Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions

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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = Kibri
|image =
|setting =
|name = Cubrite
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|script = Latin
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Canaanite
|fam5=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
|fam6=[[Old Cubrite]]
}}


'''Cubrite''' (''Kibri'' /kɪbɹɪ/ or ''núm Kibr'' /nɨːm kɪbɐ/) is a Semitic language spoken in the Lõis timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, a minority in the British Isles and France and more common in Canada and the United States. <!--Standard Cubrite is based on the Criadosch (Cubrite ''Krirdox'' /kɹeːˈdɔɧ/ from Ancient Cubrite ''*κarjō ħadasō'' 'new city') dialect. -->Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language descends from a close relative of Biblical Hebrew which was spoken in North Africa and preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical Hebrew words and phrases, but its grammar is far more analytic than its ancestor: it was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations, and it is the only Lõisian Semitic language that has lost grammatical gender outside of Far East Semitic. Most modern Cubrites are Catholic; some (particularly in North America) are Muslim, Jewish or neopagan.
l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters


Cubrite has many Greek, Brythonic, Arabic, Romance and English loanwords.
Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh


It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr


== Names ==
samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/
=== Native Cubrite names ===
* Parm (f.) is from baśam


==History==
definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural
The first attested text in Modern Cubrite is a fragment of a gloss, translation and explanation of the Jewish Haggadah, dated to the 14th century. The Cubrite translation attempts to use vowel signs in their Tiberian values and uses ayin with a geresh for the ''ł'' sound and the inverted nun for nasal vowels. (The author evidently tried to pull out all the stops to capture the phonetic complexity of the language.) Non-rhoticity, gender loss, and the shift to auxiliaries were complete by this time, and Cubrite has had little change since except in vocabulary, accent, and the loss of grammatical mutation.


Cubrite played a key role in the evolution of nonrhoticity in Southern British English.
Heth and he merge


==TODO==
pronouns:
*Swadesh list
* 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
* 2sg /tʰə/
*Many adverbs from infinitive absolute
* 3sg m /hʏ/
*''kori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God])
* 3sg f /hɪ/
*''šavų'' = week
* 1pl /nʏ/
*''mødbar'' = conference
* 2pl /tʰəm/
*Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
* 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/
*''Mén fows ta xett kori?'' = Why did you have to die?


===Some sound changes===
Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style
*-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ō'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
*non-rhoticity (nonrhoticity has to happen after fem sg ending loss)
*ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
*ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
*d-t, t-t (morpheme boundary) > st
*xr > x


==Phonology==
/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'
===Consonants===
*/m n ʁ̃ʷ l w j ɹ~ʋ/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r}}
*/p ʔpʰ b f v t d ʔtʰ~ʔ θ ð k g ʔkʰ/ {{angbr|p b pp f v t d tt þ ð k g kk}}
*/s z ts ʃ ʒ tʃ fʷˁ~ɹ̝̊ h~x/ {{angbr|s z ts š ž č x h}}


Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C or pausa.
h-g-y 'to savor'


Stops are unaspirated.
ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'


===Vowels===
k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'
{{PAGENAME}} has one of the largest vowel inventories of any Semitic language in Lõis (Maltese also has 18 vowels):


/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ äe iː äo ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u é í ó ú ą ę į ų ar er ir ur ø/r}}
g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'


Word-final /ə/ is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'' (''ør'' after ''r''), unless it's in a short clitic such as ''pø/p''' where it can be dropped. R-intrusion similar to that in Southern British English occurs after /ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ and before a vowel.
ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')


The following is Hrafn Leifsson's classification of Cubrite vowels:
One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')
*Schwa: ø/r
*Short vowels: a e i o u
*Lengthened vowels: é í ó ú
*Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
*R-colored vowels: ar er ir ur


===Prosody===
== Phonology ==
====Stress====
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
Stress tends penultimate or final.
=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |b| from Old Knench /b/
* |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
* |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
* |h| from Old Knench /h/
* |w| from Old Knench /w/
* |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |j| from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
* |l| from Old Knench /l/
* |m| from Old Knench /m/
* |n| from Old Knench /n/
* |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| from Old Knench /p/
* |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |r| from Old Knench /r/
* |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/


====Intonation====
==== Vocalizables ====
''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|.


===Phonotactics===
=== Mutation ===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===


==Orthography==
== Morphology ==
Modern Cubrite has two orthographies: an English-like orthography and a French-like orthography. The orthography used on this page is an academic one devised by Icelandic linguist Hrafn Leifsson, detailed in his PhD thesis ''A comparative grammar of the British Isles languages''.
=== Verbs ===
Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)


==Morphology==
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)
{{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
 
-->
===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Like in English, proper nouns don't take the definite article. Attributive adjectives agree with nouns in number. Cubrite has lost grammatical gender and the construct state, although animates still have natural gender.
==== Number and definiteness ====
{{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' > ''*-ī'' and ''-ūδ''). ''-u'' nouns become ''-lr'' in the plural: ''þebu, þeblr'' 'a world, worlds'.
 
Nouns inflect for definiteness, as follows:
*Singular: -as (after C) or -sr (after V)
** -u nouns become -was: ''abu, abwas'' 'an apple, the apple'
*Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
** ''ablr, ablil'' 'apples, the apples'
 
Words ending in a nasal or R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix. Words ending in a long vowel add ''-ør''.
* ''pdą'' 'a tree', ''pdąrør'' 'trees'
* ''lú'' 'a god', ''lúwør'' 'gods'
 
Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human
 
Examples:
*''xadr'' = a room/space/flat
*''xadras'' = the room
*''xadrør'' = rooms
*''xadril'' = the rooms
*''xadr kruw'' = a big room
*''xadras kruw'' = the big room
*''botr krulr'' = big houses
*''botil krulr'' = the big houses
 
''-ma'' nouns from Greek become ''-mat'' nouns: ''þemat, þematas, þematr, þematil'' 'topic, theme'.
 
==== Predicative adjectives ====
The predicative/adverbial marker ''bø'' + bare form is used for predicative adjectives: ''Re xadras bø kruw'' 'The room is big'.
 
==== Degree ====
*Equative: ''de'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough')
*Emphatic: ''ro'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-br''/''-pr'' = more X or most X (from *3abūr, infinitive absolute of 'to exceed'); comparandum takes ''prí'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite ''pirūðī'' 'when I see')
 
Example: ''kruw'' 'big', ''de kruw'' 'as big as'; ''ro kruw'' 'so big; very big indeed', ''kruwðr'' 'bigger/biggest'
 
=== Pronouns ===
Cubrite has a pronoun system similar to European languages, except that there is no grammatical gender and ''se'' "that" is used as an inanimate or gender-neutral pronoun. There is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tim'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
 
''I'' (/i:/ or /ɪ/) is the default form for the 1sg subject pronoun; ''ni'' is used after a vowel or for disambiguation.
 
''Tu'' has been proposed as a 2nd person singular neopronoun (inspired by Romance languages). This isn't as common as using the 2nd person plural ''tim'' as singular, however.
 
For the pronoun "she", ''hi'' is most often used sentence-initially (for present tense). Otherwise ''oj'' is used.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Pronouns in {{PAGENAME}}, basic forms
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | ye
! style="width: 75px; " | they
|-
! Basic forms
| ''i, ni''
| ''tr''
| ''ti''
| ''u''
| ''oj, hi''
| ''nu''
| ''tim''
| ''im''
|-
! With ''=nr''
| ''(n)inr''
| ''tanr''
| ''tenr''
| ''unr''
| ''ojnr, hinr''
| ''nunr''
| ''temnr''
| ''emnr''
|}
 
==== Interrogative pronouns ====
* ''dar'' = what? (nominal)
** archaic ''idar'' (*hajj dabar 'what thing')
* ''ew'' = who?
* ''ajšr'' = which?
* ''énr'' = where?
* ''møðé'' = when?
* ''łømar'' = why? (*3lē ma 'on what')
** archaic/poetic ''malah'' (*ma lax 'what's the matter')
* ''ham'' = how many?
* ''hélt'' = how?
 
===Verbs===
Almost all verbs use only one form, the infinitive (usually etymologically the infinitive construct with a prefixed ''l-'', which may sometimes be conflated with the etymological imperative). The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation (e.g. ''žbuð'' 'to be idle, to lie fallow'). Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the relevant triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb (e.g. ''benin'' 'to build', cognate to the Hebrew noun ''binyan''; from the root b-n-y)
 
The infinitive is also used as an imperative: ''ðett ló oj!'' = 'Give it to her!' Imperatives are negated by placing ''bal'' or ''bawði'' before the verb.
====Inflected lexical verbs====
There are only six inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
*''juð'' 'to be' (the past form ''han'' is cognate to Arabic ''kāna'')
*''fluð'' 'to do' (from *ʕaśō, with contamination from *faȝal)
*''buð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of *haðō and *pô); ''bu'' is still used as a directional
*''laht'' 'to go' (from *halax)
*''kaht'' 'to take' (from *laqaH)
*''ðett'' 'to give' (from *naðan, with contamination from *hinīH 'to leave' and naHHil 'to bequeath')
 
The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
 
Even verbs with finite forms are defective verbs, since finite forms are always perfective (except forms of ''juð''). To express the imperfective with these verbs, you still have to use the copula + bø + VN construction. The negator ''lu'' only negates finite verbs.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | you (plural)
! style="width: 75px; " | they
|-
!rowspan=2| ''juð''
! future
| ''é ni''
| ''þé tr''
| ''þí ti''
| ''jé u''
| ''þé oj''
| ''né nu''
| ''þú tim''
| ''jú'm''
|-
! past
| ''han i''
| ''han tr''
| ''han ti''
| ''han u''
| ''han oj''
| ''han nu''
| ''han tim''
| ''hanu'm, han im''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''fluð''
! future pfv.
| ''ąf i''
| ''þąf tr''
| ''þąf ti''
| ''jąf u''
| ''þąf oj''
| ''nąf nu''
| ''þąflu tim''
| ''jąflu'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''fowð i''
| ''fows tr''
| ''fows ti''
| ''fow u''
| ''fól oj''
| ''fown nu''
| ''fowðu tim''
| ''flu'm''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''buð''
! future pfv.
| ''eð i''
| ''þes tr''
| ''þes ti''
| ''jeð u''
| ''þeð oj''
| ''neð nu''
| ''þeðu tim''
| ''jeðu'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''powð i''
| ''pows tr''
| ''pows ti''
| ''pow u''
| ''pól oj''
| ''pown nu''
| ''powðu tim''
| ''pu'm''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''laht''
! future pfv.
| ''lej i''
| ''tlej tr''
| ''tlej ti''
| ''len u''
| ''tlen oj''
| ''lej nu''
| ''tlew tim''
| ''lew'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''lawð i''
| ''laws tr''
| ''laws ti''
| ''law u''
| ''lęl oj''
| ''lawn nu''
| ''lawðu tim''
| ''lalu'm''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''kaht''
! future pfv.
| ''kej i''
| ''tkej tr''
| ''tkej ti''
| ''ken u''
| ''tken oj''
| ''kej nu''
| ''tkew tim''
| ''kew'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''kawð i''
| ''kaws tr''
| ''kaws ti''
| ''kaw u''
| ''kęl oj''
| ''kawn nu''
| ''kawðu tim''
| ''kalu'm''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''ðett''
! future pfv.
| ''nej i''
| ''tnej tr''
| ''tnej ti''
| ''nen u''
| ''tnen oj''
| ''nej nu''
| ''tnew tim''
| ''new'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''nawð i''
| ''naws tr''
| ''naws ti''
| ''naw u''
| ''nęl oj''
| ''nawn nu''
| ''nawðu tim''
| ''nalu'm''
|}
 
Most non-pronominal forms come in non-feminine and feminine, and agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and female animals. With plural ''nominal'' subjects the non-feminine form is used.
 
====Regular pa3al verbs====
The regular pattern is *(li)CCuC.
 
When C1 is a guttural, the ''l-'' usually resurfaces:
* C1 = ayin: ''ląbur'' 'to go past'
* C1 = aleph/he: ''lévuð'' 'to bake, to fire', ''lézuð'' 'to be on drugs' (or ''vuð'', ''zuð'')
* C1 = heth: ''lętul'' 'to cease/stop'
 
====-t verbs====
Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
*laht = to go by foot
*kaht = to take
*žaht = to go back
*žoft = to sit
*lost = to be born
*rost = to go down
*rašt = to acquire; to get
*ðett = to give
*xett = to carry, to owe, should
*tsett = to go out
*žątt = to go by vehicle
*gątt = to hit; also a (pseudo-)auxiliary for "to do X correctly"
*dątt = to know
*tątt = to farm, to grow (plants)
 
====Regular nif3al====
The regular pattern is *(li)CoCiC where the first C is not voiced. The ''l-'' appears when the first consonant is a guttural or a semivowel.
 
====Regular pi3el====
The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not voiced.
 
====Regular hif3il====
The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
 
====Regular hithpa3el====
The regular pattern is *liδCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
 
====Other verbs====
Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
 
=== Auxiliaries ===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | ye
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Present
| ''i, ni''
| ''tr''
| ''ti''
| ''u''
| ''hi''
| ''nu''
| ''tim''
| ''rim''
| ''ri'', ''r' '' before V
|-
! Continuative
| ''łud i''
| ''łudin tr''
| ''łudin ti''
| ''łud u''
| ''łud oj''
| ''łud nu''
| ''łudin tim''
| ''łud im''
| ''łud''
|-
! Passive future perf.
| ''ur i''
| ''þur tr''
| ''þri ti''
| ''jur u''
| ''þur oj''
| ''nur nu''
| ''þru tim''
| ''juru'm''
| ''jur/þur''
|-
! Passive past perf.
| ''barð i''
| ''bart tr''
| ''bart ti''
| ''bar u''
| ''bro oj''
| ''barn nu''
| ''bart tim''
| ''bru'm''
| ''bar/bro''
|-
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| ''zum i''
| ''zum tr''
| ''zmi ti''
| ''zum u''
| ''zum oj''
| ''zum nu''
| ''zmu tim''
| ''zmu'm''
| ''zum''
|}
The auxiliary ''ri'' comes from ''ruhi'', the imperative of ''rahō'' 'to see'. ''Ri'' is not used in subordinate clauses:
*''Ri Đavíð þax žin.'' = David is about to sleep.
*''Pið Đavíð þax žin, u dal bø hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.
 
Yes-no questions are marked by a rising intonation, using the focus particle ''=nr'' (cognate to Hebrew נא) after the word/phrase whose truth value is asked about, and dropping ''ri'' in sentences with a nominal subject. In sentences without a specific focused constituent, ''nr'' appears sentence-finally in sentences with no finite verb, and after the finite verb if there is one.
* ''Đavíð þax žin nr?'' = Is David going to bed? (neutral)
* ''Đavíð nr þax žin?'' = Is it David who's going to bed?
* ''Fows nr tr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Did you marry Maria yesterday?
* ''Fows tanr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Is it you who married Maria yesterday?
 
Finite forms of ''kaht'' 'to take' can be used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB/to take the liberty to VERB/take the initiative to VERB'. Cubrite-influenced English dialects use ''take'' in a similar way: ''I took to buy spare parts myself, because my department wouldn't give me any.''
 
To express the passive in the non-perfective tenses, the VN form ''(lø)bur'' of the passive auxiliary is used: ''Ri tawðas bø løbur vðųx'' 'The door is opened (by someone)'.
 
The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
** '''''Zum''' sąras ðø luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' þafkestas dal juð kabų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah tr dal jedą dar '''zum''' i fluð lah tr!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
 
===Prepositions===
Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun. The inflected preposition is stressed unless the emphatic pronoun is used: ''lah tr'' /'lax tə/ 'to you' vs. ''lah tanr'' /lax 'tanə/ 'to you, specifically'.
 
example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: el "for"; pø/p' 'in, at' is inflected similarly
*1sg: li, li ni
*2sg.m: lah tr
*2sg.f: lah ti
*3sg.m: lom u
*3sg.f: ló oj
*3sg.n: løze
*1pl. lon nu
*2pl. lam tim
*3pl. low'm
 
Other prepositions:
*''men'' = from
*''túb el'' = for
*''jern'' = because of (also "reason")
*''łej'' = on, above
*''jax, jaxøm'' = with (both inst. and com.)
*''pøłé'' = inside, within
**sim. ''løłé, møłé'' 'into, out of'
*''pølip'' = amidst
*''wen'' = without
*''møné'' = before, in front of
*''kodm'' = before (temporally)
*''xni'' = after (Hitsi šeni 'second half')
*''møłęl'' = above
*''møþęl'' = below
*''þaht'' = instead of
*''til'' = like, as
*''xakr'' = until
*''gu'' = up to
 
=== Numbers ===
 
Danish system?
 
0-10: zero, xóð (inanimate)/xęð (animate), šném/šné (attributive), šluž, arvą, xomi, šeš, šebą, šmún, þeš, łax
 
11-20: štąx, šnająx, šlužąx, arvąx, xomižąx, šežąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þežąx, łexi
 
21-30: łexi xóð, łexi šném, ... łexi łax
 
31-40: łexi łax štąx, ..., šné łexi
 
41, 42, ...: šné łexi xóð/xęð, šné łexi šném, ...
 
60: šluž łexi
 
...
 
100: mír
 
1000: awv
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
 
:'''''R'išas bø hél ablas.'''''
:''The man is eating the apple.''
 
:'''''Re béð u bø de kruw til stadi.'''''
:''His house is as big as a stadium.''
 
:'''''Fól oj ðø fluð xawkkpéð oj bø ro-múxr.'''''
:''She did her homework too late.''
 
The negative particle ''dal'' (from ''tabar lū'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
 
===Faulty accusative===
{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative (glossed as FA) particle ''ðø'' or ''ð' '', from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''. It is  actually not used for direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. It also replaces a (TAM-marking) "preposition" in front of a lexical verb, when no preposition is used.
 
=== Noun phrase ===
Y's X = X Y-DEF: ''šem vazilas'' = the king's name
 
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-as fu'' and ''X-as feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
 
''hafu, hafeni'' = like this, like that
 
The abstract demonstrative (referring to sentences or facts) is ''suð''.
 
===Words for yes and no===
*''ens'' (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = 'yes' in reply to a present-copula sentence
*''haj'' (from hajjē "where?") = 'no' in reply to a present-copula sentence
*''ríð'' (from rahīδī "I saw") = past 'yes'
*''lu fow'' (from lū 3aśō inflected) = past 'no'
*''jąf'' (from ja3śē, inflected) = future 'yes'
*''lu jąf'' (inflected) = future 'no'
*''bal'' = imperative 'no'
 
===Verb phrase===
Cubrite allows arbitrarily long chains of pseudo-auxiliaries:
: '''''Hi bø dafkrøl gątt latsękk.'''''
: 3SG.F IPFV never_fail to_do_correctly to_joke
: ''Her jokes never fail to land.''
====VN constructions====
Cubrite has a rich tense-aspect system which expresses imperfective/perfective as well as progressive and perfect.
*'''''ri''' Parm '''bø''' laht'' = Parm goes
*'''''ri''' Parm '''ław''' laht'' = Parm is going
*'''''ri''' Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni''' laht'' = Parm has gone
*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni juð bø''' laht'' = Parm has been going
*'''''ri''' Parm '''døž''' laht'' = Parm just went
*'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
*'''''fól''' Parm '''ðø''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'')
*'''''þąf''' Parm '''ðø''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective)
*'''''han''' Parm '''bø''' laht'' = Parm went (imperfective)
*'''''þé''' Parm '''bø''' laht'' = Parm will go (imperfective)
*''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
*'''''Kubnu''' laht!'' = Let's go!
 
=== Balancing vs deranking conjunctions ===
Balancing conjunctions take full finite clauses (clauses with a finite verb or an auxiliary):
* ''ej'' "and"
* ''ow'' "or"
* ''mur'' (complementizer)
* ''łeþr'' "when"
* ''wi'' "if"
 
Deranking conjunctions replace finite forms of the copula ''juð'' and thus are also called ''copula-replacing conjunctions'' (e.g. by Hrafn). Some CRCs are:
* ''prí'' "than"
* ''jið'' (complementizer)
* ''pið'' "when"
 
=== Time clauses ===
==== ''pið''-clauses ====
A ''pið''-clause is in the same tense as the clause it's embedded in. ''Pið''-clauses denote states, things that can be marked with ''re'' + tense markers in the present tense), rather than completed actions.
==== ''łeðr''-clauses ====
''łeðr'' can be used for clauses with auxiliaries other than ''juð''.
 
===Complementizer===
There is a complementizer ''mur'' (from ''lēmūr'') or ''jið'' (from conflation of ''hajūδ'' 'to be' and ''jūδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
 
===Relativizer===
In most cases, relative clauses use the relativizer ''har'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir'' 'like that which'). ''nr'' may appear after the resumptive pronoun if one is used.
 
Subject of a copula auxiliary:
: '''''pahnas har han __ bø kri "pnar"'''''
: the boy who cried (would cry) wolf
 
Subject with a non-copula auxiliary:
: '''''pahnas har fow __ kri "pnar"'''''
: the boy who cried wolf (once)
 
Direct object:
: '''''levras har fown nu ðø kru (se (nr))'''''
: the book that we read
 
Oblique object:
: '''''péðas har han oj bø xun pøze (nr)'''''
: the house she used to live in
 
To relativise the subject of a ''present'' copula, ''łom'' (from hā-3ūmid 'that is standing') is used:
 
: '''''abwas łom bø xadr i'''''
: the apple in my flat
 
=== Serial verb construction ===
Serial verbs are also very common in Cubrite:
 
: '''''Pow Móšé ðø kaht vðųx maþøn u. / Fow Móšé ðø luð kaht vðųx maþøn u. '''''
: come.PST.3SG.M Moshe FA take.INF open.INF gift / PST.3SG.M Moshe FA come.INF take.INF open.INF gift 3SG.M
:Moshe came, took, and opened his gift.
 
Directionals derived from verbs, such as ''laht'' '(t)hence', ''bu'' '(t)hither' and ''kub'' 'movement together with another person' are also common and may replace pronouns.
 
=== Wh-questions ===
No special treatment is observed unless the wh-word is the subject, in which case ''łom'' is used after the wh-word. However, ''łom'' is not used in a question in the form of a nominal sentence. (As always, ''ri'' is dropped in questions.)
 
:'''''Dar Petr bø fluð?'''''
:''What's Peter doing?''
 
:'''''Dar łom bø kruð?'''''
:''What's happening?''
 
:'''''Dar se fu?'''''
:''What's this?''
 
:'''''Énr ti?'''''
:''Where are you?''
 
:'''''Énr fows tr ðø laht?''''' / '''''Énr laws tr?'''''
:''Where have you been?''
 
==Vocabulary==
Cubrite has the following vocabulary layers:
 
# Most of the common words are inherited from the Semitic common ancestor of Ancient Cubrite and Biblical Hebrew, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''šłúd'' 'a lot' comes from ''saȝudō'' 'feast'.
# Celtic substrates
# Ancient Greek, Aramaic
# Latin, Romance, Arabic, Turkic and Modern Greek
 
Although it is attested in Ancient Cubrite, the *CaCīCō verbal noun pattern is not as productive as the corresponding pattern in Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew.
 
Many words are formed from earlier construct state or verb + object combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
*''ambín'' 'brick' from ''*habanē binjan'' 'building stones'
*''søvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šafx dam'' 'spilling of blood'
*''łénøm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
*''xefin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ fin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
*''xettném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes'
*''kraleb'' 'conscience' from ''*qūl hal-lēbb'' lit. 'voice of the heart'
 
Some productive affixes are:
*pen-/ple- = agentive
** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen harr 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb''
*peδ- = place noun
*pød-/pl- = associated inanimate, esp. singulative of a collective noun (from peθθ 'daughter')
** ''pdą'' = tree (*pett ja3r)
** ''pdam'' = wave (*pett jamm)
** ''pderm'' = word (irreg. metathesis from *pett himrō)
** ''pdeš'' = flame
** ''pled'' = echo
** ''pødner'' = stream
** ''pødmattr'' = raindrop
** ''pødgašøm'' = (''poetic'') petrichor (''mattr'' is the normal word for 'rain')
*''-l'' = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
* -is: -ess (from Celtic)
** ''vazilis'' 'queen' < ''vazil'' 'king'
** ''męšivis'' 'witch' < ''męšiv'' 'mage, wizard'
* ''lið-'' = mediopassive
* ''rø-'' = intensive of verbs
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Bar hol plenšil ðø lost bø xurar ej bø šaw łej hobdas ej šertil. Bru'm ðø fkud jax rižún ej kraleb, ej rim bø xett liðalih jaxøm šúv pø nøžóm axr.'''''
:[bɑː hɔl ˈplɛnʃɪl ðə ˌlɔzd bə fʷˁʊˈɹɑːɹ ə bə ˈʃaw ɴɛj hɔbdas ə ʃɛ:tɪl ‖ bɹʊm ðə ˌfkʊd jafʷˁ ɹɪˈʒɨːn ə kɹaˈlɛb, ə ɹɛm bə fʷˁɛʔt lɪˈðalɪx ˌjafʷˁəm ˈʃɨːf pə nəˈʒaom ˈafʷˁə]
:PASS.PST.3SG.NF all human/PL-DEF.PL be_born PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL endow with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood.
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
# ''Han pø þó law þebwas ðø súðu løžunas ej númas bø lųl.''
# ''Wini pið im bø laht men óstr, flu'm ð'ęvent meštøxas Šinłar ej ližešib feni.''
# ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, kubnu fluð ambínr ej latteb vuð im." Ej han ambínil bø lųl low'm til abonr, ej ørgílas til mawtt.''
# ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, kubnu benin krir lon nu ej tur pøze, jąf ruž se ðø ląluð laht šmémas, ej nąf nu ðø nawž nu bø dųžim! Oz nąf nu dal ðø liðvasir łej þó law þebwas."''
# ''Wini fow Mønęlas ðø rost bu, hę jąf u ðø xettném el kriras ej turas har han plenšil ław benin.''
# ''Fow Mønęlas mur: "Łeþr kalu'm ðø laxew fluð suð til xóð pobu łom bø dapr xóð núm, jé dal rustr el mędøbr har jú'm bø zúm fluð!''
# ''"Púlé, kubnu rost laht ej bawbil núm im, oz jú'm dal bø lębin núm šúv."''
# ''Ej men feni fow Mønęlas ðø vasir im łej þó law þebwas, ej flu'm ðø lętul benin kriras.''
# ''Me jernas fu kaw kriras ðø šemas Babel -- fow Mønęlas ðø bawbil feni núm þó law þebwas. Me feni fow Mønęlas ðø vasir im łej þó law þebwas.''
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
 
==Phrasebook==
When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one man (informally), one woman (informally), and politely/gender-neutrally respectively.
*''Šaløm!'' = Hello! / Goodbye!
* ''Maþin tub!'' = Good morning!
* ''Xnitsur tub!'' = Good afternoon!
* ''Łarb tub!'' = Good evening!
* ''Lél tub!'' = Good night!
*''Xakr!'' = See you!
*''Bu dr/di/dim!'' = Welcome!
*''Praw lah tr/ti [lam tim]!'' = Thank you!
*''Imtsøxém tr/ti/tim'' = Please (etym. ''himm jimtsā Hinn ba3ēnēxa'' 'if it finds favor in your eyes')
**also ''plíz'' (from English)
*''łeþ tub'' = have fun
* ''Ajšr šemas kaws tr/ti [kawðu tim]?'' = What's your name?
*''Kawð i ðø šemas [NAME].'' = My name is [NAME].
*''Powð i men...'' = I'm from...
*''Barð i lost pø...'' = I was born in...
*''I bø fu.'' = I'm here.
 
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 5 July 2025

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ̃ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity

l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters

Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh

/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr

samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/

definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural

Heth and he merge

pronouns:

  • 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
  • 2sg /tʰə/
  • 3sg m /hʏ/
  • 3sg f /hɪ/
  • 1pl /nʏ/
  • 2pl /tʰəm/
  • 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/

Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style

/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'

h-g-y 'to savor'

ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'

k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'

g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'

ʔ-š-r (ser 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')

One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |b| from Old Knench /b/
  • |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
  • |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
  • |h| from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |j| from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| from Old Knench /n/
  • |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| from Old Knench /p/
  • |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |r| from Old Knench /r/
  • |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/

Vocalizables

Vocalizables are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ̃|, |l|, and |w|.

Mutation

Morphology

Verbs

Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)

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