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The history of Hebrew and Judaism in [[Verse:Apple PIE]] is much like in our own world. The consonantal text of the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible is identical to our timeline. However, most accents of Apple PIE Hebrew preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost.
== Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) ==
 
The standard variety today is Corded Ware Hebrew with an Ăn Yidiș-influenced accent and grammar. It is SVO like our Hebrew, but sometimes prefers Ăn Yidiș syntax, e.g.
* much more willing to use איני, אינך, ...for negation in present tense (אין הוא, אין היא in 3rd person); in our IH these forms are formal/written (bc Gaelic negation comes before subject pronouns). לא אני... ''Lu ani'' is a focus construction 'It's not me that...', and אין אני ''eyn ani'' in non  3rd person are solemn.
* לא אלא ''lu elo'', לא כי-אם ''lu ki-im'' or colloquially לא אך ''lu akh'' (latter from native Gaelic ''ach'') 'nothing but' used preferentially to רק ''rag'' 'only'
** (colloquial) אני לא/איני אך מורה. 'I'm just a teacher'
** (formal) איני אלא/כי אם מורה.
* in some expressions for feelings and modals.
** רצון לי ''rotsun li'' 'I like' (''tel lum'')
** אפשר לי ''efshar li'' 'I can' (''efșăr lum'')
* Colloquially adjunct pronouns tend to be a bit further from their heads (separated by a direct object or the subject), e.g. יש חלום לי ''yeaș halum li'' 'I have a dream', הוא נתן חלום לי ''hü nosan halum li'' 'he gave me a dream' rather than the more formal יש לי חלום ''yeaș li halum'' and הוא נתן לי חלום ''hü nosan li halum''.
* colloquial, often proscribed: ''shel'' (influenced by Ăn Yidiș ''ag'') might replace ''l-'' in existential constructions: יש ספר שלי ''yeaș seafer șeli'' (but ''*yeaș șeli seafer'' is never grammatical). For less common verbs or predicates, this tendency is more pronounced even in formal speech.
* 'I have the book' is יש לי הספר ''yeaș li ha-seafer'' (colloq. ''yeaș ha-sefer (șe)li''), NOT יש לי את הספר ''yeaș li es ha-seafer'' as in our Modern Hebrew.
* Question particles (''ha2im'' if before subject, ''ha-'' if before verb or predicate) are usually retained. Questions don't have a different intonation from declarative sentences. Question marks are not usually used.
* It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ''ach'' 'but' and שָׂשׂ ''sos'' 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל ''avol'' and שָׂמֵחַ ''someach''.
* אם ''im'' vs לו ''lü'' are kept distinct even colloquially
* for "it's X", "hu/hi X" preferred over "ze/zo X"
* Tenses:
** הוא היה אוכל Vă ș'ăg îth
** הוא אוכל To ș'ăg îth
** הוא אכל To/Vă șe ney îth
** הוא יהיה אוכל Bey ș'ăg îth
** הוא יאכל Bey șe ney îth
 
Present-day Hebrew has 8 million speakers, the second largest Jewish language after [[Ăn Yidiș]].
 
This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Apple PIE.
 
== Todo ==
* random change 2inþat > 2iššå 'woman'
 
==Comparison==
=== Ha'azinu ===
הַאֲזִ֥ינוּ הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וַאֲדַבֵּ֑רָה וְתִשְׁמַ֥ע הָאָ֖רֶץ אִמְרֵי־פִֽי׃
 
ha2ðinu haššåmayim wa2ădabbėrå! wătišma3 hå2åreŚ 2imrė pi!
 
יַעֲרֹ֤ף כַּמָּטָר֙ לִקְחִ֔י תִּזַּ֥ל כַּטַּ֖ל אִמְרָתִ֑י כִּשְׂעִירִ֣ם עֲלֵי־דֶ֔שֶׁא וְכִרְבִיבִ֖ים עֲלֵי־עֵֽשֶׂב׃
 
ya[3]rop kammåTår liqHi, tizzal kaTTal 2imråti;
 
kiś3irim 3ălė deþe, wăkirbibim 3ălė 3ėśeb.
 
כִּ֛י שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה אֶקְרָ֑א הָב֥וּ גֹ֖דֶל לֵאלֹהֵֽינוּ׃
 
ki šėm yhwh 2eqrå; håbu godel lėlůhėnu,
 
הַצּוּר֙ תָּמִ֣ים פָּעֳל֔וֹ כִּ֥י כָל־דְּרָכָ֖יו מִשְׁפָּ֑ט אֵ֤ל אֱמוּנָה֙ וְאֵ֣ין עָ֔וֶל צַדִּ֥יק וְיָשָׁ֖ר הֽוּא׃
 
haSSur [Ar. Tura] tåmim på3lo, ki kål dăråkåw mišpåt;
 
2ėl 2emunå wă2ėn [3]åwel, Saddiq wăyåšår hu.
 
שִׁחֵ֥ת ל֛וֹ לֹ֖א בָּנָ֣יו מוּמָ֑ם דּ֥וֹר עִקֵּ֖שׁ וּפְתַלְתֹּֽל׃
 
[š]i[H]ėt lů lů bånåw mumåm, důr 3iqqė[š] uptaltůl!
 
הֲ־לַיְהוָה֙ תִּגְמְלוּ־זֹ֔את עַ֥ם נָבָ֖ל וְלֹ֣א חָכָ֑ם הֲלוֹא־הוּא֙ אָבִ֣יךָ קָּנֶ֔ךָ ה֥וּא עָֽשְׂךָ֖ וַֽיְכֹנְנֶֽךָ׃
 
hă-lyhwh tigmălu ðůt?! [3]am nåbål wălů Håkåm!
 
hălů hu abikå qqånekå, hu 3åśăkå waykůnănekå?
 
זְכֹר֙ יְמ֣וֹת עוֹלָ֔ם בִּ֖ינוּ שְׁנ֣וֹת דּוֹר־וָד֑וֹר שְׁאַ֤ל אָבִ֙יךָ֙ וְיַגֵּ֔דְךָ זְקֵנֶ֖יךָ וְיֹ֥אמְרוּ לָֽךְ׃
 
ðăkor yămůt 3ůlåm, binu šănůt důr wådůr;
 
šă2al 2åbikå wăyaggėdăkå, [z]ăqėnekå wăyůmăru låk.
 
בְּהַנְחֵ֤ל עֶלְיוֹן֙ גּוֹיִ֔ם בְּהַפְרִיד֖וֹ בְּנֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם יַצֵּב֙ גְּבֻלֹ֣ת עַמִּ֔ים לְמִסְפַּ֖ר בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
 
băhanHėl 3elyůn gůyim, băhapridů bănė 2ådåm,
 
yaSSeb găbulůt [3]ammim, lămispar bănė yiśrå2ėl.
 
כִּ֛י חֵ֥לֶק יְהֹוָ֖ה עַמּ֑וֹ יַעֲקֹ֖ב חֶ֥בֶל נַחֲלָתֽוֹ׃
 
ki [H]eleq yhwh [3]ammů; ya[3]qob, Hebel naHlåtů.
 
יִמְצָאֵ֙הוּ֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִדְבָּ֔ר וּבְתֹ֖הוּ יְלֵ֣ל יְשִׁמֹ֑ן יְסֹֽבְבֶ֙נְהוּ֙ יְב֣וֹנְנֵ֔הוּ יִצְּרֶ֖נְהוּ כְּאִישׁ֥וֹן עֵינֽוֹ׃
 
yim[S]ă2ėhu bå2åreŚ midbår, ubătohu yălėl yă[š]imůn;
 
yăsůbăbenhu yăbůnănėhu, yiSSărenhu kă2i[š]ůn 3ėnů.
 
כְּנֶ֙שֶׁר֙ יָעִ֣יר קִנּ֔וֹ עַל־גּוֹזָלָ֖יו יְרַחֵ֑ף יִפְרֹ֤שׂ כְּנָפָיו֙ יִקָּחֵ֔הוּ יִשָּׂאֵ֖הוּ עַל־אֶבְרָתֽוֹ׃
 
kănešer yå[3]ir qinnů, 3al-g[o][z]ålåw yăra[H]ep;
 
yiproś kănåpåw yiqqåHėhu, yiśśå2ėhu 3al-2ebråtů.
 
יְהוָ֖ה בָּדָ֣ד יַנְחֶ֑נּוּ וְאֵ֥ין עִמּ֖וֹ אֵ֥ל נֵכָֽר׃
 
yhwh bådåd yanHennu, wă2ėn 3immů 2ėl nėkår.
 
יַרְכִּבֵ֙הוּ֙ עַל־במותי [בָּ֣מֳתֵי] אָ֔רֶץ וַיֹּאכַ֖ל תְּנוּבֹ֣ת שָׂדָ֑י וַיֵּנִקֵ֤הֽוּ דְבַשׁ֙ מִסֶּ֔לַע וְשֶׁ֖מֶן מֵחַלְמִ֥ישׁ צֽוּר׃
 
yarkibėhu 3al-båmåtė 2åreŚ, wayyůkal tănubot śådåy;
 
wayyėniqėhu dăba[š] missela[3], wăšemen mė[H]almi[š] Sur.
 
חֶמְאַ֨ת בָּקָ֜ר וַחֲלֵ֣ב צֹ֗אן עִם־חֵ֨לֶב כָּרִ֜ים וְאֵילִ֤ים בְּנֵֽי־בָשָׁן֙ וְעַתּוּדִ֔ים עִם־חֵ֖לֶב כִּלְי֣וֹת חִטָּ֑ה וְדַם־עֵנָ֖ב תִּשְׁתֶּה־חָֽמֶר׃
 
[H]em2at båqår wa-Hălėb Śůn, 3im [H]ėleb kårim wă2ėlim bănė-bå[š]ån wă[3]attudim,
 
3im [H]ėleb kilăyůt xiTTå, wădam [3]ėnåb tište Håmer.
 
וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ן יְשֻׁרוּן֙ וַיִּבְעָ֔ט שָׁמַ֖נְתָּ עָבִ֣יתָ כָּשִׂ֑יתָ וַיִּטֹּשׁ֙ אֱל֣וֹהַ עָשָׂ֔הוּ וַיְנַבֵּ֖ל צ֥וּר יְשֻׁעָתֽוֹ׃
 
wayyišman yă[š]urun wayyyib[3]aT, šåmantå ğåbitå kåśitå,
 
2elůah 3åśåhu, wayănabbel Sur yi[š][3]åtů.
 
יַקְנִאֻ֖הוּ בְּזָרִ֑ים בְּתוֹעֵבֹ֖ת יַכְעִיסֻֽהוּ׃
 
yaqni2uhu bă[z]årim, bătů[3]ėbůt yak[3]isuhu.
 
יִזְבְּח֗וּ לַשֵּׁדִים֙ לֹ֣א אֱלֹ֔הַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֹ֣א יְדָע֑וּם חֲדָשִׁים֙ מִקָּרֹ֣ב בָּ֔אוּ לֹ֥א שְׂעָר֖וּם אֲבֹתֵיכֶֽם׃
 
yiðbăHu la[šš]ėdim lů 2elůah, 2elůhim lů yădå3um;
 
Hădåþim miqqårob bå2u, lů śă[3]årum 2abůtėkem.
 
צ֥וּר יְלָדְךָ֖ תֶּ֑שִׁי וַתִּשְׁכַּ֖ח אֵ֥ל מְחֹלְלֶֽךָ׃
 
Sur yălådăkå teši, wăti[š]ka[H] 2ėl mă[H]ůlălekå.
 
וַיַּ֥רְא יְהוָ֖ה וַיִּנְאָ֑ץ מִכַּ֥עַס בָּנָ֖יו וּבְנֹתָֽיו׃
 
wayyar yhwh wayyin2å[S], mikka[3]as bånåw ubnůtåw.
 
וַיֹּ֗אמֶר אַסְתִּ֤ירָה פָנַי֙ מֵהֶ֔ם אֶרְאֶ֖ה מָ֣ה אַחֲרִיתָ֑ם כִּ֣י ד֤וֹר תַּהְפֻּכֹת֙ הֵ֔מָּה בָּנִ֖ים לֹא־אֵמֻ֥ן בָּֽם׃
 
wayyůmer: ""2astirå pånat mėhem, 2er2e må axritåm!
 
ki důr tahpukůt hėmmå, bånim lů-2ėmun båm!
 
הֵ֚ם קִנְא֣וּנִי בְלֹא־אֵ֔ל כִּעֲס֖וּנִי בְּהַבְלֵיהֶ֑ם וַאֲנִי֙ אַקְנִיאֵ֣ם בְּלֹא־עָ֔ם בְּג֥וֹי נָבָ֖ל אַכְעִיסֵֽם׃
 
hem qin2uni bălů-2ėl, ki[3]ăsuni băhablėhem!
 
wa2ăni 2akni2ėm bălů 3åm, băgůy nåbål ak[3]isėm!
 
כִּי־אֵשׁ֙ קָדְחָ֣ה בְאַפִּ֔י וַתִּיקַ֖ד עַד־שְׁא֣וֹל תַּחְתִּ֑ית וַתֹּ֤אכַל אֶ֙רֶץ֙ וִֽיבֻלָ֔הּ וַתְּלַהֵ֖ט מוֹסְדֵ֥י הָרִֽים׃
 
ki 2ė[š] qåd[H]å bă2appi, wattiqad [3]ad-[š]ă2[o]l,
 
wattůkal 2ereŚ wiybulåh, wattălahėT můsădė hårim,
 
אַסְפֶּ֥ה עָלֵ֖ימוֹ רָע֑וֹת חִצַּ֖י אֲכַלֶּה־בָּֽם׃
 
2aspe 3ålėmů råğůt, [H]i[SS]ay akalle båm,
 
מְזֵ֥י רָעָ֛ב וּלְחֻ֥מֵי רֶ֖שֶׁף וְקֶ֣טֶב מְרִירִ֑י וְשֶׁן־בְּהֵמוֹת֙ אֲשַׁלַּח־בָּ֔ם עִם־חֲמַ֖ת זֹחֲלֵ֥י עָפָֽר׃
 
mă[z]ė rå[3]åb ulă[H]umė re[š]ep wăqeTeb măriri,
 
wăšen băhėmůt 2a[š]alla[H] båm, 3im [H]ămat [z]ů[H]alė [3]åpår,
 
מִחוּץ֙ תְּשַׁכֶּל־חֶ֔רֶב וּמֵחֲדָרִ֖ים אֵימָ֑ה גַּם־בָּחוּר֙ גַּם־בְּתוּלָ֔ה יוֹנֵ֖ק עִם־אִ֥ישׁ שֵׂיבָֽה׃
 
mi[H]u[S] tă[š]akkel Hereb, umė[H]ădårim 2ėmå,
 
gam-bå[H]ur gam-bătulå, yůnėq 3im 2iš śėbå!"
 
אָמַ֖רְתִּי אַפְאֵיהֶ֑ם אַשְׁבִּ֥יתָה מֵאֱנ֖וֹשׁ זִכְרָֽם׃
 
2åmarti 2ap2ėhem, "2aþbitå mė2enůš ðikråm!",
 
לוּלֵ֗י כַּ֤עַס אוֹיֵב֙ אָג֔וּר פֶּֽן־יְנַכְּר֖וּ צָרֵ֑ימוֹ פֶּן־יֹֽאמְרוּ֙ יָדֵ֣ינוּ רָ֔מָה וְלֹ֥א יְהוָ֖ה פָּעַ֥ל כָּל־זֹֽאת׃
 
lulė ka[3]as 2ůyėb 2ågur, pen yănakkăru [S]årėmo;
 
pen yůmăru, "yådėnu råmå, wălů yhwh på3al kål ðůt,"
 
כִּי־ג֛וֹי אֹבַ֥ד עֵצ֖וֹת הֵ֑מָּה וְאֵ֥ין בָּהֶ֖ם תְּבוּנָֽה׃
 
ki gůy 2ůbad [3]ė[S]ůt hėmmå, wă2ėn båhem tăbunå.
 
ל֥וּ חָכְמ֖וּ יַשְׂכִּ֣ילוּ זֹ֑את יָבִ֖ינוּ לְאַחֲרִיתָֽם׃
 
lu Håkămu yaśkilu ðůt, yåbinu lă2axritåm!"
 
אֵיכָ֞ה יִרְדֹּ֤ף אֶחָד֙ אֶ֔לֶף וּשְׁנַ֖יִם יָנִ֣יסוּ רְבָבָ֑ה אִם־לֹא֙ כִּי־צוּרָ֣ם מְכָרָ֔ם וַֽיהוָ֖ה הִסְגִּירָֽם׃
 
2ėkå yirdop 2eHåd 2elep, uþnayim yånisu răbåbå,
 
2im-lů ki-Suråm măkåråm, wyhwh hisgiråm?
 
כִּ֛י לֹ֥א כְצוּרֵ֖נוּ צוּרָ֑ם וְאֹיְבֵ֖ינוּ פְּלִילִֽים׃
 
ki lů kăSurėnu Suråm, wă2ůyăbėnu pălilim.
 
כִּֽי־מִגֶּ֤פֶן סְדֹם֙ גַּפְנָ֔ם וּמִשַּׁדְמֹ֖ת עֲמֹרָ֑ה עֲנָבֵ֙מוֹ֙ עִנְּבֵי־ר֔וֹשׁ אַשְׁכְּלֹ֥ת מְרֹרֹ֖ת לָֽמוֹ׃
 
ki miggepen săd[o]m gapnåm, umi[šš]admůt ğamorå [3]ănåbėmů,
 
[3]innăbė r[ů][š], 2a[š]kălůt mărorůt låmů!
 
חֲמַ֥ת תַּנִּינִ֖ם יֵינָ֑ם וְרֹ֥אשׁ פְּתָנִ֖ים אַכְזָֽר׃
 
[H]ămat tanninim yėnåm, wărůš pătånim ak[z]ar!
 
הֲלֹא־ה֖וּא כָּמֻ֣ס עִמָּדִ֑י חָתֻ֖ם בְּאוֹצְרֹתָֽי׃
 
hălů hu kåmus 3immådi, xåtum bă2o[S]ărůtåy?
 
לִ֤י נָקָם֙ וְשִׁלֵּ֔ם לְעֵ֖ת תָּמ֣וּט רַגְלָ֑ם כִּ֤י קָרוֹב֙ י֣וֹם אֵידָ֔ם וְחָ֖שׁ עֲתִדֹ֥ת לָֽמוֹ׃
 
li nåqåm wăšillėm, lă[3]ėt tåmuT raglåm!
 
ki qårob yům 2ėdåm wă[H]å[š] [3]ătidůt låmů!
 
כִּֽי־יָדִ֤ין יְהוָה֙ עַמּ֔וֹ וְעַל־עֲבָדָ֖יו יִתְנֶחָ֑ם כִּ֤י יִרְאֶה֙ כִּי־אָ֣זְלַת יָ֔ד וְאֶ֖פֶס עָצ֥וּר וְעָזֽוּב׃
 
ki yådin yhwh [3]ammů, wă3al 3abådåw yitne[H]åm,
 
ki yir2e ki 2å[z]ălat yåd, wă2epes [3]å[S]ur wă[3]å[z]ub.
 
וְאָמַ֖ר אֵ֣י אֱלֹהֵ֑ימוֹ צ֖וּר חָסָ֥יוּ בֽוֹ׃
 
wă2åmar: "2ė 2elůhėmů, Sur [H]åsåyu bů,
 
אֲשֶׁ֨ר חֵ֤לֶב זְבָחֵ֙ימוֹ֙ יֹאכֵ֔לוּ יִשְׁתּ֖וּ יֵ֣ין נְסִיכָ֑ם יָק֙וּמוּ֙ וְיַעְזְרֻכֶ֔ם יְהִ֥י עֲלֵיכֶ֖ם סִתְרָֽה׃
 
2aþer [H]ėleb ðăbåHėmů yůklu, yi[š]tu yėn năsikåm?
 
yåqumu wăya3[z]ărukem, yăhi 3ălėkem sitrå!
 
רְא֣וּ׀ עַתָּ֗ה כִּ֣י אֲנִ֤י אֲנִי֙ ה֔וּא וְאֵ֥ין אֱלֹהִ֖ים עִמָּדִ֑י אֲנִ֧י אָמִ֣ית וַאֲחַיֶּ֗ה מָחַ֙צְתִּי֙ וַאֲנִ֣י אֶרְפָּ֔א וְאֵ֥ין מִיָּדִ֖י מַצִּֽיל׃
 
ră2u [3]attå! ki 2ăni, 2ăni hu! wă2ėn 2elůhim 3immådi!
 
2ăni 2åmit wa2ăHayye, må[H]a[S]ti wa2ăni 2erpå, wă2ėn miyyådi ma[SS]il.
 
כִּֽי־אֶשָּׂ֥א אֶל־שָׁמַ֖יִם יָדִ֑י וְאָמַ֕רְתִּי חַ֥י אָנֹכִ֖י לְעֹלָֽם׃
 
ki 2eśśå 2el šåmayim yådi, wă2åmarti, Hay 2ånůki lă3ůlåm!
 
אִם־שַׁנּוֹתִי֙ בְּרַ֣ק חַרְבִּ֔י וְתֹאחֵ֥ז בְּמִשְׁפָּ֖ט יָדִ֑י אָשִׁ֤יב נָקָם֙ לְצָרָ֔י וְלִמְשַׂנְאַ֖י אֲשַׁלֵּֽם׃
 
2im [š]annůti băraq Harbi, wătůxeð bămišpåT yådi!
 
2åšib nåqåm lă[S]åråy, wălimśan2ay 2ăšallem!
 
אַשְׁכִּ֤יר חִצַּי֙ מִדָּ֔ם וְחַרְבִּ֖י תֹּאכַ֣ל בָּשָׂ֑ר מִדַּ֤ם חָלָל֙ וְשִׁבְיָ֔ה מֵרֹ֖אשׁ פַּרְע֥וֹת אוֹיֵֽב׃
 
2a[š]kir [H]i[SS]i middåm, wăHarbi tůkal båśår,
 
middåm [H]ålål wă[š]ibyå, mėrůš par[3]ůt 2ůyėb!"
 
הַרְנִ֤ינוּ גוֹיִם֙ עַמּ֔וֹ כִּ֥י דַם־עֲבָדָ֖יו יִקּ֑וֹם וְנָקָם֙ יָשִׁ֣יב לְצָרָ֔יו וְכִפֶּ֥ר אַדְמָת֖וֹ עַמּֽוֹ׃
 
harninu gůyim [3]ammů, ki dam 3abådåw yiqqom!
 
wănåqåm yåšib lă[S]åråw, wăkipper 2admåtů [3]ammů!
 
=== Dror Yikra ===
Dror Yikra is a medieval Shabbat piyyut, in our timeline one of the earliest piyyutim to use an Arabic-derived meter.
 
Disclaimer: Piyyutim are thick with biblical allusions so they're a bitch to translate. I'm sure I made mistakes.
 
[X] denotes "something that has the same reflex as X in our Tiberian Hebrew."
 
(Dunash ben Labrat in this timeline was Corded Ware which merged þ and š)
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
<poem>
Hebrew (Tiberian)
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
Line 297: Line 29:
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ  
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Hyper-Tiberian
 
[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
[wĭjints̺ˁɔʀˈxɛːm kăˈmuː vɔːˈvaːθ]
[nĭˈʕiːm ʃimˈxɛːm wăˈluː jʉs̺ˈbaːθ]
[s̺ăˈvʉː nʉːˈ[ħ]ʉː bĭˈjuːm s̺aˈbːɔːθ]
 
[dăˈroːʃ nɔːˈwiː wʉ̆ʔʉːlɔːˈmiː]
[wŭˈʔuːθ ˈjeːʃaʕ ʕăˈs̻eː ʕiˈmːiː]
[năˈtˁaːʕ s̻uːˈʀeːq băˈθuːx kaʀˈmiː]
[[ʃ]ĕˈʕeː [ʃ]awˈʕaθ băˈneː ʕaˈmːiː]
 
[dăˈroːx pʉːˈʀɔː băˈθuːx bɔts̻ˁˈrɔː]
[wăˈɣaːm bɔːˈveːl ʔăˈs̺ɛːʀ gɔvɐˈʀɔː]
[năˈθoː[ts̻ˁ] [ts̻ˁ]ɔːˈʀaːj băˈʔaːf ʕɛvˈʀɔː]
[ʃăˈmaːʕ quːˈliː bĭˈjuːm ʔɛqˈʀɔː]
 
[ʔɛ̆luːˈhiːm teːn bamːiðˈbɔːʀ haːʀ]
[hăˈðaːs̻ ʃiˈtːˁɔ băˈʀuːs̺ tiðˈhɔːʀ]
[wălamːazˈhiːʀ wălanːizˈhɔːʀ]
[ʃăluːˈmiːm teːn kăˈmeː nɔːˈhɔːʀ]
 
[hăˈðoːx qɔːˈmaːj ħaːj ʔeːl qaˈnːɔː]
[băˈmoːɣ leːˈvɔːv ʔʉvimɣiˈnːɔː]
[wănaʀˈħiːv pɛː ʔʉnmaˈlːɛnːɔː]
[lăʃuːˈneːnʉː lăˈxɔː ʀiˈnːɔː]
 
[dĕˈʕeː ħɔxˈmɔː lănafˈʃɛːxɔː]
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːaːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Gaelic (i.u. "Ashkenazim")
 
[dăˈrur jigˈro ləˈveən ʔim bas]
[vəjintsorˈxem kəˈmu voˈvas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈxem wəˈlu jʉʃˈbas]
[ʃəˈvʉ nʉˈ[h]ʉ bəˈjum ʃaˈbos]
 
[dəˈroəʃ noˈvi vəʔʉloˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjeəʃa ʔaˈseə ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈreəg bəˈsux karˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔeə ʃawˈʔas bəˈneə ʔaˈmi]
 
[dəˈroəx pʉˈro bəˈsux botsˈro]
[vəˈɣam boˈveəl ʔaˈʃɛr govˈro]
[nəˈsoəts tsoˈraj bəˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[ʃəˈma guˈli bəˈjum ʔegˈro]
 
[ʔeluˈhim teən bamidˈbor har]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo bəˈrus tidˈhor]
[vəlamazˈhir vəlanizˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim teən kəˈmeə noˈhor]
 
[haˈdoəx goˈmaj xaj ʔeəl gaˈno]
[bəˈmoəɣ leəˈvov ʔʉvimɣiˈno]
[vənarˈhiːv pe ʔʉnmaˈleno]
[ləʃuˈneənʉ ləˈxo riˈno]
 
[dəˈʔeə xoxˈmo lənafˈʃexo]
[vəˈhi ˈxeser ləruˈʃexo]
[nəˈtsoər mitsˈvas gadoəˈʃexo]
[ʃəˈmoər ʃaˈbas godˈʃexo]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
English (What Inthar got from an Israeli site explaining piyyutim)
 
[God] will proclaim freedom for his sons and daughters
And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
Pleasant is your name and will never cease [to be so];
Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.
 
[God], remember my abode and my hall [Temple]
And show me a sign of salvation.
Plant a choice vine in my vineyard [give us a messiah/king in Jerusalem],
Attend to the cries of my people.
 
Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
And Babylon which overpowered [us].
Crush my oppressors in your wrath,
Hear my voice when I call.
 
O God, give us a mountain amidst the desert,
Myrtles, acacias, cypresses and [unknown tree species];
To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
Grant peace like a flowing river.
 
Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
[lit. Melt their hearts] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.
 
Know what is wise for your soul,
And [wisdom] shall be a crown for your head.
Guard your Holy One's commandment,
Keep your holy Sabbath.
</poem>
</poem>
{{col-end}}
==Gaelic Hebrew==
Gaelic Hebrew (i.u. עברית אשכנזית ''ivrís așcănázis'') has been influenced by [[Ăn Yidiș]] and [[Galoyseg]], mostly the former. Similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except
* Hyper-Tiberian /e ɔ o u ü/ are pronounced like [[Judeo-Gaelic]] ''ea o oa u ü''
** A minimal pair between the two holams: חוֹל ''hul'' 'sand' (Aramaic ''Hālā'') and חוֹל ''hoal'' '(something) secular' (~ חילל 'he desecrated')
* Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation (dropped in Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș, however)
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ''gh''
*/r/ is an alveolar flap
*affricates are distinguished from stop-fricative sequences, as in Judeo-Gaelic but unlike our Israeli Hebrew: תשומת לב [tsɨmas leəv] 'attention' is pronounced differently than *צומת לב.
*kuf and tet are /g/ and /d/
*/p t k/ are aspirated
*PSem /H/ is /h/ and PSem /x/ is /x/
* Sibilants mergers are like in our TibH.
* /h/ is silent. (חילל 'to desecrate' and הילל 'to praise' shouldn't be homophones)
==Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew==
Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew was similar to Tiberian Hebrew, unless stated otherwise. It was the ancestor to Gaelic Hebrew. This timeline's Yemenite Hebrew is very similar except with /o/ > /ø/.
Hyper-Tiberian has the following sound changes from PSem:
*emphatics and alveolar /r/ are kept
*x > Skellan ll
*ś/s þ š > Basque z, Basque s, š (written as shin left dot, shin middle dot, shin right dot)
*z ð > voiced Basque z, voiced Basque s (the latter becomes Tamil zh in some readings)
*ś' þ' s' > /ts, c, c/ (but ejectives)
* Ayn and ghayn are still merged.
* Qamatz is always /O/ as in Tiberian.
Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew also distinguishes
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u = ''o'' /o/
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā and *aw = ''ů'' /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
* Proto-Semitic *ū = ''u'' /ü/ (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
Some accents merge the first two vowels like our TibH and Israeli did, some merge the second two, and others, such as [[Ăn Yidiș]] Hebrew, keep all three distinct.
== Hyper-Israeli ==
This reading tradition is used by Jews in North Africa and the Holy Land in Apple PIE.
Like our Israeli Hebrew, but:
* Hyper-Israeli reflects Hyper-TibH ''o'' (and qamatz qatan) as /ʌ̹/, Hyper-TibH ''ů'' as /u̠/, and Hyper-TibH ''u'' as /u̟/. (These vowels resemble Seoul Korean ''eo'', ''o'', and ''u'' respectively.)
* PSem *H is reflected as a uvular fricative (merging with lenited kaf) and PSem *x is voiceless sje.
* Non-prevocalic V + ayin sequences are reflected as nasal vowels or nasal vowel offglides: ארבע /aʁbɑ̃/ '4'.
* Proto-Semitic ð became ''ž'', as in זימר ''žimer'' 'he overpowered', as opposed to זימר ''zimer'' 'he sang'.
==Riphean Hebrew==
Inspired by a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v ɣ ɣ d z h v z h t j kʰ x l m n s ʔ p f tɕ⁼ k⁼ ɹ~ʐ ʃ tʰ s] (some Ashkenazim have ð > z)
/i u e o ɛ ɔ a ă ɔ̆ ɛ̆/ = [i u iə uə ɛ ɔ a ə ɔ ɛ]
/ɓɔˈɹux ʔaˈtʰɔ ʔəzuəˈnɔi, ʔɛluəˈhiənu mɛlɛx hɔʔuəˈlɔm, sɛhɛhɛˈjɔnu vək⁼ijəˈmɔnu vəhiɣiˈʔɔnu lazəˈman haˈzɛ/
==Corded Ware Hebrew==
North American Hebrew was revived independently by Corded Ware-speaking Jews. Revived Hebrew in North America uses more Corded Ware-like grammar, like preferring object affixes to using pronominal forms of the object marker את ''eþ''.
Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva na = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community. Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.
The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The past 2fs suffix /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.
ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəlo'henu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./
שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/
===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
Typical Western or Central CW reading
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
[vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]
וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
[wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]
וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
[waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]
וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
[waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]
וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
[wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]
==Hodi Hebrew==
*/k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ]
*/ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ]
*/t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n]
*/p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m]
*/j r l w/ = [j r l w]
*/s ʃ h ħ ʔ ʕ/ [s ʃ h h~ħ ʔ ʔ~ʕ]


Plosives without dagesh are aspirated.
== East Asian readings ==
Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops
=== Mandarin Hebrew ===
=== Korean Hebrew ===
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/


*/i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o o u ə ə o]
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/


Final /h/ is pronounced with an echo vowel: e.g. למינה /ləmi'naha/ 'according to its kind', אלוה /ə'luhu/ 'God'.
Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte


==Tibetan Hebrew==
=== Japanese Hebrew ===
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f tsʼ kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ p⁼ v k⁼ g t⁼ d h w z h tʰ j kʰ x l m n s ʔ pʰ f ts⁼ kʰ ɹ ɕ tʰ h]
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}]


/i e ɛ a ɔ o u ə ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə a o y u ə a ə ø]
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/

Latest revision as of 18:54, 21 February 2026

Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

East Asian readings

Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops

Mandarin Hebrew

Korean Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e̞ e̞ a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e̞ o/

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/

Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte

Japanese Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o̞ː o̞ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o̞]

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r ɕ t t/

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