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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Scots Norse
|name=Scots Norse
|nativename=Sudhrø̀sk
|nativename={{lang|snon|Sudhraèscc}}
|pronunciation=sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ
|pronunciation=sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ
|ethnicity=Norse Scots
|ethnicity=Norse Scots
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|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000
|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000
|date=2019
|date=2019
|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg
|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Sudhrø̀sk''; /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/) is a West Nordic language, making it closer to Icelandic and Faroese than Swedish or Danish. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the isles. It has recieved heavy influence from Scots Gaelic over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse (see "-ske" /ʃcʰ/ vs "-sk" /skʰ/)
'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''{{lang|snon|Sudhraèscc}}''; /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/) is a West Nordic language, making it closer to Icelandic and Faroese than Swedish or Danish. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the isles. It has recieved heavy influence from Scots Gaelic over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse (see "-sce" /ʃcʰ/ vs "-scc" /skʰ/)


Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''Hàsudhrø̀sk'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")
Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''{{lang|snon|Hàsudhraèscc}}'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")
==History==
==History==
===Pre-Modern===
===Pre-Modern===
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.


Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Mann (Scots Norse ''"monø̀jr"'' /mɒ.ˈnei̯θ͇/). Little is known about Manx Norse (''monø̀sk''), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words, with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the dental fricatives that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ or the Scots' [Gaels'] sounds of the same staves [=letters]."
Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Mann (Scots Norse {{l|snon|monaèir}} /mɒ.ˈnei̯θ͇/). Little is known about Manx Norse ({{l|snon|monaèsk}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words, with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the dental fricatives that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ or the Scots' [Gaels'] sounds of the same staves [=letters]."


Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.
Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.
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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.
The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.
:Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhrø̀jr'' is stressed on "ø̀")
:Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhraèir'' is stressed on "aèi")
 
===Mutation===
Since Old Norse, initial consonant mutations have began developing. Scots Norse has several forms:
:radical (basic)
:lenited
:nasal
:soft
these can be shown quite well through pronouns + lemma, as a pronoun exists that causes most of them (except soft).
 
Take these following examples:
:''thù tàlir'' /ˈxu ˈto.ʎɪθ͇/ — "you speak"
:''e thàli'' /ˈe ˈho.ʎɪ/— "I speak"
:''ha nhàlir'' /ˈha ˈn̥o.ʎɪθ͇/— "he speaks"


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
(only accurate up to "d")
Doubled consonants are essentially identical to singular ones, the exceptions will be placed in the table, and as a general rule, doubled initial consonants are long, composing the only geminates in the language.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
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| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /bˠ/
| /bˠ/
| {{term|bògi}} /ˈbˠo.ɟɪ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bògi}}}}'' /ˈbˠo.ɟɪ/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
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| colspan=2 | before u/ù, a consonant, or finally
| colspan=2 | before u/ù, a consonant, or finally
| /./ or null
| /./ or null
| {{term|bhùrr}} /ˈur/, {{term|àbbh}} /ˈo/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhùrr}}}}'' /ˈur/, ''{{lang|snon|{{term|àbbh}}}}'' /ˈo/
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | usually
| rowspan=3 | usually
| plain
| plain
| /v/
| /v/
| {{term|bhàrr}} /ˈvor/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhàrr}}}}'' /ˈvor/
|-
|-
| broad
| broad
| /vˠ/ [ɰ~w]
| /vˠ/
| {{term|bholc}} /ˈvˠʊkʰ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bholl}}}}'' /ˈvˠɔl/
|-
|-
| slender
| slender
| /vʲ/
| /vʲ/
| {{term|bhère}} /ˈvʲerʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhèrr}}}}'' /ˈvʲerʲ/
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''c'''
| rowspan=4 | '''c'''
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| initially and finally
| initially and finally
| /kʰ/
| /kʰ/
| {{term|cotte}} /ˈkʰɔt͡ʃʰ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|cotte}}}}'' /ˈkʰɔt͡ʃʰ/
|-
|-
| between vowels
| between vowels
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| initially and finally
| initially and finally
| /cʰ/
| /cʰ/
| {{term|cìss}} /cʰis/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|cìss}}}}'' /cʰis/
|-
|-
| between vowels  
| between vowels  
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| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| '''ch'''
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| colspan=2 | word finally
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /x/
| /x/
| {{term|loch}} /ˈlˠɔx/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|loch}}}}'' /ˈɫɔx/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
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|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''cn'''
| colspan=3 | '''cn'''
| {{IPA|/kʰɾ/}}
| /kʰɾ/
| {{term|cnà}} /ˈkʰɾo/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|cnà}}}}'' /ˈkʰɾo/
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chn'''
| /xɾ/ [r̥]
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|e}}) {{term|chnà}}}}'' /(ˈɛ) ˈxɾo/
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''d'''
| rowspan=3 | '''d'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /d/
| /d/
| {{term|dàge}} /ˈdoɟ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|dàge}}}}'' /ˈdoɟ/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
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| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''dh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''dh'''
| rowspan="3" | broad
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
| rowspan="2" | between vowels
| /./ or null
| {{IPA|/./}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|òdha}}}}'' /ˈo.ə/, ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sudhraèir}}}}'' /sˠʌ.ˈrei̯θ͇/
| {{lang|gd|odhar}} {{IPA|/ˈo.ər/}}, {{lang|gd|cladhadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰl̪ˠɤ.əɣ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
|{{lang|gd|modhail}} {{IPA|/ˈmɔɣal/}}
| /ɣ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{lang|gd|dhà}} {{IPA|/ɣaː/}}, {{lang|gd|modh}} {{IPA|/mɔɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|tumadh}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ʰuməɣ/}}
| /ʝ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| between vowels
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| {{IPA|/./}}
| /g/
| {{lang|gd|Gàidheal}} {{IPA|/ˈkɛː.əl̪ˠ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|godh}}}}'' /ˈɡɔ/
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ʝ/}}
| /ɟ/
| {{lang|gd|dhìth}} {{IPA|/ʝiː/}}, {{lang|gd|dhìol}} {{IPA|/ʝiəl̪ˠ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|dàge}}}}'' /ˈdoɟ/
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''f'''
| rowspan=2 | '''gh'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| /ɣ/
| {{lang|gd|fathan}} {{IPA|/ˈfahan/}}, {{lang|gd|gafann}} {{IPA|/ˈkafən̪ˠ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|han}}) {{term|ghodh}}}}'' /(ˈhã) ˈɣɔ/
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| /ʝ/
| {{lang|gd|fios}} {{IPA|/fis̪/}}, {{lang|gd|fèill}} {{IPA|/feːʎ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| before back vowel
| colspan=3 | '''gn'''
| {{IPA|/fj/}}
| /ɡɾ/
| {{lang|gd|fiùran}} {{IPA|/ˈfjuːɾan/}}, {{lang|gd|feòl}} {{IPA|/fjɔːl̪ˠ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|gnaèt}}}}'' /ˈɡɾet/
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''fh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''h'''
|colspan=2 | usual
| colspan=2 | plain
|none
| /h/
| {{lang|gd|fhios}} {{IPA|/is̪/}}, {{lang|gd|a fharadh}} {{IPA|/ˈaɾəɣ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hàte}}}}'' /ˈhot͡ʃ/
|-
| colspan=2 | exceptionally
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|gd|fhathast}} {{IPA|/ha.əs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|fhèin}} {{IPA|/heːn/}}, {{lang|gd|fhuair}} {{IPA|/huəɾʲ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| /x/
| {{lang|gd|gad}} {{IPA|/kat̪/}}, {{lang|gd|ugan}} {{IPA|/ˈukan/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/kʲ/}}
| /ç/
| {{lang|gd|gille}} {{IPA|/ˈkʲiʎə/}}, {{lang|gd|leig}} {{IPA|/ʎekʲ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|dìhiale}}}}'' /ˈd͡ʒi.çəʎ/
|-
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''gh'''
| rowspan=4 | '''l'''
| colspan=2 | finally, sometimes
| rowspan=2 | plain
| none*
| non-finally
| {{lang|gd|an-diugh}} {{IPA|/əɲˈtʲu/}}, {{lang|gd|nigh}} {{IPA|/ɲiː/}}
| /l/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | between vowels
| finally
| {{IPA|/./}}*
| /ʃ/
| {{lang|gd|aghaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈɤː.ɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|fiughar}} {{IPA|/ˈfju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|nigheann}} {{IPA|/ˈɲiː.an̪ˠ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl}}}}'' /ˈʃeʃ/
|-
|-
|{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| colspan=2 | broad
|{{lang|gd|laghail}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠɤɣal/}}
| /lˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | elsewhere
| colspan=2 | slender
| broad
| /ʎ/
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl|sèlir}}}}'' /ˈʃe.ʎɪθ͇/
| {{lang|gd|mo ghoc}} {{IPA|/mə ɣɔʰk/}}, {{lang|gd|lagh}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠɤɣ/}}
|-
|-
| slender
| rowspan=3 | '''ll'''
| {{IPA|/ʝ/}}
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|mo ghille}} {{IPA|/mə ʝiʎə/}}, {{lang|gd|do thaigh}} {{IPA|/t̪ə hɤj/}}
| /l/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|tàll}}}}'' /ˈtol/
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''gn'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/kr/}}
| /lˠ/
| {{lang|gd|gnè}} {{IPA|/kɾʲɛː/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''h'''
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|gd|a h-athair}} {{IPA|/ə hahɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|Hearach}} {{IPA|/ˈhɛɾəx/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ç/}}
| /ʎ/
| {{lang|gd|deich}} {{IPA|/tʲeç/}}, {{lang|gd|dìcheall}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲiːçəl̪ˠ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''m'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /m/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|màl}}}}'' /ˈmoʃ/
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''l'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/l̪ˠ/}}
| /mˠ/
| {{lang|gd|lachan}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠaxən/}}, {{lang|gd|a laoidh}} {{IPA|/ə l̪ˠɯj/}}, {{lang|gd|balach}} {{IPA|/ˈpal̪ˠəx/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| initially, unlenited
| /mʲ/
| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| {{term|}} //
| {{lang|gd|leabaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈʎepɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|leum}} {{IPA|/ʎeːm/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''mh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /m̥/
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|hi|hin}}) {{term|mhàl}}}}'' /(ˈçɪ̃) ˈm̥oʃ/
|-
|-
| initially, lenited
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/l/}}
| /m̥ˠ/
| {{lang|gd|dà leabaidh}} {{IPA|/t̪aː lepɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|bho leac}} {{IPA|/vɔ lɛʰk/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{lang|gd|cuilean}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰulan/}}, {{lang|gd|sùil}} {{IPA|/s̪uːl/}}
| /m̥ʲ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''n'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ll'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/l̪ˠ/}}
| /nˠ~ŋ/
| {{lang|gd|balla}} {{IPA|/ˈpal̪ˠə/}}, {{lang|gd|ciall}} {{IPA|/kʰʲiəl̪ˠ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| /ɲ/
| {{lang|gd|cailleach}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaʎəx/}}, {{lang|gd|mill}} {{IPA|/miːʎ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''m'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/m/}}
| {{lang|gd|maol}} {{IPA|/mɯːl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|màla}} {{IPA|/ˈmaːl̪ˠə/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | post-vocalic when final/pre-fricative
| before front vowel
| /Ṽ/
| {{lang|gd|milis}} {{IPA|/ˈmilɪʃ/}}, {{lang|gd|tìm}} {{IPA|/tʰʲiːm/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| before back vowel
| rowspan=3 | '''nh'''
| {{IPA|/mj/}}
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|meall}} {{IPA|/mjaul̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|meòg}} {{IPA|/mjɔːk/}}
| /n̥/
|-
| {{term|}} //
| rowspan=4 | '''mh'''
| colspan=2 | between vowels, sometimes
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{lang|gd|comhairle}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰo.əɾlə/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/v/}}
| /n̥ˠ~ŋ̊/
| {{lang|gd|àmhainn}} {{IPA|/ˈaːvɪɲ/}}, {{lang|gd|caomh}} {{IPA|/kʰɯːv/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| /ɲ̊/
| {{lang|gd|caoimhin}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰɯːvɪɲ/}}, {{lang|gd|làimh}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠaiv/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| before back vowel
| rowspan=3 | '''nn'''
| {{IPA|/vj/}}
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|do mhealladh}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ ˈvjal̪ˠəɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|dà mheall}} {{IPA|/t̪aː vjaul̪ˠ/}}
| /n/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hann}}}}'' /han/
|-
|-
| rowspan=7 | '''n'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=3 | broad
| /nˠ/
| initially, unlenited
| {{term|}} //
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|gd|nàbaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠaːpi/}}, {{lang|gd|norrag}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠɔrˠak/}}
|-
|-
| initially, lenited
| colspan=2 | slender
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/n/}}
| /ɲ/
| {{lang|gd|mo nàire}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈnaːɾʲɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|bho nàbaidh}} {{IPA|/vɔ ˈnaːpɪ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''p'''
| rowspan=2 | plain
| initially, before a vowel/finally
| /pʰ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| {{lang|gd|dona}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɔnə/}}, {{lang|gd|sean}} {{IPA|/ʃɛn/}}
| /p/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|priadh}}}}'' /ˈprʲa/
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | slender
| initially, unlenited
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|neul}} {{IPA|/ɲial̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|neart}} {{IPA|/ɲɛɾʃt̪/}}
|-
| initially, lenited
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| {{lang|gd|mo nighean}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈni.an/}}, {{lang|gd|dà nead}} {{IPA|/t̪aː nɛt̪/}}
|-
| elsewhere, after back vowel
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|duine}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɯɲə/}}, {{lang|gd|càineadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaːɲəɣ/}}
|-
| elsewhere, after front vowel
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| {{lang|gd|cana}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰanə/}}, {{lang|gd|teine}} {{IPA|/ˈtʰʲenə/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ng'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
| /pˠ/
| {{lang|gd|teanga}} {{IPA|/ˈtʰʲɛŋɡə/}}, {{lang|gd|fulang}} {{IPA|/ˈful̪ˠəŋɡ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|post}}}}'' /ˈpˠɔstʰ/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ŋʲɡʲ/}}
| /pʲ/
| {{lang|gd|aingeal}} {{IPA|/ˈaiŋʲɡʲəl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|farsaing}} {{IPA|/ˈfaɾs̪ɪŋʲɡʲ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /f/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ophàrr}}}}'' /ɒ.ˈfor/
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''nn'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| /fˠ/
| {{lang|gd|ceannaich}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰʲan̪ˠɪç/}}, {{lang|gd|ann}} {{IPA|/aun̪ˠ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|sa}}) {{term|phost}}}}'' /(ˈsa) ˈfˠɔstʰ/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| /fʲ/
| {{lang|gd|bainne}} {{IPA|/ˈpaɲə/}}, {{lang|gd|tinn}} {{IPA|/tʰʲiːɲ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|han}}) {{term|phiutharr}}}}'' /(ˈhã) ˈfʲɤ.ər/
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''p'''
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| rowspan=4 | broad </br> slender not before back vowel
| colspan=2 | finally
| initially or after consonant
| /θ͇/
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhar}}}}'' /ˈvaθ͇/
| {{lang|gd|post}} {{IPA|/pʰɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|campa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaumpə/}}, {{lang|gd|peasair}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰes̪ɪɾʲ/}},
|-
|-
| between vowels
| colspan=2 | plain
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰp/}}
| /r/
| {{lang|gd|cupa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuʰpə/}}, {{lang|gd|cipean}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰʲiʰpan/}} 
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sudhraèscc}}}}'' /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/
|-
| finally after vowel
| {{lang|gd|cuip}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuiʰp/}}
|-
| finally after consonant
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| {{lang|gd|ailp}} {{IPA|/alp/}}
|-
|-
| slender before back vowel
| after consonant, or initially
| {{IPA|/pʰj/}}
| {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|peall}} {{IPA|/pʰjaul̪ˠ/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| /rˠ/
| {{lang|gd|sa phost}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bho phàiste}} {{IPA|/vɔ ˈfaːʃtʲə/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| /rʲ/
| {{lang|gd|dà pheasair}} {{IPA|/t̪aː ˈfes̪ɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|mo pheata}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfɛʰt̪ə/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhère}}}}'' /ˈvʲerʲ/
|-
|-
| before back vowel
| rowspan=4 | '''rr'''
| {{IPA|/fj/}}
| colspan=2 | finally
| {{lang|gd|mo phiuthar}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|sa pheann}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fjaun̪ˠ/}}
| /r/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhàrr}}}}'' /ˈvor/
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | initially, unlenited
| /r/
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| {{term|}} //
| {{lang|gd|ràmh}} {{IPA|/rˠaːv/}}, {{lang|gd|rionnag}} {{IPA|/ˈrˠun̪ˠak/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | initially, lenited
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɾ/}}
| /rˠ/
| {{lang|gd|do rùn}} {{IPA|/tɔ ɾuːn/}}, {{lang|gd|bho rèic}} {{IPA|/vɔ ɾeːʰkʲ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | elsewhere
| colspan=2 | slender
| broad
| /rʲ/
| {{lang|gd|caran}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaɾan/}}, {{lang|gd|mura}} {{IPA|/ˈmuɾə/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| slender
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| {{IPA|/ɾʲ/}}
| /ɾʃt̪/
| {{lang|gd|cìr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲiːɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|cuireadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuɾʲəɣ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''rr'''
| rowspan=3 | '''s'''
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|cearr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲaːrˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|barra}} {{IPA|/ˈparˠə/}}
| /s/
|-
| {{term|}} //
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| {{IPA|/ɾʃt̪/}}
| {{lang|gd|neart}} {{IPA|/ɲɛɾʃt̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bord}} {{IPA|/pɔːɾʃt̪/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/s̪/}}
| /sˠ/
| {{lang|gd|sàr}} {{IPA|/s̪aːɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|casan}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰas̪an/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| /ʃ/
| {{lang|gd|siùcair}} {{IPA|/ˈʃuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|càise}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaːʃə/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl}}}}'' /ˈʃeʃ/
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/h/}}
| /x/
| {{lang|gd|ro shalach}} {{IPA|/ɾɔ ˈhal̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shoilleir}} {{IPA|/kleː ˈhɤʎɪɾʲ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| /ç/
| {{lang|gd|dà shìl}} {{IPA|/t̪aː hiːʎ/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shean}} {{IPA|/kleː hɛn/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|bholl}}) {{term|shèl}}}}'' /(ˈvˠɔl) ˈçeʃ/
|-
|-
| before back vowel
| rowspan=5 | '''t'''
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| rowspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|de shiùcair}} {{IPA|/tʲe ˈhjuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|a sheòladh}} {{IPA|/ə ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəɣ/}}
| initially/finally
| /tʰ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|tàll}}}}'' /ˈtʰol/
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''sr, str'''
| elsewhere
| {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾ/}}
| /t/
| {{lang|gd|sràc}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾaːʰk/}}, {{lang|gd|strì}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾʲiː/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=8 | '''t'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=4 | broad
| /tˠ/
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| {{term|}} //
| {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
| {{lang|gd|tasdan}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ʰas̪t̪an/}}, {{lang|gd|molta}} {{IPA|/ˈmɔl̪ˠt̪ə/}}
|-
|-
| between vowels
| rowspan=2 | slender
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰt̪/}}
| initially/finally
| {{lang|gd|bàta}} {{IPA|/ˈpaːʰt̪ə/}}
| /t͡ʃʰ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally, after vowel
| elsewhere
| {{lang|gd|put}} {{IPA|/pʰuʰt̪/}}
| /t͡ʃ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally, after consonant
| rowspan=4 | '''th'''
| {{IPA|/t/}}
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
|
| /./ or null
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | slender
| colspan=2 | plain
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| /h/
| {{IPA|/tʰʲ/}}
| {{term|}} //
| {{lang|gd|tiugh}} {{IPA|/tʰʲu/}}, {{lang|gd|caillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaiʎtʲə/}}
|-
|-
| between vowels
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰtʲ/}}
| /x/
| {{lang|gd|litir}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰtʲɪɾʲ/}}
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|thù}}}}'' /ˈxu/
|-
|-
| finally, after vowel
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{lang|gd|cait}} {{IPA|/kʰɛʰtʲ/}}
| /ç/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally, after consonant
| rowspan=3 | z
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|ailt}} {{IPA|/altʲ/}}
| /z/
|-
| {{term|}} //
| rowspan="6" | '''th'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| none
| {{lang|gd|teth}} {{IPA|/tʰʲe/}}, {{lang|gd|leth}} {{IPA|/ʎe/}}, {{lang|gd|strath}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾa/}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | between vowels
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/./}}
| /zˠ/
| {{lang|gd|leotha}} {{IPA|/ˈlɔ.ə/}}, {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|cnòthan}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾɔː.ən/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/h/}}
| colspan=2 | slender
|{{lang|gd|beatha}} {{IPA|/ˈpɛhə/}}, {{lang|gd|fathan}} {{IPA|/ˈfahan/}}, {{lang|gd|a mhàthair}} {{IPA|/ə ˈvaːhɪɾʲ/}}
| /ʒ/
|-
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|an}}) {{term|zèl}}}}'' /(ˈan) ˈʒeʃ/
| rowspan="3" | initially
| broad
| {{lang|gd|mo thòn}} {{IPA|/mɔ hɔːn/}}, {{lang|gd|do thaigh}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ hɤʝ/}}
|-
| slender, before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|thig}} {{IPA|/hikʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|ro thinn}} {{IPA|/rˠɔ hiːɲ/}}
|-
| slender, before back vowel
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| {{lang|gd|do theaghlach}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè thiugh}} {{IPA|/kleː hju/}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 599: Line 587:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
A major development in nouns is the complete loss of the definite forms, being replaced by the independent "hinn", which precedes the noun, triggering nasal mutation in some forms.
====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|fc=d}}
There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.
 
Though the masculine a-stems tend for an -s genitive singular, and the i- and r-stems tend for -ar, there are many words that don't follow. The -i of the dative singular is frequently dropped from many words, particularly in the i-declension. Bisyllabic proper names originally in -arr or -urr, such as Einarr (modern "Ènar" /ˈe.nəθ͇/) and Gizurr (modern "Gisur" /ˈɟɪ.sʌθ͇/) do not contract as hamarr ("hamr-") before an inflectional syllable.
 
First to be shown will be the masculine patterns, then the feminines, and lastly the neuters, with several examples for each pattern.
 
These first few are masculine a-stems.
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|n=n-|l=ch-|fc=d}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àt|òt|n=nh|c=h|l=ch|fc=t}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|omr|amr|amar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch}}
Due to many sound changes, "hamare" is quite irregular, this following table is more colloquial spellings that better show pronunciation.
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|onr|anr|anar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch}}
And an uncontracted form (which is regular):
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|òmar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch|fc=r}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Here we have the neuter a-stem.
{{snon-decl-n-a|ost|ost|c=p|n=mh|l=ph|fc=t}}
In "post", notice the lack of change in the nom/acc plural, this is due to umlaut only occuring on -a- in this pattern, as in this next pattern.
{{snon-decl-n-a|àl|òl|c=m|n=mm|l=mh|fc=l}}
Now here in "màl", notice how the difference is present.
 
===Adjectives===
As with nouns, the definiteness distinction has been lost in adjectives, though it was lost far earlier than in nouns, this is attributed to the increasing reliance on the noun for definiteness. (Which itself too eventually fell to the use of "hi")
{{snon-decl-adj|sèl|r=sèl|fc=l|lem=sèl}}
 
===Prepositions===
Scots Norse has developed a system of inflected prepositions from the reduction of pronouns, these were eventually interpreted as part of the preposition rather than a pronoun as they had diverged so far from them.
 
{{snon-infl-prep|lem=ì|r=in|rm=im|rl=inh|dl=innh|nl=innh}}
 
 
 
{{snon-infl-prep|lem=at|r=at|rm=an|rl=ath|dl=atth|rv=ad|rln=anh}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 612: Line 639:
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====
====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
=====Class 1=====
======Class 1-heavy======
======Class 1-light======
=====Class 2=====
{{snon-conj-weak2|tàl|tòl|fc=l}}
=====Class 3=====
====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Texts==
==Texts==
Line 618: Line 654:
'''Original (English)''':
'''Original (English)''':
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
'''Old Norse (modern translation)''':
:Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
'''Scots Norse''':
:{{lang|snon|alir me n-èru bornir phriàlsir o chiabhnir, bhèrdi bhirdhingar o rhètti ather. nhèr èru alir gaèddir bhìti o shamhiscu, o shculu gèrr bhàr til annarr bhròdhurligg.}}
:(alir me n-èru bornir bhriàlsir o chiabhnir, bhèrdi bhirdhingar o rhètti ather. nhèr èru alir gaèddir bhìti o shamhiscu, o shculu gèrr bhàr til annarr bhròdhurligg.)
:/ˈa.ʎɪθ mʲɛ ɲe.rˠʌ ˈbɔr.ɪθ ˈvrʲu.ʃɪθ ɒ ˈça.ɲɪθ ˈvʲer.d͡ʒɪ ˈvʲɪr.ɪŋ.ɡəθ ɒ r̥ʲe.t͡ʃɪ ə.çɛθ | ɲ̊eθ ˈe.rˠʌ ˈa.ʎɪθ ˈɡe.d͡ʒɪθ vʲi.t͡ʃɪ ɒ ˈha.ˌm̥ʲɪs.kʌ ɒ ˈhkʰɤ.lʌ ˈɟer ˈvoθ ˈt͡ʃʰɪʃ ˈa.nər ˈvrˠo.ər.ʎɪɡ/
:'''English translation'''
::lit: "all men are born free and equal, being dignity and rights at them. they are all endowed to reason and to conscience, and should act each to others to brotherly(ness)"
::"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they are all endowed with reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"
==Lexical comparison==
==Lexical comparison==
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
Line 1,219: Line 1,268:
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Scots Norse|Scots Norse]]

Revision as of 17:11, 9 April 2026


Scots Norse
Sudhraèscc
Pronunciation[sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ]
Created byMelinoë
DateApril 3rd, 2026
Native toSuðreyjar
EthnicityNorse Scots
Native speakers(L1) 2,000 (2019)
(L2) < 50,000
Early forms
Dialects
  • Inner South
  • Inner Central
  • Inner North
  • Outer South
  • Outer North
Official status
Official language in
Scotland
Scots Norse is classified as critically endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Scots Norse (Also Sodor Norse; endonym: Sudhraèscc; /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/) is a West Nordic language, making it closer to Icelandic and Faroese than Swedish or Danish. It is natively spoken throughout Suðreyjar, being the dominant language of the isles. It has recieved heavy influence from Scots Gaelic over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse (see "-sce" /ʃcʰ/ vs "-scc" /skʰ/)

Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, Hàsudhraèscc, literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")

History

Pre-Modern

Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.

Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Mann (Scots Norse monaèir /mɒ.ˈnei̯θ͇/). Little is known about Manx Norse (monaèsk), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words, with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the dental fricatives that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ or the Scots' [Gaels'] sounds of the same staves [=letters]."

Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.

Modern

Modern Scots Norse is typically classed as critically endangered due to how few speakers it has, having no more than 2,500 native speakers as of 2020, and virtually all of them live in the Hebrides, making it extremely limited.

Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

Phonology

labial alveolar velar
plain broad slender plain broad slender plain broad slender
Nasal m mˠ mʲ n nˠ ɲ
Stop Unvoiced p pˠ pʲ t tˠ t͡ʃ k c
Voiced b bˠ bʲ d dˠ d͡ʒ g ɟ
Fricative Unvoiced f fˠ fʲ s, θ͇¹ sˠ ʃ h² x ç
Voiced v vˠ vʲ
Approximant r, l³ rˠ, lˠ rʲ, ʎ j
  1. Often plain /θ/
  2. /h/ merges with /x/ outside of Standard Scots Norse.
  3. Final "l" (not "ll") is often realized as /ʃ/.
Front Back
Unround Round
High i u
Near-High ɪ ʊ
Mid-High e (ə) o
Mid-Low ɛ (ʌ) ɔ
Low ɑ (ɒ)
  1. /ə, ʌ, ɒ/ are the unstressed realizations of /ɑ, ʊ, ɔ/.
  2. /ʊ/ is most typically realized as [ɤ]

Long vowels have long been lost, though their effects remain prominently, influencing the languages stress patterns heavily.

Every vowel can appear nasalized, though nasalization only occurs in specific positions, and is always shown with a single N. (though not all single Ns are nasalization)

  • Word finally
  • Before a fricative (S and H)
  • In some irregular positions when loaned from another language.

Prosody

The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.

Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so sudhraèir is stressed on "aèi")

Mutation

Since Old Norse, initial consonant mutations have began developing. Scots Norse has several forms:

radical (basic)
lenited
nasal
soft

these can be shown quite well through pronouns + lemma, as a pronoun exists that causes most of them (except soft).

Take these following examples:

thù tàlir /ˈxu ˈto.ʎɪθ͇/ — "you speak"
e thàli /ˈe ˈho.ʎɪ/— "I speak"
ha nhàlir /ˈha ˈn̥o.ʎɪθ͇/— "he speaks"

Orthography

Doubled consonants are essentially identical to singular ones, the exceptions will be placed in the table, and as a general rule, doubled initial consonants are long, composing the only geminates in the language.

Letter(s) Phoneme Examples
b plain /b/ [Term?]
broad /bˠ/ bògi /ˈbˠo.ɟɪ/
slender /bʲ/ [Term?]
bh before u/ù, a consonant, or finally /./ or null bhùrr /ˈur/, àbbh /ˈo/
usually plain /v/ bhàrr /ˈvor/
broad /vˠ/ bholl /ˈvˠɔl/
slender /vʲ/ bhèrr /ˈvʲerʲ/
c plain/broad initially and finally /kʰ/ cotte /ˈkʰɔt͡ʃʰ/
between vowels /k/ [Term?] //
slender initially and finally /cʰ/ cìss /cʰis/
between vowels /c/ [Term?] //
ch plain/broad /x/ loch /ˈɫɔx/
slender /ç/ [Term?] //
chd /xk/ [Term?] //
cn /kʰɾ/ cnà /ˈkʰɾo/
chn /xɾ/ [r̥] (e) chnà /(ˈɛ) ˈxɾo/
d plain /d/ dàge /ˈdoɟ/
broad /dˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /d͡ʒ/ [Term?] //
dh intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally /./ or null òdha /ˈo.ə/, sudhraèir /sˠʌ.ˈrei̯θ͇/
plain/broad /ɣ/ [Term?] //
slender /ʝ/ [Term?] //
g plain/broad /g/ godh /ˈɡɔ/
slender /ɟ/ dàge /ˈdoɟ/
gh plain/broad /ɣ/ (han) ghodh /(ˈhã) ˈɣɔ/
slender /ʝ/ [Term?] //
gn /ɡɾ/ gnaèt /ˈɡɾet/
h plain /h/ hàte /ˈhot͡ʃ/
broad /x/ [Term?] //
slender /ç/ dìhiale /ˈd͡ʒi.çəʎ/
l plain non-finally /l/ [Term?] //
finally /ʃ/ sèl /ˈʃeʃ/
broad /lˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /ʎ/ sèlir /ˈʃe.ʎɪθ͇/
ll plain /l/ tàll /ˈtol/
broad /lˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /ʎ/ [Term?] //
m plain /m/ màl /ˈmoʃ/
broad /mˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /mʲ/ [Term?] //
mh plain /m̥/ (hin) mhàl /(ˈçɪ̃) ˈm̥oʃ/
broad /m̥ˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /m̥ʲ/ [Term?] //
n plain /n/ [Term?] //
broad /nˠ~ŋ/ [Term?] //
slender /ɲ/ [Term?] //
post-vocalic when final/pre-fricative /Ṽ/ [Term?] //
nh plain /n̥/ [Term?] //
broad /n̥ˠ~ŋ̊/ [Term?] //
slender /ɲ̊/ [Term?] //
nn plain /n/ hann /han/
broad /nˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /ɲ/ [Term?] //
p plain initially, before a vowel/finally /pʰ/ [Term?] //
elsewhere /p/ priadh /ˈprʲa/
broad /pˠ/ post /ˈpˠɔstʰ/
slender /pʲ/ [Term?] //
ph plain /f/ ophàrr /ɒ.ˈfor/
broad /fˠ/ (sa) phost /(ˈsa) ˈfˠɔstʰ/
slender /fʲ/ (han) phiutharr /(ˈhã) ˈfʲɤ.ər/
r finally /θ͇/ bhar /ˈvaθ͇/
plain /r/ sudhraèscc /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/
broad /rˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /rʲ/ bhère /ˈvʲerʲ/
rr finally /r/ bhàrr /ˈvor/
plain /r/ [Term?] //
broad /rˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /rʲ/ [Term?] //
-rt, -rd /ɾʃt̪/ [Term?] //
s plain /s/ [Term?] //
broad /sˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /ʃ/ sèl /ˈʃeʃ/
sh plain /h/ [Term?] //
broad /x/ [Term?] //
slender /ç/ (bholl) shèl /(ˈvˠɔl) ˈçeʃ/
t plain initially/finally /tʰ/ tàll /ˈtʰol/
elsewhere /t/ [Term?] //
broad /tˠ/ [Term?] //
slender initially/finally /t͡ʃʰ/ [Term?] //
elsewhere /t͡ʃ/ [Term?] //
th intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally /./ or null [Term?] //
plain /h/ [Term?] //
broad /x/ thù /ˈxu/
slender /ç/ [Term?] //
z plain /z/ [Term?] //
broad /zˠ/ [Term?] //
slender /ʒ/ (an) zèl /(ˈan) ˈʒeʃ/

Morphology

Nouns

A major development in nouns is the complete loss of the definite forms, being replaced by the independent "hinn", which precedes the noun, triggering nasal mutation in some forms.

Strong nouns

There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.

Though the masculine a-stems tend for an -s genitive singular, and the i- and r-stems tend for -ar, there are many words that don't follow. The -i of the dative singular is frequently dropped from many words, particularly in the i-declension. Bisyllabic proper names originally in -arr or -urr, such as Einarr (modern "Ènar" /ˈe.nəθ͇/) and Gizurr (modern "Gisur" /ˈɟɪ.sʌθ͇/) do not contract as hamarr ("hamr-") before an inflectional syllable.

First to be shown will be the masculine patterns, then the feminines, and lastly the neuters, with several examples for each pattern.

These first few are masculine a-stems.

Inflection of elde (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative elde hi n-elde eldar hinir eldar
accusative eld hi n-eld eldd hinir eldd
dative eldi hinu n-eldi elduᶰ hinu n-elduᶰ
genitive eldᶫ hin ch-eldᶫ eldd hinn eldd

ᶰ: triggers nasal mutation
ᶫ: triggers lenition

Inflection of hàte (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative hàte hi nhàte hàtar hinir hàtar
accusative hàt hi nhàt hàtt hinir hàtt
dative hàti hinu nhàti hòtuᶰ hinu nhòtuᶰ
genitive hàtᶫ hin chàtᶫ hàtt hinn hàtt

ᶰ: triggers nasal mutation
ᶫ: triggers lenition

Inflection of hàmare (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative hàmare hi nhàmare hamrar hinir hamrar
accusative hàmar hi nhàmar hamar hinir hamar
dative hamri hinu nhamri homruᶰ hinu nhomruᶰ
genitive hàmarᶫ hin chàmarᶫ hamar hinn hamar

ᶰ: triggers nasal mutation
ᶫ: triggers lenition

Due to many sound changes, "hamare" is quite irregular, this following table is more colloquial spellings that better show pronunciation.

Inflection of hàmare (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative hàmare hi nhàmare hanrar hinir hanrar
accusative hàmar hi nhàmar hanar hinir hanar
dative hanri hinu nhanri honruᶰ hinu nhonruᶰ
genitive hàmarᶫ hin chàmarᶫ hanar hinn hanar

ᶰ: triggers nasal mutation
ᶫ: triggers lenition

And an uncontracted form (which is regular):

Inflection of hàmare (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative hàmare hi nhàmare hàmarar hinir hàmarar
accusative hàmar hi nhàmar hàmarr hinir hàmarr
dative hàmari hinu nhàmari hòmaruᶰ hinu nhòmaruᶰ
genitive hàmarᶫ hin chàmarᶫ hàmarr hinn hàmarr

ᶰ: triggers nasal mutation
ᶫ: triggers lenition




Here we have the neuter a-stem.

Inflection of post (neuter a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative post hit post post hi mhost
accusative post hit post post hi mhost
dative posti hinu posti postuᶰ hinu mhostuᶰ
genitive postᶫ hin phostᶫ postt hinn postt

ᶰ: triggers nasal mutation
ᶫ: triggers lenition

In "post", notice the lack of change in the nom/acc plural, this is due to umlaut only occuring on -a- in this pattern, as in this next pattern.

Inflection of màl (neuter a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative màl hit màl mòl hi mmòl
accusative màl hit màl mòl hi mmòl
dative màli hinu màli màluᶰ hinu mmàluᶰ
genitive màlᶫ hin mhàlᶫ màll hinn màll

ᶰ: triggers nasal mutation
ᶫ: triggers lenition

Now here in "màl", notice how the difference is present.

Adjectives

As with nouns, the definiteness distinction has been lost in adjectives, though it was lost far earlier than in nouns, this is attributed to the increasing reliance on the noun for definiteness. (Which itself too eventually fell to the use of "hi")

Strong declension of sèl
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative sèl sèl sèlt
accusative sèlaᶰ sèll sèlt
dative sèluᶰ sèlli sèlu
genitive sèlᶫ sèllar sèlᶫ
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative sèlir sèlar sèl
accusative sèlir sèlar sèl
dative sèluᶰ sèluᶰ sèluᶰ
genitive sèll sèll sèll

ᶰ: Triggers nasal mutation
ᶫ: Triggers lenition

Comparative declension of sèl
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative sèlarr sèlari sèlarr
accusative sèlarr sèlari sèlarr
dative sèlarr sèlari sèlarr
genitive sèlarr sèlari sèlarr
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative sèlari sèlari sèlari
accusative sèlari sèlari sèlari
dative sèluruᶰ sèluruᶰ sèluruᶰ
genitive sèlari sèlari sèlari

ᶰ: Triggers nasal mutation

Superlative declension of sèl
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative sèlaste sèlastt sèlast
accusative sèlaste sèlastt sèlast
dative sèlustuᶰ sèlastri sèlustu
genitive sèlasᶫ sèlastrar sèlasᶫ
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative sèlastir sèlastar sèlust
accusative sèlastir sèlastar sèlust
dative sèlustuᶰ sèlustuᶰ sèlustuᶰ
genitive sèlastar sèlastar sèlastar

ᶰ: Triggers nasal mutation
ᶫ: Triggers lenition

Prepositions

Scots Norse has developed a system of inflected prepositions from the reduction of pronouns, these were eventually interpreted as part of the preposition rather than a pronoun as they had diverged so far from them.

Inflection of ì
ì nominative accusative dative genitive
singular 1st ineᶫ immeᶫ immer immiᶰ
2nd inhu inheᶫ inher inhiᶰ
3rd masculine innhᶰ innhᶰ inhaòᶰ inhanᶫ
feminine inhoᶰ inhoᶰ innhe innhiar
neuter inhath inhath inhai inheᶫ
plural 1st iniᶫ inoᶫ inoᶫ inocc
2nd iniᶫ inaiᶫ inaiᶫ inaicc
3rd masc/fem inher inher inheᶰ inherr
neuter inho inho inheᶰ inherr


Inflection of at
at nominative accusative dative genitive
singular 1st ateᶫ anmeᶫ anmer anmiᶰ
2nd athu atheᶫ ather athiᶰ
3rd masculine atthᶰ atthᶰ athaòᶰ athanᶫ
feminine athoᶰ athoᶰ anhe anhiar
neuter athath athath athai atheᶫ
plural 1st adiᶫ atoᶫ atoᶫ atocc
2nd atiᶫ ataiᶫ ataiᶫ ataicc
3rd masc/fem ather ather atheᶰ atherr
neuter atho atho atheᶰ atherr

Verbs

Strong verbs

Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
Class 6
Class 7

Weak verbs

Class 1
Class 1-heavy
Class 1-light
Class 2
Conjugation of tàll (weak class 2)
present past future
infinitive tàll tòludhu —
participle tàlandi tàladhe —
active passive active passive active passive
1sg. tàli tòlunc tàladhi tòludhunc tàll tàlunc
2/3sg. tàlir tàlisc tàladhir tàladhisc tàlar tàlasc
1pl. tàliᶰ tàlinsc tàladhiᶰ tàladhinsc tàlaᶰ tàlansc
2pl. tàlidh tàlisc tàladhidh tàladhisc tàladh tàlasc
3pl. tàli tàlisc tàladhi tàladhisc tàla tàlasc


Class 3

Suppletive verbs

Syntax

Texts

UDHR Article 1

Original (English):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Old Norse (modern translation):

Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.

Scots Norse:

alir me n-èru bornir phriàlsir o chiabhnir, bhèrdi bhirdhingar o rhètti ather. nhèr èru alir gaèddir bhìti o shamhiscu, o shculu gèrr bhàr til annarr bhròdhurligg.
(alir me n-èru bornir bhriàlsir o chiabhnir, bhèrdi bhirdhingar o rhètti ather. nhèr èru alir gaèddir bhìti o shamhiscu, o shculu gèrr bhàr til annarr bhròdhurligg.)
/ˈa.ʎɪθ mʲɛ ɲe.rˠʌ ˈbɔr.ɪθ ˈvrʲu.ʃɪθ ɒ ˈça.ɲɪθ ˈvʲer.d͡ʒɪ ˈvʲɪr.ɪŋ.ɡəθ ɒ r̥ʲe.t͡ʃɪ ə.çɛθ | ɲ̊eθ ˈe.rˠʌ ˈa.ʎɪθ ˈɡe.d͡ʒɪθ vʲi.t͡ʃɪ ɒ ˈha.ˌm̥ʲɪs.kʌ ɒ ˈhkʰɤ.lʌ ˈɟer ˈvoθ ˈt͡ʃʰɪʃ ˈa.nər ˈvrˠo.ər.ʎɪɡ/
English translation
lit: "all men are born free and equal, being dignity and rights at them. they are all endowed to reason and to conscience, and should act each to others to brotherly(ness)"
"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they are all endowed with reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"

Lexical comparison

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