Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the Zohar are identical to ours. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Ăn Yidiș rather than Yiddish.)  
== Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) ==
<poem>
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת


However, many accents of Apple PIE Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.
דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי


There is also a large group of people who call themselves "lost-tribe Israelites" who live in Africa and preserve Palestinian-Hebrew like vowel points, but pronounced with aspirated stops for voiced fricatives.
דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא


== Irta Modern Hebrew ==
אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
Used as a Jewish lingua franca rather than as a vernacular
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר


Should be mutually intelligible with our Modern Hebrew speakers, though it may sound a bit flowery.
הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה


The standard variety today is Sephardi Hebrew with an Ăn Yidiș-influenced accent and grammar. Formal Hebrew is less of an Ăn Yidiș relex, and recent spoken Hebrew's more of an English relex.
דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ
</poem>


* Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [(ʔ) p= v k= ɣ t⁼ t⁼ h w ts⁼ χ t⁼ j kʰ χ l m n s ʁ pʰ f tsʰ kʰ r~ɻ ʃ tʰ s]
== East Asian readings ==
* Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e(j) e a a u o u Ø~ə a e o]
Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops
* /r/ is alveolar and is often an approximant.
=== Mandarin Hebrew ===
* Undageshed tav is [s] as in Ăn Yidiș Hebrew.
=== Korean Hebrew ===
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/


It is SVO like our Hebrew, but sometimes prefers Ăn Yidiș syntax, e.g.
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/
* much more willing to use איני, אינך, ...for negation in present tense (אין הוא, אין היא in 3rd person); in our IH these forms are formal/written (bc Gaelic negation comes before subject pronouns). לא אני... ''Lo ăni'' is a focus construction 'It's not me that...', and אין אני ''eyn ăni'' in non  3rd person are solemn.
* Irish/Ăn Yidiș calques in some common expressions
** The following are used instead of בבקשה ''bevakasha'':
*** עם רצונך ''im retzonxa'' (lit. 'with your will', a calque of ''lă dă-thel'') 'please'
*** זה חייך ''ze xayéxa'' (lit. 'it's your life', like ''șe dă-bhethă'') 'you're welcome'
*** זה לך ''ze lăxa'' (lit. 'this is to you', like ''șa did'') 'here you go'
** רצון איתי ''ratzon iti'' 'I like' (''tel lum''), עדיף איתי ''ȝadif iti'' 'I prefer' (''fyor lum''), ''ăni xofec bă-'' 'I want'
*** More formally ''ani rotze be-'' = 'I like, I am pleased with'
** ''haya racon iti'' 'I'd like'
** אפשר איתי ''efšar iti'' 'I can' (''efșăr lum'')
* Question particles (''ha2im'', ''ha-'' in more formal contexts) are usually retained. Questions don't have a different intonation from declarative sentences; they both have falling intonation. Question marks are not usually used.
* It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ''ach'' 'but' and שָׂשׂ ''sas'' 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל ''aval'' and שָׂמֵחַ ''sameax''. כה ''ko'' is as common as כל כך ''kul káx'' for 'so (ADJ)'.
* Tenses are similar to our Modern Hebrew tenses but the ''haya okhel'' construction is more cpmmon.
** היה הוא אוכל = Past imperfective/progressive/conditional (corresponds to V'e ăg îth)
** הוא אוכל = Present
** הוא אכל = Past perfective
** הוא יאכל = Future
* Loazit ''-cya'' '-tion' is borrowed directly from Latin ''-tiō'', via Ăn Yidiș/Tsarfati Hebrew ''-țyo''
* Prepositions can be weird, esp ''3al'' and ''3im'' (mapped to Irish ''ar'' and ''le'')


== Sephardi and Mizrahi Hebrew ==
Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte
Same as in our timeline


==Tsarfati Hebrew==
=== Japanese Hebrew ===
Standardized Tsarfati Hebrew (עברית צרפתית ''ivrís țarfósis'') has been influenced by [[Ăn Yidiș]] (Judeo-Gaelic). Similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}]
* Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as [[Judeo-Gaelic]] ''ey o u ü'' (/ej o u y/ in Standard Ăn Yidiș)
* Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation (dropped whenever possible in Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș, however)
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ''gh''
*/r/ is an alveolar flap/trill or a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
* dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
*kuf and tet are unaspirated /k/ and /t/
*/p t k/ are aspirated
* Sibilants mergers are like in our TibH.
* Final /h/ (he mappiq) is pronounced, since An Yidish has final /h/. (חילל 'to desecrate' and הילל 'to praise' shouldn't be homophones)
* The most conservative Tsarfati readings keep geminate nun, lamedh and resh distinct from their non-geminated counterparts, pronouncing these as reflexes of Old Irish broad /N/, slender /L/ and broad /R/.


Due to convergent evolution, Irtan Chinese Hebrew is identical to Tsarfati Hebrew pronounced in the Standard Ăn Yidiș accent, except
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/
* Resh is always Mandarin ''r''
* Final /h/ is silent as in our Israeli Hebrew
 
== Old Tsarfati Hebrew==
Old Tsarfati Hebrew was similar to Tiberian Hebrew, unless stated otherwise. It was the source of early Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș (before the pronunciation was re-standardized according to Tiberian niqqud, resulting in what is today called Tsarfati Hebrew).
 
It has the following sound changes from PSem:
*emphatics and alveolar /r/ are kept
*ś/s þ š > Basque z, Basque s, š (written as shin left dot, shin middle dot, shin right dot)
*z ð > voiced Basque z, voiced Basque s (the latter becomes Tamil zh in some readings)
*ś' þ' s' > /ts, c, c/ (but ejectives)
* Ayn and ghayn are still merged, as well as H and x.
* Qamatz is always /O/ as in Tiberian.
 
Old Tsarfati Hebrew also distinguished
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u = ''o'' /o/
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā and *aw = ''ů'' /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
* Proto-Semitic *ū = ''u'' /ü/ (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
 
A minimal pair between the two holams: חוֹל ''chul'' 'sand' (*Hāl; ~ Aramaic ''Hālā'') and חוֹל ''choal'' '(something) secular' (*Hull; ~ חילל 'he desecrated')
 
== Hyper-Israeli ==
This reading tradition is used by the same sect of non-Rabbinic Jews as the Apple PIE Indian Jews who live in North Africa and the Holy Land in Apple PIE.
 
Like our Israeli Hebrew, but:
* Hyper-Israeli reflects Hyper-TibH ''o'' (and qamatz qatan) as /ʌ̹/, Hyper-TibH ''ů'' as /u̠/, and Hyper-TibH ''u'' as /u̟/. (These vowels resemble Seoul Korean ''eo'', ''o'', and ''u'' respectively.)
* PSem *H is reflected as a uvular fricative (merging with lenited kaf) and PSem *x is voiceless sje.
* Non-prevocalic V + ayin sequences are reflected as nasal vowels or nasal vowel offglides: ארבע /aʁbɑ̃/ '4'.
* Proto-Semitic ð became ''ž'', as in זימר ''žimer'' 'he overpowered', as opposed to זימר ''zimer'' 'he sang'.
 
==Camalanàbha Hebrew==
Lost Tribe Hebrew
*/k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ] ''k kh g gh''
*/ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ] ''č ǰh'' (*S/*Z *ð)
*/tś ź/ [ts dzʰ] ''c jh'' (*D *z)
*/t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n] ''t th d dh n''
*/p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m] ''p ph b bh m''
*/j r l w/ = [j r l w~v] ''y r l v''
*/s *þ ś ʃ h ħ X ʔ ʕ G/ [s ʃ s ʃ h qʰ ʔ q] ''s š s š h h qh ' ' q''
 
tet -> voiceless unaspirated, tav -> aspirated with no lenition, dalet series -> voiced, aspiration corresponds to lenition
 
Voiced plosives without dagesh are aspirated. Dagesh forte is always realized as gemination.
 
Roughly: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o o u ə ə/e o] ''i e a a ā o o u a a/e o''
 
[bəreʃitʰ bara ʔelohim ʔətʰ həʃʃaməjim ʋəʔətʰ haʔarəts]
 
[ʋəhaʔarəts hajətʰa tʰohu ʋabʰohu ʋəqʰo(ʃ)ekʰ qəl pʰəne tʰəhom ʋəruqʰ ʔelohim mərəqʰəpʰətʰ qəl pʰəne həmmajim]
 
Final /h/ is pronounced with an echo vowel: e.g. למינה /ləmi'naha/ 'according to its kind', אלוה /ə'loho/ 'God'.
 
''ǰhimmer'' 'to overpower', ''jhimmer'' 'to play music'

Latest revision as of 18:54, 21 February 2026

Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

East Asian readings

Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops

Mandarin Hebrew

Korean Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e̞ e̞ a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e̞ o/

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/

Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte

Japanese Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o̞ː o̞ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o̞]

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r ɕ t t/

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