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Nithish (''niδiske ṛstine'', from the word ''niδya'' "one's own") is an Indo-European language in the Nithic branch, a satem branch in a clade with [[Azalic]]. It's spoken in Nithland (''Niδyacema''), a parallel-Earth Ukraine and Belarus, and is influenced by Uralic languages. More recently it has absorbed words and calques from various Mediterranean languages.
[[Riphean/Lexicon]]


Modern Nithish is notable for mostly preserving PIE's syllabic approximants, ḷ and ṛ. However, Nithish consonants display various innovations including Grimm's law taken a step further (as in Dutch in our timeline).
'''Riphean''' (''rivška'') is an Indo-European language of [[Verse:Tdūrzů|Tdūrzů]], spoken in our Poland, Prussia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is inspired by Czech and Dutch and contains vocabulary we think of as Balto-Slavic and non-English Germanic.


==Todo==
== TODO ==
Split-ergative past tense using a -n- passive participle?
=== UDHR ===
''Wiži dzíni kimeđ walni im lejki in zwem chejn im zwame đejžam.''


''Kīwaiđaza kala in utnė vlōye'' - The living fish swims in water.
/ˈʋɪ{{ž}}ɪ ˈdziːɲɪ ˈkɪməθ ˈʋalɲɪ ɪm ˈlɛjkɪ ɪn zʋɛm xɛjn ɪm ˈzʋamə ˈðɛjʒɐm/


''lauzme'' - world, from *lewk-mn; stem ''lauzmen-''
(im ~ Latin ambō)


''vrirasti'' - nature
hejn ~ τῑμή 'honor', đejše ~ teisė


''zaurasti'' - nurture
== Phonology ==
Riphean has consistent initial stress.


''-wite'' - science
Vowel-initial words get a glottal stop initial, at least in formal speech


*''vamēzwite'', ''xīmye'' - chemistry
Voiceless stops are not aspirated
**''vamēzwitina panta'' - chemical bond
*''sternawite'' - astronomy
*''wistōrye'' - history (later coinage)
''nepalaste'' - anesthesia
*''nepalastwite'' - anesthesiology
''trōkzaiđaste'' - synesthesia


''zaiđna'' - sensory
w and v as in Dutch


''trōkna'' - concomitant, ''trōken'' - together
c č ď dz dž ň ř s z š ž h ch as in Czech, ľ as in Slovak, ř devoices word-finally


''yēre, lėđe, azanye, cīme'' - seasons
h devoices to [x]


''azaniđi'' - to harvest, to earn (semantics influenced by the English cognate)
''đ'' = [ð], devoices to [θ]


''lėđe'' - (poetic) year
Stressed ''a e i o u'' = [a ɛ ɪ ɔ u]


''weđa'' - year
''á é í ó ů'' = [a{{long}} e{{lowered}}{{long}} i{{long}} o{{lowered}}{{long}} u{{long}}]


''ōster'' - morning
''ej ui ou'' = [ɛj œɥ ɔw]


''uđrni'' - noon
''l'' is velarized, ''r'' is usually an approximant. Both can be syllabic: ''wlch'' 'wolf', ''crn'' 'grain'.


''sletuđrni'' - afternoon
Auslautverhärtung


''wespra'' - evening
Unstressed a = [ɐ] (like Portuguese)


''naiđ'' - night
== Morphology ==
=== Nouns and adjectives ===
==== Masculine animate ====
The dative singular has replaced the regular accusative singular for masculine animate nouns (cf. ''a'' in Spanish).


''skīye'' - shadow
manč "man"
* nom. manč, manči
* gen. mančez, manču
* dat. manče, mančem
* acc. manče, mančuz
* ins. manču, mančiz


''skēwiđi'' - to walk
==== Masculine inanimate ====
Dialectally, these nouns may merge with neuter nouns: ''tam, tama''


''wart'' - plant
''tam'' "house"
* nom. tam, tami
* gen. tamez, tamu
* dat. tame, tamem
* acc. tam, tamuz
* ins. tamu, tamiz


''cweri'' - animal
==== Feminine -a ====
kena "woman"
* nom. kena, kenaz
* gen. kenaz, kenu
* dat. kene, kenam
* acc. kenou, kenouz
* ins. kenam, kenami


''sēne'' - fungus
==== Other feminine ====
váni (< vađni < potnih2) "lady, Mrs."
* nom. váni, vániz
* gen. vániz, váňu
* dat. váni, vánim
* acc. váni, vániz
* ins. vánim, vánimi


''vratānik'' - prokaryote
nacht "night"
* nom. nacht, nachtiz
* gen. nachtiz, nachťu
* dat. nachti, nachtim
* acc. nachti, nachtiz
* ins. nachtim, nachtmi


''zōtānik'' - eukaryote
==== Neuter ====
céđ "child" (<- ģenh1tom, ~ Kind)
* nom. céđ, céđa
* gen. céđez, céđu
* dat. céđe, céđem
* acc. céđ, céđa
* ins. céđu, céđiz


==Numbers==
==== Adjectives ====
aina, twā, δriye, xeδure, vaixe, zes, zevu, astu, nȯ, teγu
Indefinite and definite declensions


==Grammar==
=== Verbs ===
Nithish has three noun genders, termed animate, inanimate and collective by native grammarians. These correspond to masculine, neuter and feminine genders in other Indo-European languages. The correlation between grammatical gender and biological gender is much less in Nithish than in other IE languages, due to the influence of Uralic languages.
etež "to eat"


As in Latin and Greek, Nithish has various declension paradigms for nouns. Some common ones are:
ec etem, ji eteđ, ež eteđ, đam etar, jíľud eteđ, í eteđ
*first declension nouns - inanimate suffixless, animate ''-a'', collective ''-e''
*second declension nouns - ''-i'', independent of gender
*third declension nouns - ''-u'', independent of gender


Gender has been almost completely regularized in Nithish, again due to Uralic influence -- it is correlated with morphology, so all nouns ending in ''-e'' are collective, even nouns like ''aste'' (bone), which derives from the Old Nithish neuter noun ''haste''. Most notably, Nithish pronouns do not inflect for gender, as in Armenian and Persian, but adjectives do; adjective genders follow lexical animacy when the noun is second or third declension and they follow nominal morphology for first declension nouns. There is also a distinction between attributive and predicative adjectives, with predicative adjectives never taking suffixes:
(Polite pronoun?)
* En sive atvėziδe. "It is a good document".
* Ene atvėziδe siv. "That document is good".


An example animate noun: kala "fish"
negative ne
*Nominative: kala, kalė
*Accusative: kalu, kalė/kalō
*Genitive: kalas, kalō
*Dative: kalė, kalām
*Instrumental: kalam, kalėm


An example collective noun: pluze "flea"
==== ''buiž'' 'to be' ====
*Nominative: pluze, pluzė
ec em, ji eđ, ež es, đam ér, jiľud eđ, í zouđ
*Accusative: pluzai, pluzė/pluzō
*Genitive: pluzes, pluzō
*Dative: pluzēvi, pluzēm
*Instrumental: pluzai, pluzėm


A neuter noun: tėđ "child"
Negative ec nem, ji neđ, ež nes, đam nér, jiľud neđ, í nezouđ
*Nominative: tėđ, tėđe
*Accusative: tėđ, tėđe/tėđō
*Genitive: tėđas, tėđō
*Dative: tėđė, tėđām
*Instrumental: tėđam, tėđėm


===Adjectives===
==== Reflexive verbs ====
While Nithish doesn't have definite articles, Nithish adjectives inflect for definiteness. There are generally two forms for adjectives, the indefinite form and the definite form formed by postposing a clitic -za, -ze or -δa. The rules are as follows:
ouchiž ze "to learn"
*-za after animate singular nominative nouns
*-ze after collective singular nominative and accusative nouns
*-δa elsewhere


===Verbs===
ec ouchim ze, ji ouchiđ ze, ež ouchiđ ze, đam ouchir ze, jiľud ouchiđ ze, í ouchiđ ze


Verbs in Nithish do not inflect for aspect but there are lexical aspects, formed from prefixes (analogous to phrasal verbs in English), root extensions and sometimes suppletion. There are three tenses in Nithish: nonpast, direct past and inferential past, the latter deriving from an Old Nithish pluperfect tense.
=== Numerals ===
ejn, tů, đrí, cheđur, véch, zest, zevouđ, astuđ, ňouđ, tezou


==Syntax==
ejnľez, twejľez, đríľez, cheđurľez, véľez, zesľez, zevaľez, astľez, ňouľez, twejcouđi


Syntax in Nithish is quite free.
đrícouđi, cheđurcouđi, vécouđi, zescouđi, zevacouđi, ascouđi, ňucouđi, stou? (random change from kmtom -> ktom, influenced by the ordinal stouđe <- ktm-tos)
 
đouzuđ
 
ejn "1" declines as follows:
* nom. ejn, ejna, ejn
 
tů "2" declines as follows:
* nom. tů, twí, twej
* gen. tweju
* dat. twím
* acc. tů, twí, twej
* ins. twími
 
đrí "3" declines as follows:
* nom. đrí
* gen. đríu
* dat. đrím
* acc. đrí
* ins. đrími
 
== Syntax ==
German-like?
 
== Swadesh list ==
<poem>
I: ec
thou: ji
he/she/it: ež/já/it
we: đam (originally a dummy word used with the impersonal, from đám "there")
ye: jíľud
they: í/jáz/đá
this: siđe
that: đađe
here: sím
there: đám
</poem>
 
== Texts ==
=== Schleicher's fable ===
Ra oucha um ri dzrki
 
Oucha, čá wlnou ne [had], [saw] dzrkuz

Latest revision as of 19:22, 18 February 2026

Riphean/Lexicon

Riphean (rivška) is an Indo-European language of Tdūrzů, spoken in our Poland, Prussia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is inspired by Czech and Dutch and contains vocabulary we think of as Balto-Slavic and non-English Germanic.

TODO

Split-ergative past tense using a -n- passive participle?

UDHR

Wiži dzíni kimeđ walni im lejki in zwem chejn im zwame đejžam.

/ˈʋɪʒɪ ˈdziːɲɪ ˈkɪməθ ˈʋalɲɪ ɪm ˈlɛjkɪ ɪn zʋɛm xɛjn ɪm ˈzʋamə ˈðɛjʒɐm/

(im ~ Latin ambō)

hejn ~ τῑμή 'honor', đejše ~ teisė

Phonology

Riphean has consistent initial stress.

Vowel-initial words get a glottal stop initial, at least in formal speech

Voiceless stops are not aspirated

w and v as in Dutch

c č ď dz dž ň ř s z š ž h ch as in Czech, ľ as in Slovak, ř devoices word-finally

h devoices to [x]

đ = [ð], devoices to [θ]

Stressed a e i o u = [a ɛ ɪ ɔ u]

á é í ó ů = [aː e̞ː iː o̞ː uː]

ej ui ou = [ɛj œɥ ɔw]

l is velarized, r is usually an approximant. Both can be syllabic: wlch 'wolf', crn 'grain'.

Auslautverhärtung

Unstressed a = [ɐ] (like Portuguese)

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine animate

The dative singular has replaced the regular accusative singular for masculine animate nouns (cf. a in Spanish).

manč "man"

  • nom. manč, manči
  • gen. mančez, manču
  • dat. manče, mančem
  • acc. manče, mančuz
  • ins. manču, mančiz

Masculine inanimate

Dialectally, these nouns may merge with neuter nouns: tam, tama

tam "house"

  • nom. tam, tami
  • gen. tamez, tamu
  • dat. tame, tamem
  • acc. tam, tamuz
  • ins. tamu, tamiz

Feminine -a

kena "woman"

  • nom. kena, kenaz
  • gen. kenaz, kenu
  • dat. kene, kenam
  • acc. kenou, kenouz
  • ins. kenam, kenami

Other feminine

váni (< vađni < potnih2) "lady, Mrs."

  • nom. váni, vániz
  • gen. vániz, váňu
  • dat. váni, vánim
  • acc. váni, vániz
  • ins. vánim, vánimi

nacht "night"

  • nom. nacht, nachtiz
  • gen. nachtiz, nachťu
  • dat. nachti, nachtim
  • acc. nachti, nachtiz
  • ins. nachtim, nachtmi

Neuter

céđ "child" (<- ģenh1tom, ~ Kind)

  • nom. céđ, céđa
  • gen. céđez, céđu
  • dat. céđe, céđem
  • acc. céđ, céđa
  • ins. céđu, céđiz

Adjectives

Indefinite and definite declensions

Verbs

etež "to eat"

ec etem, ji eteđ, ež eteđ, đam etar, jíľud eteđ, í eteđ

(Polite pronoun?)

negative ne

buiž 'to be'

ec em, ji eđ, ež es, đam ér, jiľud eđ, í zouđ

Negative ec nem, ji neđ, ež nes, đam nér, jiľud neđ, í nezouđ

Reflexive verbs

ouchiž ze "to learn"

ec ouchim ze, ji ouchiđ ze, ež ouchiđ ze, đam ouchir ze, jiľud ouchiđ ze, í ouchiđ ze

Numerals

ejn, tů, đrí, cheđur, véch, zest, zevouđ, astuđ, ňouđ, tezou

ejnľez, twejľez, đríľez, cheđurľez, véľez, zesľez, zevaľez, astľez, ňouľez, twejcouđi

đrícouđi, cheđurcouđi, vécouđi, zescouđi, zevacouđi, ascouđi, ňucouđi, stou? (random change from kmtom -> ktom, influenced by the ordinal stouđe <- ktm-tos)

đouzuđ

ejn "1" declines as follows:

  • nom. ejn, ejna, ejn

tů "2" declines as follows:

  • nom. tů, twí, twej
  • gen. tweju
  • dat. twím
  • acc. tů, twí, twej
  • ins. twími

đrí "3" declines as follows:

  • nom. đrí
  • gen. đríu
  • dat. đrím
  • acc. đrí
  • ins. đrími

Syntax

German-like?

Swadesh list

I: ec
thou: ji
he/she/it: ež/já/it
we: đam (originally a dummy word used with the impersonal, from đám "there")
ye: jíľud
they: í/jáz/đá
this: siđe
that: đađe
here: sím
there: đám

Texts

Schleicher's fable

Ra oucha um ri dzrki

Oucha, čá wlnou ne [had], [saw] dzrkuz

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