kríras xár kaht šemas Babel -- šom fow Kižas bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fow Kižas vasir em łej þó law þebwas.''
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
 
==Phrasebook==
When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.
*''Šoløm!'' = Hello! / Goodbye!
*''Xakr!'' = See you!
*''Ebí Tem!'' = Welcome!
*''Parg el Tem!'' = Thank you!
*''imtsøhém Tem'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
**also ''plíz'' [pli:z] (from English)
*''łeð tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
* ''Ajšr šemas tkej to?'' = What's your name?
*''Kej ni ða šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].
 
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 5 July 2025

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ̃ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity

l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters

Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh

/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr

samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/

definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural

Heth and he merge

pronouns:

  • 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
  • 2sg /tʰə/
  • 3sg m /hʏ/
  • 3sg f /hɪ/
  • 1pl /nʏ/
  • 2pl /tʰəm/
  • 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/

Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style

/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'

h-g-y 'to savor'

ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'

k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'

g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'

ʔ-š-r (ser 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')

One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |b| from Old Knench /b/
  • |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
  • |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
  • |h| from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |j| from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| from Old Knench /n/
  • |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| from Old Knench /p/
  • |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |r| from Old Knench /r/
  • |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/

Vocalizables

Vocalizables are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ̃|, |l|, and |w|.

Mutation

Morphology

Verbs

Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)

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