Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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The history of Hebrew and Judaism in [[Verse:Apple PIE]] is much like in our own world. The consonantal text of the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible is identical to our timeline. However, it preserves phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost. The language was also revived three times independently, and is not associated with a nation-state.
== Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) ==
 
This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Apple PIE.
 
The relative conservatism of Hebrew in this timeline allowed medieval (hyper-)Arab Jewish scholar ___ to use Hebrew as a vantage point from which to compare other Semitic languages in his ___, the first known work of comparative linguistics in Apple PIE.
 
==Gaelic==
Gaelic (or "Galician") Hebrew has been influenced by [[Ăn Yidiș]] and [[Galoyseg]], mostly the former. Similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except
*/e ɔ o u/ are pronounced like [[Judeo-Gaelic]] ''ea o u î''
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ''gh''
*/r/ is an alveolar flap
*affricates are distinguished from stop-fricative sequences, as in Judeo-Gaelic but unlike our Israeli Hebrew: תשומת לב [tsɨmas leəv] 'attention' is pronounced differently than *צומת לב.
 
Revived Galician Hebrew (revived by some secular L-Galician Jews) prefers Celtic syntax, such as VSO word order and expressions for feelings and modals. It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ''ach'' 'but' and שָׂשׂ ''sos'' 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל ''avol'' and שָׂמֵחַ ''someach''. Orthodox Gaelic Jews prefer to speak Judeo-Gaelic and refuse to speak any form of Revived Hebrew, because they view Hebrew as a sacred language.
 
==Comparison==
=== Dror Yikra ===
==== Hyper-Tiberian ====
<poem>
<poem>
dărůr yiqrå lăbhen 3im bath
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
wăyintśårkhem kămo bhåbhath
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
nă3im šimkhem wălů yiþbath
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
þăbhu nu[H]u băyům þabbåth
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת


[God] will proclaim freedom to man and woman
דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
Pleasant is your name and will not cease [to be so];
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי


dăroš nåwi wă2ulåmi
דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
wă2ůth yėša3 3ăśė 3immi
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
năTa3 śůrėq băthůkh karmi
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
[Š]ă3ė [š]aw3ath bănė 3ammi
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא


Remember my abode and my hall [Temple],
אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
And show me a sign of salvation.
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
Plant a choice vine in my vineyard,
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
Attend to the cries of my people.
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר


dărokh purå băthůkh bå[ts]rå
הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
wăgham båbhėl 2ăþer gåbhărå
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
nătho[ts] [ts]åray bă2af 3ebhrå
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
šăma3 qůli băyům 2eqrå
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה


Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
And Babylon which overpoweed [us].
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
Crush my enemies in your wrath,
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
Hear my voice when I call.
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ
 
2ĕlůhim tėn bămidbår har
hădhas šiTTå băroþ tidhhår
wălammazhir wălannizhår
šălůmim tėn kămė nåhår
 
God, give us a mountain in the midst of the desert,
Myrtle, acacia, cypress and [unknown tree species];
To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
Give peace like a flowing river.
</poem>
</poem>


==Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew==
== East Asian readings ==
Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew was the basis for niqqud, and was pronounced the same as our Tiberian Hebrew, unless stated otherwise.
Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops
 
=== Mandarin Hebrew ===
In-universe Tiberian has the following sound changes from PSem:
=== Korean Hebrew ===
*x > Skellan ll
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/
*ś/s þ š > Basque z, Basque s, š (written as shin left dot, shin middle dot, shin right dot)
*z ð > voiced Basque z, voiced Basque s (the latter becomes Tamil zh in some readings)
*ś' þ' s' > /ts, c, c/ (but pharyngealized)
* Ayn and ghayn are still merged.
 
In-universe Tiberian Hebrew also distinguishes
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u = ''o'' /o/
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā and *aw = ''ů'' /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
* Proto-Semitic *ū = ''u'' /ü/ (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
 
Some accents merge the first two vowels like our TibH and Israeli did, some merge the second two, and others, such as [[Ăn Yidiș]] Hebrew, keep all three distinct.
 
== Hyper-Israeli ==
Like our Israeli Hebrew, but:
* Hyper-Israeli reflects Hyper-TibH ''o'' (and qamatz qatan) as /ʌ̹/, Hyper-TibH ''ů'' as /u̠/, and Hyper-TibH ''u'' as /u̟/. (These vowels resemble Seoul Korean ''eo'', ''o'', and ''u'' respectively.)
* PSem *H is reflected as a uvular fricative (merging with lenited kaf) and PSem *x is voiceless sje.
* Non-prevocalic V + ayin sequences are reflected as nasal vowels or nasal vowel offglides.
* Proto-Semitic ð became ''ž'', as in זימר ''žimer'' 'he overpowered', as opposed to זימר ''zimer'' 'he sang'.
 
==Riphean Hebrew==
Inspired by a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew
 
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v ɣ ɣ d z h v z h t j kʰ x l m n s ʔ p f tɕ⁼ k⁼ ɹ~ʐ ʃ tʰ s] (some Ashkenazim have ð > z)
 
/i u e o ɛ ɔ a ă ɔ̆ ɛ̆/ = [i u iə uə ɛ ɔ a ə ɔ ɛ]
 
/ɓɔˈɹux ʔaˈtʰɔ ʔəzuəˈnɔi, ʔɛluəˈhiənu mɛlɛx hɔʔuəˈlɔm, sɛhɛhɛˈjɔnu vək⁼ijəˈmɔnu vəhiɣiˈʔɔnu lazəˈman haˈzɛ/
 
==Corded Ware Hebrew==
North American Hebrew was revived independently by Corded Ware-speaking Jews. Revived Hebrew in North America uses more Corded Ware-like grammar, like preferring object affixes to using pronominal forms of the object marker את ''eþ''.
 
Holy Land speakers, especially the younger generation, receive Corded Ware Hebrew positively and judge its speakers as trustworthy. It is one of the two most popular accents for stylized music.
 
Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva na = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community. Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.
 
The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The past 2fs suffix /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.
 
ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
 
/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəlo'henu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./
 
שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
 
/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/
 
===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
Typical Western or Central CW reading
 
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
 
[vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]
 
וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
 
[wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]
 
וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
 
[waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]
 
וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
 
[waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]
 
וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
 
[wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]
 
Qivattu Hebrew is similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except no enunciative vowels
 
==Hodi Hebrew==
 
*/k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ]
*/ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ]
*/t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n]
*/p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m]
*/j r l w/ = [j r l w]
*/s ʃ h ħ ʔ ʕ/ [s ʃ h h~ħ ʔ ʔ~ʕ]
 
Plosives without dagesh are aspirated.
 
*/i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o o u ə ə o]
 
Final /h/ is pronounced with an echo vowel: e.g. למינה /ləmi'naha/ 'according to its kind', אלוה /ə'luhu/ 'God'.
 
==Siészal Hebrew==
Basically like Sephardi with vowel length (patach = a, QG = á, segol = ia, tsere = é, QQ = u, cholam = ó, hiriq: i or í, shuruq: ú)


allophonic palatalization before /i(:)/
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/


/r/ is [ʐ~ɻ]
Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte


==Tibetan Hebrew==
=== Japanese Hebrew ===
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f tsʼ kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ p⁼ v k⁼ g t⁼ d h w z h tʰ j kʰ x l m n s ʔ pʰ f ts⁼ kʰ ɹ ɕ tʰ h]
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}]


/i e ɛ a ɔ o u ə ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə a o y u ə a ə ø]
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/

Latest revision as of 18:54, 21 February 2026

Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

East Asian readings

Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops

Mandarin Hebrew

Korean Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e̞ e̞ a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e̞ o/

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/

Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte

Japanese Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o̞ː o̞ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o̞]

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r ɕ t t/

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