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[[Tserovesh/Lexicon]]
[[Tserovesh/Swadesh list]]
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|creator =  
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ceroveš
|nativename = ''Bri<sup>B2-</sup> dreabh<sup>C0+</sup>''
|pronunciation= /tseʁoˈveʃ/
|pronunciation=
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Mwail]]
|region = Talma
|region =
|familycolor=isolate
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=Isolate
|fam1=[[Verse:Mwail/Keric languages|Keric]]
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=
|iso3=
|official=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Tserovesh''' (''cerov·eš'' /tseʁoˈveʃ/ language-1PL) is a language isolate spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Zagvneti|Zagvneti]] in Talma, inspired by Modern Hebrew, Georgian, and Armenian.
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (Standard Bri: ''Bri<sup>B2-</sup> dreabh<sup>C0+</sup>'' /ʙʲi<sup>B2-</sup> r̝aw<sup>C0+</sup>/) was the classical language of Mwail British Isles, belonging to the Keric family. By the year 4000, Bri served exclusively as a religious, ceremonial, and poetic language rather than a spoken one; it was a monosyllabic tonal language, with 24 tones realized via 24 different cantillation melodies.
 
<!--
 
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
 
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
 
-->
==Introduction==
 
Unlike Classical Windermere or Tergetian, Tserovesh has many loans from an ancient (unnamed) pre-Lakovic substrate, often called the ''[[KTAC|Kodṛcha-Tzameshut Archeological Complex]]'' (KTAC).
 
It went through some of the strangest sound changes in Lakovic.
 
Old Tserovesh grammar is much closer to Windermere or Häskä than to Modern Tserovesh.
 
==Todo==
f -> ɸ -> h?
vowel reduction into 'a'?
 
A breathy voice vowel split
 
''ikcav'' = "topic"?
 
''be-'' = agentive?
 
''xamak'' = Dr.
 
''mic-'' = adverb prefix? (''micloxer'' = furiously)
 
PLak with a Philly Cockney accent?
 
initial t could be added randomly to vowel-initial words in Tserovesh (from an earlier sandhi/liaison-like phenomenon)
 
==Dialects==


Tserovesh is fairly dialectally uniform. The dialect spoken in the eastern region of Kadzovetia aspirates voiceless stops.
The native Bri script is a right-to-left logography (lines of text go from up to down).


==Phonology==
== Phonology of Standard Bri ==
===Orthography===
This describes the phonology taught as Standard Bri in the late 4th millennium. (It could be thought of as analogous to Tiberian Hebrew in the history of Hebrew.)
=== Initials ===
(The first member of each pair indicates a broad initial, the second a slender one)
* Null: '''0''' /ʔ j/
* Stops: '''b''' /pˠ pʲ/ '''d''' /t̪ˠ tʲ/ '''g''' /k kʲ/
* Trills: '''br''' /ʙˠ ʙʲ/ '''dr''' /rˠ r̝/ '''gr''' /ʀ ʀʲ/
* Nasals: '''m''' /mˠ mʲ/ '''n''' /n̪ˠ nʲ/ '''ng''' /ŋ ŋʲ/
* Nasal trills: '''mbr''' /ⁿʙˠ ⁿʙʲ/ '''ndr''' /ⁿrˠ ⁿr̝/ '''ngr''' /ⁿʀ ⁿʀʲ/
* Approximants: '''zh''' /ɻ ʐ/


Tserovesh is most commonly written with the Windermere alphabet.
=== Rimes ===
Nuclei: /a e i o u ə/ '''a/ea ae/e aoi/i o/eo u/iu w/iw''' (The first member of each pair indicates a broad initial, the second a slender one)


===Consonants===
Finals: 0 '''bh dh gh''' /0 w ð{{lowered}}ˠ j/


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
=== Tones ===
! colspan="2" |
The following lists the native names of the 24 tones/cantillation tropes:
!  |Labial
{| class="wikitable"
!  |Dental
|+Native names of tones
!  |Palatal
!|Proto-Keric initial phonation
!  |Velar
!|Deuterechesis
!  |Glottal
!A (null or resonant coda)
|-
!B (glottal stop coda)
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
!C (fricative coda)
| '''m''' /m/
!D (voiceless stop coda)
| '''n''' /n/
|
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
|  
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''x''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
| '''r''' /ʁ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Affricate
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| '''c''' /ts/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
!rowspan=2|Glottalized (0)
|
!| Voiceless (-)
| '''dz''' /dz/
| ''dridh<sup>A0-</sup>''
| '''j''' /dʒ/
| ''bae<sup>B0-</sup>''
|
| ''zhea<sup>C0-</sup>''
|
| ''gogh<sup>D0-</sup>''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
!| Voiced (+)
|  
| ''mbraoi<sup>A0+</sup>''
| '''l''' /l/
| ''driwdh<sup>B0+</sup>''
|
| ''ndreo<sup>C0+</sup>''
|
| ''dwgh<sup>D0+</sup>''
|
|}
 
Syllabic resonants: '''ṃ ṇ ḷ ṛ ṿ'''
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 60px; "|
!rowspan=2|Modal (1)
! style="width: 60px; " |Front
!| Voiceless (-)
!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
| ''eodh<sup>A1-</sup>''
!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
| ''aoidh<sup>B1-</sup>''
| ''zhiu<sup>C1-</sup>''
| ''grugh<sup>D1-</sup>''
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
!| Voiced (+)
| '''i''' /i/
| ''mea<sup>A1+</sup>''
|
| ''zhobh<sup>B1+</sup>''
| '''u''' /u/
| ''nebh<sup>C1+</sup>''
| ''gaedh<sup>D1+</sup>''
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
!rowspan=2|Breathy (2)
| '''e''' /e/
!| Voiceless (-)
|
| ''gw<sup>A2-</sup>''
| '''o''' /o/
| ''bragh<sup>B2-</sup>''
| ''dre<sup>C2-</sup>''
| ''dabh<sup>D2-</sup>''
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
!| Voiced (+)
|  
| ''ngeadh<sup>A2+</sup>''
| '''a''' /a/
| ''begh<sup>B2+</sup>''
|
| ''gaoibh<sup>C2+</sup>''
| ''ndredh<sup>D2+</sup>''
|}
|}


Consecutive vowels are prohibited.
==== Notes on terminology ====
 
Standard Bri has undergone three tone splits (or tonogeneses if one would view it that way):
===Prosody===
# The first tone split (no tone to 3 tones) was based on Proto-Bri initial phonation which was largely predictable from the Proto-Ker initial phonation.
====Stress====
# The second tone split (3 tones to 12 tones) was based on Proto-Ker final type.
====Intonation====
# The third tone split (12 tones to 24 tones) was based on the initial phonation distinction that had arisen after prenasalized initials became voiced ones.
 
===Phonotactics===
Tserovesh phonology only allows open syllables (syllabic resonants count as vowels), except word final consonants are allowed.<!--
 
Tserovesh phonology is slightly less restrictive than Israeli Hebrew but much more so than Georgian. As in both languages, initial consonant clusters appear frequently in Tserovesh. Initial clusters of the form ''l/r'' + consonant are allowed (Are those really syllabic resonants?). For example:
 
* ''croveš'' (the name of the language)
* ''ldag'' (door)
* ''šmer'' (man)
* ''cnaxat'' (dream)
* ''gzin'' (to shine)
* ''vna'' (to live)
* ''lvar'' (to play)
* ''tkešet'' (regardless)
* ''švili'' (for me)
 
Medial consonant clusters are also common:
 
* ''ertma'' (spider)
* ''detkvis'' (limestone)
* ''opxram'' (reed)
 
All final clusters are prohibited.
-->
 
===Stress===
Stress is always final.
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Definite suffix ''-i'' or ''-ti'': ''shemer'' 'a person' > ''shemeri'' 'the person'; ''etima'' 'a spider' > ''etimati'' 'the spider'
 
Somewhat agglutinating; no grammatical gender
 
Honorific is marked with ''-is''.
 
===Verbs===
 
some uncanny hebrew or nahuatl prefixes (like mitz-)
 
me- for the present imperfective? (it could use a welsh-like grammatical shift of progressive -> imperfective)
 
bare verb stem = subjunctive
 
past tense ablaut (like gzin -> gazan; lvar -> laver)
 
Ablaut patterns:
*C(ə)CiC -> CaCaC
*C(ə)CaC -> CaCeC
*C(ə)CoC -> CaCuC
*C(ə)CeC -> liCCaC
*C(ə)CuC -> liCCeCon
 
ə may appear as /a/ in some verbs, like ''žacem'' -> ''ližcam''
 
Regular past tense: li-(VERB)-et (an example: ''masar'' "to dance" -> ''limasaret'' "danced")
 
li- ~ ni- some past tense morpheme in Proto-Ashanic?
 
Telic = ?
 
===Pronominal suffixes===
-ili, -eč, -ek, -eš, -eb?
===Derivational morphology===
*''atse-'' 'style of, à la'
**''atsegeban'' '(literary) realism' < ''geban'' 'true, real'
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
 
Finnish relex
 
===Noun phrase===
 
The adjective comes before the noun in Tserovesh:
 
''udvanit ertmati'' = the happy spider
 
(udvanit = happy, ertma = spider)
 
But relative clauses are placed after the noun:
 
''ertma, ža-ves šmeri lixavenet'' = spider who the man killed
 
===Verb phrase===
 
===Sentence phrase===
====Conjunctions====
''et'' = and
 
''-eb'' = and (used like Latin ''-que'')
 
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Numbers==
Windermere 1-5: doan, rath, stiw, smech, müets
 
azar, kin, šelvi, sṃči, mevci, cohi, avci, lucebi, azorbi, kteva?
 
kteva azareb, kteva kineb, kteva šelvib, ktela sṃčib, ... (could those be KTAC words?)
 
==Example texts==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->


<!-- Template area -->
In English, we have chosen to term the initial phonation that conditioned the second initial phonation-based tone split (which caused Bri to double its number of tones from a 12-tone stage) as ''deuterechesis'' (from Greek δεύτερος 'second' + ἤχησις 'sounding', because the latter word uses the root Greek uses for 'voiced' and 'voiceless' as in voiced and voiceless stops). For deuterechesis, voiceless consonants are denoted - and voiced ones are denoted +.


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
== Grammar ==
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Lakovic languages]]

Latest revision as of 09:17, 29 June 2025

Bri
BriB2- dreabhC0+
SettingVerse:Mwail
Keric
  • Bri
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Bri (Standard Bri: BriB2- dreabhC0+ /ʙʲiB2- r̝awC0+/) was the classical language of Mwail British Isles, belonging to the Keric family. By the year 4000, Bri served exclusively as a religious, ceremonial, and poetic language rather than a spoken one; it was a monosyllabic tonal language, with 24 tones realized via 24 different cantillation melodies.

The native Bri script is a right-to-left logography (lines of text go from up to down).

Phonology of Standard Bri

This describes the phonology taught as Standard Bri in the late 4th millennium. (It could be thought of as analogous to Tiberian Hebrew in the history of Hebrew.)

Initials

(The first member of each pair indicates a broad initial, the second a slender one)

  • Null: 0 /ʔ j/
  • Stops: b /pˠ pʲ/ d /t̪ˠ tʲ/ g /k kʲ/
  • Trills: br /ʙˠ ʙʲ/ dr /rˠ r̝/ gr /ʀ ʀʲ/
  • Nasals: m /mˠ mʲ/ n /n̪ˠ nʲ/ ng /ŋ ŋʲ/
  • Nasal trills: mbr /ⁿʙˠ ⁿʙʲ/ ndr /ⁿrˠ ⁿr̝/ ngr /ⁿʀ ⁿʀʲ/
  • Approximants: zh /ɻ ʐ/

Rimes

Nuclei: /a e i o u ə/ a/ea ae/e aoi/i o/eo u/iu w/iw (The first member of each pair indicates a broad initial, the second a slender one)

Finals: 0 bh dh gh /0 w ð̞ˠ j/

Tones

The following lists the native names of the 24 tones/cantillation tropes:

Native names of tones
Proto-Keric initial phonation Deuterechesis A (null or resonant coda) B (glottal stop coda) C (fricative coda) D (voiceless stop coda)
Glottalized (0) Voiceless (-) dridhA0- baeB0- zheaC0- goghD0-
Voiced (+) mbraoiA0+ driwdhB0+ ndreoC0+ dwghD0+
Modal (1) Voiceless (-) eodhA1- aoidhB1- zhiuC1- grughD1-
Voiced (+) meaA1+ zhobhB1+ nebhC1+ gaedhD1+
Breathy (2) Voiceless (-) gwA2- braghB2- dreC2- dabhD2-
Voiced (+) ngeadhA2+ beghB2+ gaoibhC2+ ndredhD2+

Notes on terminology

Standard Bri has undergone three tone splits (or tonogeneses if one would view it that way):

  1. The first tone split (no tone to 3 tones) was based on Proto-Bri initial phonation which was largely predictable from the Proto-Ker initial phonation.
  2. The second tone split (3 tones to 12 tones) was based on Proto-Ker final type.
  3. The third tone split (12 tones to 24 tones) was based on the initial phonation distinction that had arisen after prenasalized initials became voiced ones.

In English, we have chosen to term the initial phonation that conditioned the second initial phonation-based tone split (which caused Bri to double its number of tones from a 12-tone stage) as deuterechesis (from Greek δεύτερος 'second' + ἤχησις 'sounding', because the latter word uses the root Greek uses for 'voiced' and 'voiceless' as in voiced and voiceless stops). For deuterechesis, voiceless consonants are denoted - and voiced ones are denoted +.

Grammar

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