Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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The history of Rabbinic Judaism in [[Verse:Apple PIE]] is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, and the Talmud are identical to ours. However, most accents of Apple PIE Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.
== Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) ==
 
There is also a large group of non-Rabbinic Jews (or maybe non-Pauline/non-Nicene Jewish Christians?) who live in India and preserve Palestinian-Hebrew like vowel points, but pronounced with aspirated stops for fricatives.
== Modern Hebrew ==
The standard variety today is Corded Ware Hebrew with an Ăn Yidiș-influenced accent and grammar:
 
* Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [(ʔ) p⁼ v k⁼ ɣ t⁼ t⁼ h w ts⁼ χ t⁼ j kʰ χ l m n s ʁ pʰ f tsʰ k⁼ r~ɻ ʃ tʰ s]
* Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ŠN ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e(j) e a a u o u Ø~ə ə ə ə]
* /r/ is alveolar and is often an approximant.
* Undageshed tav is [s] as in Ăn Yidiș Hebrew.
 
It is SVO like our Hebrew, but sometimes prefers Ăn Yidiș syntax, e.g.
* much more willing to use איני, אינך, ...for negation in present tense (אין הוא, אין היא in 3rd person); in our IH these forms are formal/written (bc Gaelic negation comes before subject pronouns). לא אני... ''Lo ăni'' is a focus construction 'It's not me that...', and אין אני ''eyn ăni'' in non  3rd person are solemn.
* לא אלא ''lo ela'', לא כי-אם ''lo ki-im'' or colloquially לא אך ''lo akh'' (latter from native Gaelic ''ach'') 'nothing but' used preferentially to רק ''rak'' 'only'
** (colloquial) אני לא/איני אך מורה. 'I'm just a teacher'
** (formal) איני אלא/כי אם מורה.
* in some expressions for feelings and modals.
** רצון איתי ''racon iti'' 'I like' (''tel lum''), עדיף איתי ''ȝadif iti'' 'I prefer' (''fyor lum''), ''ăni xofec bă-'' 'I want'
** ''haya racon iti'' 'I'd like'
*** More formally ''ăni roce bă-'' = 'I like, I am pleased with'
** אפשר איתי ''efšar iti'' 'I can' (''efșăr lum'')
* Colloquially adjunct pronouns tend to be a bit further from their heads (separated by a direct object or the subject), e.g. יש חלום לי ''yeš xălom li'' 'I have a dream', הוא נתן חלום לי ''hu nasan xălom li'' 'he gave me a dream' rather than the more formal יש לי חלום ''yeš li xălom'' and הוא נתן לי חלום ''hu nasan li xălom''. For less common verbs or predicates, this tendency is more pronounced even in formal speech.
* colloquial, often proscribed: ''šel'' (influenced by Ăn Yidiș ''ag'') might replace ''l-'' in existential constructions: יש ספר שלי ''yeš sefer šeli'' (but ''*yeaș șeli seafer'' is never grammatical).
* 'I have the book' is יש לי הספר ''yeš li ha-sefer'' (colloq. ''yeš ha-sefer (še)li''), NOT יש לי את הספר ''yeš li es ha-sefer'' as in our Modern Hebrew.
* Question particles (''ha2im'', ''ha-'' in more formal contexts) are usually retained. Questions don't have a different intonation from declarative sentences; they both have falling intonation. Question marks are not usually used.
* It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ''ach'' 'but' and שָׂשׂ ''sas'' 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל ''aval'' and שָׂמֵחַ ''sameax''.
* Tenses are modeled after Ăn Yidiș and Mishnaic Hebrew tenses. The participle is used for imperfective tenses, corresponding to the Ăn Yidiș construction ă(g) + verbnoun.
** היה הוא אוכל = Past imperfective (Vă ș'ăg îth)
** הוא אוכל = Present (To ș'ăg îth)
** הוא אכל = Past perfective (To/Vă șe ney îth)
** יהיה הוא אוכל = Future imperfective (Bey ș'ăg îth)
** הוא יאכל = Future perfective (Bey șe ney îth)
* "please" is עם רצונך ''im răconkha'' 'with your will', a calque of לא טא °תעל ''lă dă-thel''.
* Loazit ''-cya'' '-tion' is borrowed directly from Latin ''-tiō'', via Gaelic Hebrew ''-țyo''
 
== Todo ==
* random change 2inþat > 2iššå 'woman'
 
==Comparison==
=== Ha'azinu ===
הַאֲזִ֥ינוּ הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וַאֲדַבֵּ֑רָה וְתִשְׁמַ֥ע הָאָ֖רֶץ אִמְרֵי־פִֽי׃
 
ha2ðinu haššåmayim wa2ădabbėrå! wătišma3 hå2åreŚ 2imrė pi!
 
Heavens give ear, for I will speak, and let the earth listen to my words!
 
יַעֲרֹ֤ף כַּמָּטָר֙ לִקְחִ֔י תִּזַּ֥ל כַּטַּ֖ל אִמְרָתִ֑י
 
ya3rop kammåTår liqHi, tizzal kaTTal 2imråti;
 
let my instruction fall like rain,  my words descend like dew;
 
כִּשְׂעִירִ֣ם עֲלֵי־דֶ֔שֶׁא וְכִרְבִיבִ֖ים עֲלֵי־עֵֽשֶׂב׃
 
kiś3irim 3ălė deþe, wăkirbibim 3ălė 3ėśeb.
 
Like a drizzle upon the grass, and like a downpour upon the blades.
 
כִּ֛י שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה אֶקְרָ֑א הָב֥וּ גֹ֖דֶל לֵאלֹהֵֽינוּ׃
 
ki šėm yhwh 2eqrå; håbu godel lėlůhėnu,
 
הַצּוּר֙ תָּמִ֣ים פָּעֳל֔וֹ כִּ֥י כָל־דְּרָכָ֖יו מִשְׁפָּ֑ט
 
haSSur tåmim på3lo, ki kål dăråkåw mišpåT;
 
אֵ֤ל אֱמוּנָה֙ וְאֵ֣ין עָ֔וֶל צַדִּ֥יק וְיָשָׁ֖ר הֽוּא׃
 
2ėl 2emunå wă2ėn 3åwel, Saddiq wăyåšår hu.
 
שִׁחֵ֥ת ל֛וֹ לֹ֖א בָּנָ֣יו מוּמָ֑ם דּ֥וֹר עִקֵּ֖שׁ וּפְתַלְתֹּֽל׃
 
šiHėt lů lů bånåw mumåm, důr 3iqqė[š] uptaltoal!
 
[Emended] His sons desecrated Him with their misdeeds, a hardheaded, twisted generation.
 
הֲ־לַיְהוָה֙ תִּגְמְלוּ־זֹ֔את עַ֥ם נָבָ֖ל וְלֹ֣א חָכָ֑ם
 
hă-lyhwh tigmălu ðůt?! 3am nåbål wălů Håkåm!
 
Is this how you thank Yahweh? You depraved, foolish nation!
 
הֲלוֹא־הוּא֙ אָבִ֣יךָ קָּנֶ֔ךָ ה֥וּא עָֽשְׂךָ֖ וַֽיְכֹנְנֶֽךָ׃
 
hălů hu abikå qqånekå, hu 3åśăkå waykůnănekå?
 
Is He not your father who acquired you? Did He not make you and establish you?
 
זְכֹר֙ יְמ֣וֹת עוֹלָ֔ם בִּ֖ינוּ שְׁנ֣וֹת דּוֹר־וָד֑וֹר
 
ðăkor yămůt 3ůlåm, binu šănůt důr wådůr;
 
Be mindful of the days of old, understand what happened in years and every age past.
 
שְׁאַ֤ל אָבִ֙יךָ֙ וְיַגֵּ֔דְךָ זְקֵנֶ֖יךָ וְיֹ֥אמְרוּ לָֽךְ׃
 
šă2al 2åbikå wăyaggėdăkå, [z]ăqėnekå wăyůmăru låk.
 
Ask your father and he will relate it to you; ask your elders and they will tell you.
 
בְּהַנְחֵ֤ל עֶלְיוֹן֙ גּוֹיִ֔ם בְּהַפְרִיד֖וֹ בְּנֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם
 
băhanHėl 3elyůn gůyim, băhapridů bănė 2ådåm,
 
When the Most High allotted land to the nations, when He divided up mankind,
 
יַצֵּב֙ גְּבֻלֹ֣ת עַמִּ֔ים לְמִסְפַּ֖ר בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
 
yaSSeb găbulůt 3ammim, lămispar bănė yiśrå2ėl.
 
He set the boundaries between peoples, to be boundaries between tribes of Israel. (?)
 
כִּ֛י חֵ֥לֶק יְהֹוָ֖ה עַמּ֑וֹ יַעֲקֹ֖ב חֶ֥בֶל נַחֲלָתֽוֹ׃
 
ki Heleq yhwh 3ammů; ya3qob, Hebel naHlåtů.
 
For the portion of Yahweh [was given to] His people and Jacob [was given] His land (''inheritance'' is too frozen/Biblical Hybrid English/reified).
 
יִמְצָאֵ֙הוּ֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִדְבָּ֔ר וּבְתֹ֖הוּ יְלֵ֣ל יְשִׁמֹ֑ן
 
yimSă2ėhu bå2åreŚ midbår, ubătohu yălėl yă[š]imůn;
 
He found him amidst the desert, in the barrenness and howling of the wilderness.
 
יְסֹֽבְבֶ֙נְהוּ֙ יְב֣וֹנְנֵ֔הוּ יִצְּרֶ֖נְהוּ כְּאִישׁ֥וֹן עֵינֽוֹ׃
 
yăsůbăbenhu yăbůnănėhu, yiSSărenhu kă2išůn 3ėnů.
 
He surrounded and kept watch on him, safeguarding him as if he were His own eye.
 
כְּנֶ֙שֶׁר֙ יָעִ֣יר קִנּ֔וֹ עַל־גּוֹזָלָ֖יו יְרַחֵ֑ף
 
kănešer yå3ir qinnů, 3al-g[o][z]ålåw yăraHep;
 
יִפְרֹ֤שׂ כְּנָפָיו֙ יִקָּחֵ֔הוּ יִשָּׂאֵ֖הוּ עַל־אֶבְרָתֽוֹ׃
 
yiproś kănåpåw yiqqåHėhu, yiśśå2ėhu 3al-2ebråtů.
 
יְהוָ֖ה בָּדָ֣ד יַנְחֶ֑נּוּ וְאֵ֥ין עִמּ֖וֹ אֵ֥ל נֵכָֽר׃
 
yhwh bådåd yanHennu, wă2ėn 3immů 2ėl nėkår.
 
יַרְכִּבֵ֙הוּ֙ עַל־במותי [בָּ֣מֳתֵי] אָ֔רֶץ וַיֹּאכַ֖ל תְּנוּבֹ֣ת שָׂדָ֑י
 
yarkibėhu 3al-båmåtė 2åreŚ, wayyůkal tănubot śådåy;
 
וַיֵּנִקֵ֤הֽוּ דְבַשׁ֙ מִסֶּ֔לַע וְשֶׁ֖מֶן מֵחַלְמִ֥ישׁ צֽוּר׃
 
wayyėniqėhu dăbaš missela3, wăšemen mėHalmi[š] Sur.
 
חֶמְאַ֨ת בָּקָ֜ר וַחֲלֵ֣ב צֹ֗אן עִם־חֵ֨לֶב כָּרִ֜ים וְאֵילִ֤ים בְּנֵֽי־בָשָׁן֙ וְעַתּוּדִ֔ים
 
Hem2at båqår wa-Hălėb Śůn, 3im Hėleb kårim wă2ėlim bănė-bå[š]ån wă3attudim,
 
עִם־חֵ֖לֶב כִּלְי֣וֹת חִטָּ֑ה וְדַם־עֵנָ֖ב תִּשְׁתֶּה־חָֽמֶר׃
 
3im Hėleb kilăyůt HiTTå, wădam 3ėnåb tište Håmer.
 
וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ן יְשֻׁרוּן֙ וַיִּבְעָ֔ט שָׁמַ֖נְתָּ עָבִ֣יתָ כָּשִׂ֑יתָ
 
wayyišman yă[š]urun wayyyib3aT, šåmantå 3åbitå kåśitå,
 
וַיִּטֹּשׁ֙ אֱל֣וֹהַ עָשָׂ֔הוּ וַיְנַבֵּ֖ל צ֥וּר יְשֻׁעָתֽוֹ׃
 
wayyiTTo[š] 2elůah 3åśåhu, wayănabbel Sur yi[š]3åtů.
 
יַקְנִאֻ֖הוּ בְּזָרִ֑ים בְּתוֹעֵבֹ֖ת יַכְעִיסֻֽהוּ׃
 
yaqni2uhu bă[z]årim, bătů3ėbůt yak3isuhu.
 
יִזְבְּח֗וּ לַשֵּׁדִים֙ לֹ֣א אֱלֹ֔הַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֹ֣א יְדָע֑וּם
 
yiðbăHu la[šš]ėdim lů 2elůah, 2elůhim lů yădå3um;
 
חֲדָשִׁים֙ מִקָּרֹ֣ב בָּ֔אוּ לֹ֥א שְׂעָר֖וּם אֲבֹתֵיכֶֽם׃
 
Hădåþim miqqårob bå2u, lů śă3årum 2abůtėkem.
 
צ֥וּר יְלָדְךָ֖ תֶּ֑שִׁי וַתִּשְׁכַּ֖ח אֵ֥ל מְחֹלְלֶֽךָ׃
 
Sur yălådăkå teši, wăti[š]kaH 2ėl măHůlălekå.
 
וַיַּ֥רְא יְהוָ֖ה וַיִּנְאָ֑ץ מִכַּ֥עַס בָּנָ֖יו וּבְנֹתָֽיו׃
 
wayyar yhwh wayyin2å[S], mikka3as bånåw ubnůtåw.
 
וַיֹּ֗אמֶר אַסְתִּ֤ירָה פָנַי֙ מֵהֶ֔ם אֶרְאֶ֖ה מָ֣ה אַחֲרִיתָ֑ם
 
wayyůmer: ""2astirå pånat mėhem, 2er2e må 2aHritåm!
 
כִּ֣י ד֤וֹר תַּהְפֻּכֹת֙ הֵ֔מָּה בָּנִ֖ים לֹא־אֵמֻ֥ן בָּֽם׃
 
ki důr tahpukůt hėmmå, bånim lů-2ėmun båm!
 
הֵ֚ם קִנְא֣וּנִי בְלֹא־אֵ֔ל כִּעֲס֖וּנִי בְּהַבְלֵיהֶ֑ם
 
hem qin2uni bălů-2ėl, ki3ăsuni băhablėhem!
 
וַאֲנִי֙ אַקְנִיאֵ֣ם בְּלֹא־עָ֔ם בְּג֥וֹי נָבָ֖ל אַכְעִיסֵֽם׃
 
wa2ăni 2akni2ėm bălů 3åm, băgůy nåbål ak3isėm!
 
כִּי־אֵשׁ֙ קָדְחָ֣ה בְאַפִּ֔י וַתִּיקַ֖ד עַד־שְׁא֣וֹל תַּחְתִּ֑ית
 
ki 2ėš qådHå bă2appi, wattiqad 3ad-[š]ă2[o]l taHtit,
 
וַתֹּ֤אכַל אֶ֙רֶץ֙ וִֽיבֻלָ֔הּ וַתְּלַהֵ֖ט מוֹסְדֵ֥י הָרִֽים׃
 
wattůkal 2ereŚ wiybulåh, wattălahėT můsădė hårim,
 
אַסְפֶּ֥ה עָלֵ֖ימוֹ רָע֑וֹת חִצַּ֖י אֲכַלֶּה־בָּֽם׃
 
2aspe 3ålėmů rå3ůt, Hi[SS]ay akalle båm,
 
מְזֵ֥י רָעָ֛ב וּלְחֻ֥מֵי רֶ֖שֶׁף וְקֶ֣טֶב מְרִירִ֑י
 
mă[z]ė rå3åb ulăHumė re[š]ep wăqeTeb măriri,
 
וְשֶׁן־בְּהֵמוֹת֙ אֲשַׁלַּח־בָּ֔ם עִם־חֲמַ֖ת זֹחֲלֵ֥י עָפָֽר׃
 
wăšen băhėmůt 2a[š]allaH båm, 3im Hămat [z]ůHalė 3åpår,
 
מִחוּץ֙ תְּשַׁכֶּל־חֶ֔רֶב וּמֵחֲדָרִ֖ים אֵימָ֑ה
 
miHu[S] tă[š]akkel Hereb, umėHădårim 2ėmå,
 
גַּם־בָּחוּר֙ גַּם־בְּתוּלָ֔ה יוֹנֵ֖ק עִם־אִ֥ישׁ שֵׂיבָֽה׃
 
gam-båHur gam-bătulå, yůnėq 3im 2iš śėbå!"
 
אָמַ֖רְתִּי אַפְאֵיהֶ֑ם אַשְׁבִּ֥יתָה מֵאֱנ֖וֹשׁ זִכְרָֽם׃
 
2åmarti 2ap2ėhem, "2aþbitå mė2enůš ðikråm!",
 
לוּלֵ֗י כַּ֤עַס אוֹיֵב֙ אָג֔וּר פֶּֽן־יְנַכְּר֖וּ צָרֵ֑ימוֹ
 
lulė ka3as 2ůyėb 2ågur, pen yănakkăru [S]årėmo;
 
פֶּן־יֹֽאמְרוּ֙ יָדֵ֣ינוּ רָ֔מָה וְלֹ֥א יְהוָ֖ה פָּעַ֥ל כָּל־זֹֽאת׃
 
pen yůmăru, "yådėnu råmå, wălů yhwh på3al kål ðůt,"
 
כִּי־ג֛וֹי אֹבַ֥ד עֵצ֖וֹת הֵ֑מָּה וְאֵ֥ין בָּהֶ֖ם תְּבוּנָֽה׃
 
ki gůy 2ůbad [3]ė[S]ůt hėmmå, wă2ėn båhem tăbunå.
 
ל֥וּ חָכְמ֖וּ יַשְׂכִּ֣ילוּ זֹ֑את יָבִ֖ינוּ לְאַחֲרִיתָֽם׃
 
lu Håkămu yaśkilu ðůt, yåbinu lă2axritåm!"
 
אֵיכָ֞ה יִרְדֹּ֤ף אֶחָד֙ אֶ֔לֶף וּשְׁנַ֖יִם יָנִ֣יסוּ רְבָבָ֑ה
 
2ėkå yirdop 2eHåd 2elep, uþnayim yånisu răbåbå,
 
אִם־לֹא֙ כִּי־צוּרָ֣ם מְכָרָ֔ם וַֽיהוָ֖ה הִסְגִּירָֽם׃
 
2im-lů ki-Suråm măkåråm, wyhwh hisgiråm?
 
כִּ֛י לֹ֥א כְצוּרֵ֖נוּ צוּרָ֑ם וְאֹיְבֵ֖ינוּ פְּלִילִֽים׃
 
ki lů kăSurėnu Suråm, wă2ůyăbėnu pălilim.
 
כִּֽי־מִגֶּ֤פֶן סְדֹם֙ גַּפְנָ֔ם וּמִשַּׁדְמֹ֖ת עֲמֹרָ֑ה
 
ki miggepen săd[o]m gapnåm, umi[šš]admůt ğamorå,
 
עֲנָבֵ֙מוֹ֙ עִנְּבֵי־ר֔וֹשׁ אַשְׁכְּלֹ֥ת מְרֹרֹ֖ת לָֽמוֹ׃
 
3ănåbėmů 3innăbė rů[š], 2aþkălůt mărorůt låmů!
 
חֲמַ֥ת תַּנִּינִ֖ם יֵינָ֑ם וְרֹ֥אשׁ פְּתָנִ֖ים אַכְזָֽר׃
 
Hămat tanninim yėnåm, wărůš pătånim akzar!
 
הֲלֹא־ה֖וּא כָּמֻ֣ס עִמָּדִ֑י חָתֻ֖ם בְּאוֹצְרֹתָֽי׃
 
hălů hu kåmus 3immådi, xåtum bă2o[S]ărůtåy?
 
לִ֤י נָקָם֙ וְשִׁלֵּ֔ם לְעֵ֖ת תָּמ֣וּט רַגְלָ֑ם
 
li nåqåm wăšillėm, lă3ėt tåmuT raglåm!
 
כִּ֤י קָרוֹב֙ י֣וֹם אֵידָ֔ם וְחָ֖שׁ עֲתִדֹ֥ת לָֽמוֹ׃
 
ki qårob yům 2ėdåm wăHå[š] 3ătidůt låmů!
 
כִּֽי־יָדִ֤ין יְהוָה֙ עַמּ֔וֹ וְעַל־עֲבָדָ֖יו יִתְנֶחָ֑ם
 
ki yådin yhwh 3ammů, wă3al 3abådåw yitneHåm,
 
כִּ֤י יִרְאֶה֙ כִּי־אָ֣זְלַת יָ֔ד וְאֶ֖פֶס עָצ֥וּר וְעָזֽוּב׃
 
ki yir2e ki 2åzălat yåd, wă2epes 3å[S]ur wă3åzub.
 
וְאָמַ֖ר אֵ֣י אֱלֹהֵ֑ימוֹ צ֖וּר חָסָ֥יוּ בֽוֹ׃
 
wă2åmar: "2ė 2elůhėmů, Sur Håsåyu bů,
 
אֲשֶׁ֨ר חֵ֤לֶב זְבָחֵ֙ימוֹ֙ יֹאכֵ֔לוּ יִשְׁתּ֖וּ יֵ֣ין נְסִיכָ֑ם
 
2aþer Hėleb ðăbåHėmů yůklu, yištu yėn năsikåm?
 
יָק֙וּמוּ֙ וְיַעְזְרֻכֶ֔ם יְהִ֥י עֲלֵיכֶ֖ם סִתְרָֽה׃
 
yåqumu wăya3[z]ărukem, yăhi 3ălėkem sitrå!
 
רְא֣וּ׀ עַתָּ֗ה כִּ֣י אֲנִ֤י אֲנִי֙ ה֔וּא וְאֵ֥ין אֱלֹהִ֖ים עִמָּדִ֑י
 
ră2u 3attå! ki 2ăni, 2ăni hu! wă2ėn 2elůhim 3immådi!
 
אֲנִ֧י אָמִ֣ית וַאֲחַיֶּ֗ה מָחַ֙צְתִּי֙ וַאֲנִ֣י אֶרְפָּ֔א וְאֵ֥ין מִיָּדִ֖י מַצִּֽיל׃
 
2ăni 2åmit wa2ăHayye! måHaSti wa2ăni 2erpå! wă2ėn miyyådi maSSil!
 
כִּֽי־אֶשָּׂ֥א אֶל־שָׁמַ֖יִם יָדִ֑י וְאָמַ֕רְתִּי חַ֥י אָנֹכִ֖י לְעֹלָֽם׃
 
ki 2eśśå 2el šåmayim yådi, wă2åmarti, Hay 2ånůki lă3ůlåm!
 
אִם־שַׁנּוֹתִי֙ בְּרַ֣ק חַרְבִּ֔י וְתֹאחֵ֥ז בְּמִשְׁפָּ֖ט יָדִ֑י
 
2im [š]annůti băraq Harbi, wătůxeð bămišpåT yådi!
 
אָשִׁ֤יב נָקָם֙ לְצָרָ֔י וְלִמְשַׂנְאַ֖י אֲשַׁלֵּֽם׃
 
2åšib nåqåm lă[S]åråy, wălimśan2ay 2ăšallem!
 
אַשְׁכִּ֤יר חִצַּי֙ מִדָּ֔ם וְחַרְבִּ֖י תֹּאכַ֣ל בָּשָׂ֑ר
 
2aškir Hi[SS]i middåm, wăHarbi tůkal båśår,
 
מִדַּ֤ם חָלָל֙ וְשִׁבְיָ֔ה מֵרֹ֖אשׁ פַּרְע֥וֹת אוֹיֵֽב׃
 
middåm Hålål wăšibyå, mėrůš par3ůt 2ůyėb!"
 
הַרְנִ֤ינוּ גוֹיִם֙ עַמּ֔וֹ כִּ֥י דַם־עֲבָדָ֖יו יִקּ֑וֹם
 
harninu gůyim 3ammů, ki dam 3abådåw yiqqom!
 
וְנָקָם֙ יָשִׁ֣יב לְצָרָ֔יו וְכִפֶּ֥ר אַדְמָת֖וֹ עַמּֽוֹ׃
 
wănåqåm yåšib lă[S]åråw, wăkipper 2admåtů 3ammů!
 
=== Dror Yikra ===
Dror Yikra is a medieval Shabbat piyyut, in our timeline one of the earliest piyyutim to use an Arabic-derived meter.
 
Disclaimer: Piyyutim are thick with biblical allusions so they're a bitch to translate. I'm sure I made mistakes.
 
[X] denotes "something that has the same reflex as X in our Tiberian Hebrew."
 
(Dunash ben Labrat in this timeline was Corded Ware which merged þ and š)
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
<poem>
Hebrew (Tiberian)
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
Line 382: Line 29:
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ  
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Hyper-Tiberian
 
[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
[wĭjints̺ˁɔʀˈxɛːm kăˈmuː vɔːˈvaːθ]
[nĭˈʕiːm ʃimˈxɛːm wăˈluː jʉs̺ˈbaːθ]
[s̺ăˈvʉː nʉːˈ[ħ]ʉː bĭˈjuːm s̺aˈbːɔːθ]
 
[dăˈroːʃ nɔːˈwiː wʉ̆ʔʉːlɔːˈmiː]
[wŭˈʔuːθ ˈjeːʃaʕ ʕăˈs̻eː ʕiˈmːiː]
[năˈtˁaːʕ s̻uːˈʀeːq băˈθuːx kaʀˈmiː]
[[ʃ]ĕˈʕeː [ʃ]awˈʕaθ băˈneː ʕaˈmːiː]
 
[dăˈroːx pʉːˈʀɔː băˈθuːx bɔts̻ˁˈrɔː]
[wăˈɣaːm bɔːˈveːl ʔăˈs̺ɛːʀ gɔvɐˈʀɔː]
[năˈθoː[ts̻ˁ] [ts̻ˁ]ɔːˈʀaːj băˈʔaːf ʕɛvˈʀɔː]
[ʃăˈmaːʕ quːˈliː bĭˈjuːm ʔɛqˈʀɔː]
 
[ʔɛ̆luːˈhiːm teːn bamːiðˈbɔːʀ haːʀ]
[hăˈðaːs̻ ʃiˈtːˁɔ băˈʀuːs̺ tiðˈhɔːʀ]
[wălamːazˈhiːʀ wălanːizˈhɔːʀ]
[ʃăluːˈmiːm teːn kăˈmeː nɔːˈhɔːʀ]
 
[hăˈðoːx qɔːˈmaːj ħaːj ʔeːl qaˈnːɔː]
[băˈmoːɣ leːˈvɔːv ʔʉvimɣiˈnːɔː]
[wănaʀˈħiːv pɛː ʔʉnmaˈlːɛnːɔː]
[lăʃuːˈneːnʉː lăˈxɔː ʀiˈnːɔː]
 
[dĕˈʕeː ħɔxˈmɔː lănafˈʃɛːxɔː]
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːaːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Gaelic (i.u. "Ashkenazim")
 
[dăˈrur jigˈro ləˈveən ʔim bas]
[vəjintsorˈxem kəˈmu voˈvas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈxem wəˈlu jʉʃˈbas]
[ʃəˈvʉ nʉˈ[h]ʉ bəˈjum ʃaˈbos]
 
[dəˈroəʃ noˈvi vəʔʉloˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjeəʃa ʔaˈseə ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈreəg bəˈsux karˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔeə ʃawˈʔas bəˈneə ʔaˈmi]
 
[dəˈroəx pʉˈro bəˈsux botsˈro]
[vəˈɣam boˈveəl ʔaˈʃɛr govˈro]
[nəˈsoəts tsoˈraj bəˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[ʃəˈma guˈli bəˈjum ʔegˈro]
 
[ʔeluˈhim teən bamidˈbor har]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo bəˈrus tidˈhor]
[vəlamazˈhir vəlanizˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim teən kəˈmeə noˈhor]
 
[haˈdoəx goˈmaj xaj ʔeəl gaˈno]
[bəˈmoəɣ leəˈvov ʔʉvimɣiˈno]
[vənarˈhiːv pe ʔʉnmaˈleno]
[ləʃuˈneənʉ ləˈxo riˈno]
 
[dəˈʔeə xoxˈmo lənafˈʃexo]
[vəˈhi ˈxeser ləruˈʃexo]
[nəˈtsoər mitsˈvas gadoəˈʃexo]
[ʃəˈmoər ʃaˈbas godˈʃexo]
</poem>
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
English (What Inthar got from an Israeli site explaining piyyutim)
[God] will proclaim freedom for his sons and daughters
And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
Pleasant is your name and will never cease [to be so];
Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.
[God], remember my abode and my hall [Temple]
And show me a sign of salvation.
Plant a choice vine in my vineyard [give us a messiah/king in Jerusalem],
Attend to the cries of my people.
Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
And Babylon which overpowered [us].
Crush my oppressors in your wrath,
Hear my voice when I call.
O God, give us a mountain amidst the desert,
Myrtles, acacias, cypresses and [unknown tree species];
To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
Grant peace like a flowing river.
Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
[lit. Melt their hearts] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.
Know what is wise for your soul,
And [wisdom] shall be a crown for your head.
Guard your Holy One's commandment,
Keep your holy Sabbath.
</poem>
{{col-end}}
==Gaelic Hebrew==
Gaelic Hebrew (i.u. עברית אשכנזית ''ivrís așcănázis'') has been influenced by [[Ăn Yidiș]] and [[Galoyseg]], mostly the former. Similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except
* Hyper-Tiberian /e ɔ o u ü/ are pronounced like [[Judeo-Gaelic]] ''ey o oa u ü''
** A minimal pair between the two holams: חוֹל ''hul'' 'sand' (Aramaic ''Hālā'') and חוֹל ''hoal'' '(something) secular' (~ חילל 'he desecrated')
* Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation (dropped in Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș, however)
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ''gh''
*/r/ is an alveolar flap
*affricates are distinguished from stop-fricative sequences, as in Judeo-Gaelic but unlike our Israeli Hebrew: תשומת לב [tsɨmas leəv] 'attention' is pronounced differently than *צומת לב.
*kuf and tet are /g/ and /d/
*/p t k/ are aspirated
*PSem /H/ is /h/ and PSem /x/ is /x/
* Sibilants mergers are like in our TibH.
* /h/ is silent. (חילל 'to desecrate' and הילל 'to praise' shouldn't be homophones)
==Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew==
Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew was similar to Tiberian Hebrew, unless stated otherwise. It was the ancestor to Gaelic Hebrew. This timeline's Yemenite Hebrew is very similar except with /o/ > /ø/.
Hyper-Tiberian has the following sound changes from PSem:
*emphatics and alveolar /r/ are kept
*ś/s þ š > Basque z, Basque s, š (written as shin left dot, shin middle dot, shin right dot)
*z ð > voiced Basque z, voiced Basque s (the latter becomes Tamil zh in some readings)
*ś' þ' s' > /ts, c, c/ (but ejectives)
* Ayn and ghayn are still merged, as well as H and x.
* Qamatz is always /O/ as in Tiberian.
Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew also distinguishes
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u = ''o'' /o/
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā and *aw = ''ů'' /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
* Proto-Semitic *ū = ''u'' /ü/ (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
Some accents merge the first two vowels like our TibH and Israeli did, some merge the second two, and others, such as [[Ăn Yidiș]] Hebrew, keep all three distinct.
== Hyper-Israeli ==
This reading tradition is used by the same sect of non-Rabbinic Jews as the Apple PIE Indian Jews who live in North Africa and the Holy Land in Apple PIE.
Like our Israeli Hebrew, but:
* Hyper-Israeli reflects Hyper-TibH ''o'' (and qamatz qatan) as /ʌ̹/, Hyper-TibH ''ů'' as /u̠/, and Hyper-TibH ''u'' as /u̟/. (These vowels resemble Seoul Korean ''eo'', ''o'', and ''u'' respectively.)
* PSem *H is reflected as a uvular fricative (merging with lenited kaf) and PSem *x is voiceless sje.
* Non-prevocalic V + ayin sequences are reflected as nasal vowels or nasal vowel offglides: ארבע /aʁbɑ̃/ '4'.
* Proto-Semitic ð became ''ž'', as in זימר ''žimer'' 'he overpowered', as opposed to זימר ''zimer'' 'he sang'.
==Riphean Hebrew==
Inspired by a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v ɣ ɣ d z h v z h t j kʰ x l m n s ʔ p f tɕ⁼ k⁼ ɹ~ʐ ʃ tʰ s] (some Ashkenazim have ð > z)
/i u e o ɛ ɔ a ă ɔ̆ ɛ̆/ = [i u iə uə ɛ ɔ a ə ɔ ɛ]
/ɓɔˈɹux ʔaˈtʰɔ ʔəzuəˈnɔi, ʔɛluəˈhiənu mɛlɛx hɔʔuəˈlɔm, sɛhɛhɛˈjɔnu vək⁼ijəˈmɔnu vəhiɣiˈʔɔnu lazəˈman haˈzɛ/
==Corded Ware Hebrew==
North American Hebrew was revived independently by Corded Ware-speaking Jews. Revived Hebrew in North America uses more Corded Ware-like grammar, like preferring object affixes to using pronominal forms of the object marker את ''eþ''.
Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva na = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community. Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.
The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The past 2fs suffix /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.
ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəlo'henu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./
שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/
===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
Typical Western or Central CW reading
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
[vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]
וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
[wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]
וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
[waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]
וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
[waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]
וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
[wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]
==Hoddi Hebrew==
Indian Ebionite Hebrew?
*/k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ] ''k kh g gh''
*/ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ] ''č ǰh'' (*S/*Z *ð)
*/tś ź/ [ts dzʰ] ''c jh'' (*D *z)
*/t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n] ''t th d dh n''
*/p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m] ''p ph b bh m''
*/j r l w/ = [j r l w~v] ''y r l v''
*/s *þ ś ʃ h ħ ʔ ʕ/ [s ʃ s ʃ h qʰ ʔ q] ''s š s š h qh ' q''
Plosives without dagesh are aspirated.
Roughly: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o o u ə ə/e o] ''i e a a ā o o u a a/e o''
[bəreʃitʰ bara ʔelohim ʔətʰ həʃʃaməjim ʋəʔətʰ haʔarəts]


[ʋəhaʔarəts hajətʰa tʰohu ʋabʰohu ʋəqʰo(ʃ)ekʰ qəl pəne təhom ʋəruqʰ ʔelohim məraqʰəpʰətʰ qəl pəne həmmajim]
== East Asian readings ==
Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops
=== Mandarin Hebrew ===
=== Korean Hebrew ===
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/


Final /h/ is pronounced with an echo vowel: e.g. למינה /ləmi'naha/ 'according to its kind', אלוה /ə'loho/ 'God'.
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/


''ǰhimmer'' 'to overpower', ''jhimmer'' 'to play music'
Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte


==Tibetan Hebrew==
=== Japanese Hebrew ===
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f tsʼ kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ p⁼ v k⁼ g t⁼ d h w z h tʰ j kʰ x l m n s ʔ pʰ f ts⁼ kʰ ɹ ɕ tʰ h]
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}]


/i e ɛ a ɔ o u ə ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə a o y u ə a ə ø]
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/

Latest revision as of 18:54, 21 February 2026

Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

East Asian readings

Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops

Mandarin Hebrew

Korean Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e̞ e̞ a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e̞ o/

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/

Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte

Japanese Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o̞ː o̞ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o̞]

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r ɕ t t/

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