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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
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| | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively ''Fithid'' /ˈfi{{long}}t{{asp}}ɪð/ or ''losůnaz Fithi'') is a divergent descendant of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Irta British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
| | Move to Spain? |
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| | Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one |
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| {{Infobox language
| | Make Ancient Knench stage a bit more like Togarmite and less Hebrew |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| | * ''dobor'' [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "(literary) a thing" |
| |nativename = {{PAGENAME}}
| | * ''doboraz'' [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing" |
| |image =
| | * ''deberi'' [ðɛˈveːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i) |
| |setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
| | * ''deberimel'' [ðɛvɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things" |
| |name = Modern Canaanite
| | * ''qhymůr'' [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey" |
| |pronunciation = /knaːniθ/
| | * ''jůno'' [ˈjyːnʌ] "a pigeon" |
| |region =
| | * ''jůnozů'' [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon" |
| |states =
| | * ''jůnůd'' [ˈjyːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending) |
| |speakers =
| | * ''jůnůdel'' [jʉˈnyːðɛl] "the pigeons" |
| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=North Semitic
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| |fam5=Canaanite
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| |fam6=Hebrew
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| }}
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| '''Modern Canaanite''' (Canaanite: ''Knánith'' or ''sofø Knán'', Togarmite: ''Xnoniþ'') is the sole surviving descendant of Biblical Hebrew, spoken by the Knánem people in Lõis's Cyprus, Turkey, Armenia and the Levant. Some Lõisian rabbinical Jewish writings identify this language with the Lost Tribes of Israel, though they lament the "heathen" (i.e. a form of [[Verse:Lõis/Θāħīdaθ an Hawūθ|Θāħīdaθ an Hawūθ]]) religious practices of the Knánem. This is not without cause, as the language preserves quite a few Biblical words and phraseology that fell out of use in Mishnaic Hebrew, though unlike Mishnaic and Israeli Hebrew its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older Hebrew tenses.
| | == Phonology == |
| | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| | === Vowels === |
| | '''a e y i o u ů''' /a~aː ɛ~eː ə~ɨː ɪ~iː ʌ~o̝ː ʊ~u̟ː ʉ~yː/ |
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| Like Welsh, Knánith has two registers, literary and colloquial Knánith.
| | === Consonants === |
| | * (lost, not written) from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| | * /v/ '''v''' from Old Knench /b/ |
| | * /ɣ/ '''g''' from Old Knench /g/ |
| | * /ð/ '''d''' from Old Knench /d/ |
| | * /0/ '''ḧ''' (often lost) from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * /w/ '''w''' from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * /z/ '''z''' from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * /qʰ/ '''qh''' from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * /t˭/ '''t''' from Old Knench /t{{phar}}/ |
| | * /j/ '''j''' from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * /kʰ/ '''ch''' from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * /l/ '''l''' from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * /m/ '''m''' from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * /n/ '''n''' from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * /s/ '''x''' from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * /ʁ{{tilde}}/ '''ɣ''' from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * /f/ '''f''' from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * /p˭/ '''p''' from Latin/Romance /p/ |
| | * /t{{tiebar}}s˭| '''ç''' from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * /k˭/ '''c''' from Old Knench /q/ |
| | * /ɾ/ '''r''' from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * /s{{ret}}/ '''s''' from Old Knench /s{{ret}}/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * /tʰ/ '''th''' from Old Knench /t/ |
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| Numbers:
| | '''qh''' is shifting to /x~h/ in Modern Knench. |
| 0-10: afs, ódh (inanimate)/áth (animate), šnay, šluš, arbą, homiš, šeš, šewą, šmun, tešą, ngaxør
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| 11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, šnay ngaxør, šluš ngaxør, arbą ngaxør, homiš ngaxør, šeš ngaxør, šew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, tešą ngaxør, ngaxrim
| | === Mutation === |
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| 40: stay ngaxrim
| | == Morphology == |
| | === Pronouns === |
| | * 1sg: ''i'' (after consonant), ''ni'' (after vowel) |
| | * 2sg.m: ''tho''; ''-ch tho'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 2sg.f: ''thy''; ''-ch thy'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 3sg.m: ''u'' |
| | * 3sg.f: ''oj'' (< -o/-oh/-ho + ḧi) |
| | * 1pl: ''nu'' |
| | * 2pl: ''thym''; ''-chym thym, -ch thym'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 3pl: <i>'m</i> |
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| 60: šluš ngaxrim
| | === Verbs === |
| | The lexical verb is usually in the infinitive form in Knench: |
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| ... | | : ''Re ni byl chilth laqham.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat bread) 'I eat/am eating bread.' |
| | : ''Re ni by chilth i tha laqham.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat 1SG FA bread) '(archaic) I eat/am eating bread.' |
| | : ''Chilth laqhmaz!'' 'Eat the bread! (both sg and pl)' |
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| 120: merkø
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited infinitive construct forms (the binyanim are fɣul, yfeɣyl, ythfeɣyl, feɣyl, efɣyl, ysthefɣyl) or from noun patterns. |
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| 14400: rúø
| | ==Sample texts==<!-- |
| | === Schleicher === |
| | ''Yn kavš w' yn frasi'' |
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| before: kkorm
| | ''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.'' |
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| <!--
| | Old Tog.: |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | ''An xabše wan φarasīn'' |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | ''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.'' |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
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| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| | Hebrew: |
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| ==Orthography==
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| Knánith is written in an alphabet descended from the Proto-Hebrew script.
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| ==Introduction==
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| *Swadesh list
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| *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
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| *''biuth'' or ''šą še...'' = when...
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| *Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
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| *''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called)
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| *''šovuą'' = week
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| *''midhborø'' = conference
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| *נא becomes a focus marker ''=nø''
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| **question marker ''a ... [FOCUS]=nø''
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| *Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''bett'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
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| *''Makhin hyo ngalekh likkori?'' = Why did you have to die?
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Orthography===
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| ===Consonants===
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| /m p b f v n t d θ ð ts s z ʃ ŋ k g x h l w j r/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d th dh ts s/x z š ng k g kh h l w y r''}}
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| Glottal reinforcement (transcribed by ''tt kk'') occurs before historical Biblical Hebrew emphatics /tʼ kʼ tsʼ/, and also analogically in some other cases (cf. Glottalic PIE > RP English).
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| Biblical Hebrew /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.
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| ====Mutations====
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| Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
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| p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- v- th- dh- kh- Ø-
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| ===Vowels===
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| /a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə: ã:/ = {{angbr|a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ ą}}
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| Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| Stress is always penultimate, except with some verbs where the lV- prefix does not have the stress.
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| ====Intonation====
| | {{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}} |
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| ===Phonotactics===
| | {{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}} |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology== | | ===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul=== |
| Knánith has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Biblical Hebrew.
| | * ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!'' |
| | * ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! '' |
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
| | ===A biology abstract=== |
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| Nouns
| | ''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.'' |
| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| | We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma. |
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| ===Nouns and adjectives=== | | ===Newton's laws of motion=== |
| Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
| | ''I: Re gif byl sbuth by demi, ylů by qhufuz bal-mystheny, chim força b acço ɣaju.'' |
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| Knánith has lost grammatical gender.
| | I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it. |
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| *The regular "feminine" singular suffix is -ø or -th.
| | ''II: Re senůdaz ly momentaz ly gif by mathcini lid forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaj gifaz; u re senůdaz by crůd darchom cůaz thecin as forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaju.'' |
| *The regular "masculine" plural suffix is -em or -e.
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| *The regular "feminine" plural is -uth.
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| *However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. ''benuš, blenuš'' = human
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| ''køfor, køforem'' = village, villages
| | II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied. |
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| ''bakkbøkk, bakkbøkkem'' = bottle, bottles | | ''III: Jes ly chul acço tha reacço sowo u nyh{{umlaut}}focho.'' |
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| ''i, iem'' = island, islands | | III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. |
| | <!-- |
| | ===O how quickly the sculpture of life=== |
| | <poem> |
| | ''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt'' |
| | ''Šaver in demaša zydarder!'' |
| | ''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau'' |
| | ''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.'' |
| | ''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,'' |
| | ''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.'' |
| | ''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;'' |
| | ''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.'' |
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| ''kišø, kišuth'' = cucumber, cucumbers
| | O how quickly the sculpture of life |
| | Shattered into tiny fragments! |
| | The splendor of the king on his throne |
| | Is completely swept away by sea-waves. |
| | Ye who come hither stationed here, |
| | By the grace of God ye are guests on earth. |
| | All of us are judged according to our actions; |
| | Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another. |
| | </poem> |
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| ''gøfø, gøfuth'' = corpse, corpses | | ===Warming Up To You=== |
| | <poem> |
| | '''Wetyhmem liðak''' |
| | Kenak at vė mėt in klėt, |
| | Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak, |
| | Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut, |
| | Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy; |
| | Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt |
| | Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr. |
| | </poem> |
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| ''takkrith, takkriyuth'' = incident, incidents | | ===Stairway To Heaven=== |
| | <poem> |
| | '''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit''' |
| | Iš volt žė hi šur |
| | Køl žė nėher že žahav |
| | Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit |
| | </poem> |
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| Canaanite has lost the construct state. The only remnant of the construct state is the -th- interfix used in possessive constructions between two nouns that end and begin with a vowel, respectively: e.g.
| | ===UDHR=== |
| *''hadhør-mittø'' 'bedroom'
| | ''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.'' |
| *''ngønove-th-anf'' 'the grapes of wrath'
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| *''nøšomø-th-ahwø'' 'spirit of brotherhood'
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| Degree markers:
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| *Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X; X enough
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| *Excessive: ''ro-'' = too (from Celtic)
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| *Comparative/Superlative: ''-ter'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''broth'' 'than' (from Biblical Hebrew ''*birʔōṫī ʔeṫ'' 'when I see ACC')
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct, prefixed with ''l-''. Even for imperatives: ''Lathett lo hi!'' = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
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| ====Regular pa3al verbs====
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| The regular pattern is *liCCuC.
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| ====-t verbs====
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| Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
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| *lalakht /laˈlaxt/ = to go
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| *lakkakht /laʔˈkaxt/ = to take
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| *lasakht /laˈsaxt/ = to go back
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| *lašaft /laˈʃaft/ = to sit
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| *lathett /laˈθeʔt/ = to give
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| *lalast /laˈlast/ = to be born
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| *lasett /laˈseʔt/ = to carry
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| *latsett /laˈtseʔt/ = to go out
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| *lasątt /laˈsãːʔt/ = to travel
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| *laghątt /laˈɣãːʔt/ = to hit
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| *ladhątt /laˈðãːʔt/ = to know
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| *lattątt /laʔˈtãːʔt/ = to plant
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| ====Regular nif3al====
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| The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.
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| ====Regular pi3el====
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| The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.
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| ====Regular hif3il====
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| The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
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| ====Regular hithpa3el====
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| The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
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| ====Other verbs====
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| Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
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| Any noun can also be verbed by prefixing ''lø-''.
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| ===Auxiliaries===
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| Knánith has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
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| The non-pronominal present auxiliary ''re'' (which may cause lenition depending on dialect) may be omitted in subordinate clauses:
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| *''Re Dowedh ngal lišun'' = David is about to sleep
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| *''Biuth (re) Dowedh ngal lišun'' = When David is about to sleep
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Various auxiliaries in Knánith
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
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| ! | Non-pronominal
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| |-
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| ! Present (''re, r' '' is from רְאֵה ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
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| | ''ni, i''
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| | ''to''
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| | ''te''
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| | ''u''
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| | ''hi''
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| | ''nu''
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| | ''tem''
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| | ''em''
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| | ''re'', ''r' '' before V
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| |-
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| ! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
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| | ''ngud i''
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| | ''ngud to''
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| | ''ngud te''
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| | ''nguden u''
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| | ''nguden hi''
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| | ''ngud nu''
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| | ''ngud tem''
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| | ''ngud em''
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| | ''ngud''
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| |-
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| ! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)
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| | ''am ni, am i''
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| | ''am to''
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| | ''am te''
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| | ''am u''
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| | ''am hi''
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| | ''am nu''
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| | ''am tem''
| |
| | ''am em''
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| | ''am''
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| |-
| |
| ! Past (from perfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')
| |
| | ''si ni, sit i, sit ni''
| |
| | ''sit to''
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| | ''sit te''
| |
| | ''so u''
| |
| | ''sto hi''
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| | ''sin nu''
| |
| | ''sit tem''
| |
| | ''su'm''
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| | ''so/sto/su''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Future/Subjunctive (from imperfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')
| |
| | ''ąs i''
| |
| | ''tąs to''
| |
| | ''tąs te''
| |
| | ''yąs u''
| |
| | ''tąs hi''
| |
| | ''nąs nu''
| |
| | ''tąsu tem''
| |
| | ''yąsu'm''
| |
| | ''yąs/tąs/yąsu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''ur ni, ur i''
| |
| | ''tur to''
| |
| | ''tri te''
| |
| | ''yur u''
| |
| | ''tur hi''
| |
| | ''nur nu''
| |
| | ''tru tem''
| |
| | ''ru'm''
| |
| | ''yur/tur/ru''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''var ni, var i, vart i''
| |
| | ''vart to''
| |
| | ''vart te''
| |
| | ''var u''
| |
| | ''vro hi''
| |
| | ''varn nu''
| |
| | ''vart tem''
| |
| | ''vru'm''
| |
| | ''var/vro/vru''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "May" (from imperfect of לָקַח 'to take')
| |
| | ''kekh i''
| |
| | ''tkekh to''
| |
| | ''tkekh te''
| |
| | ''kekh u''
| |
| | ''tkekh hi''
| |
| | ''kekh nu''
| |
| | ''tkekhu tem''
| |
| | ''kekhu'm''
| |
| | ''kekh/tkekh/kekhu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''usif i''
| |
| | ''tusif to''
| |
| | ''tusif te''
| |
| | ''yusif u''
| |
| | ''tusif hi''
| |
| | ''nusif nu''
| |
| | ''tusif tem''
| |
| | ''yusifu'm''
| |
| | ''usift/tusif/yusifu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''seft i''
| |
| | ''seft to''
| |
| | ''seft te''
| |
| | ''sif u''
| |
| | ''sifø hi''
| |
| | ''sef nu''
| |
| | ''seft tem''
| |
| | ''sifu'm''
| |
| | ''sif/sifu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| |
| | ''zum i''
| |
| | ''tøzum to''
| |
| | ''tøzum te''
| |
| | ''zum u''
| |
| | ''tøzum hi''
| |
| | ''nøzum nu''
| |
| | ''tøzmu tem''
| |
| | ''zmu'm''
| |
| | ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| |
| | ''attev i''
| |
| | ''tattev to''
| |
| | ''tattvi te''
| |
| | ''yattev u''
| |
| | ''tattev hi''
| |
| | ''nattev nu''
| |
| | ''tattev tem''
| |
| | ''yattevu'm''
| |
| | ''yattev/tattev/yattevu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| |
| | ''hettevt i''
| |
| | ''hettevt to''
| |
| | ''hettevt te''
| |
| | ''hettev u''
| |
| | ''hettivø hi''
| |
| | ''hettev nu''
| |
| | ''hettevt tem''
| |
| | ''hettevu'm''
| |
| | ''hettev''
| |
| |}
| |
| =====Cautionary future=====
| |
| The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Biblical Hebrew verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
| |
| * warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' sąraz tha lovu henø kol ngeth.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' tafkestaz mul lith kovuą hettev!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
| |
| * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
| |
| | |
| example of a Knánith inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at' is inflected similarly
| |
| *1sg: li, li ni
| |
| *2sg.m: lakh to
| |
| *2sg.f: lakh te
| |
| *3sg.m: lomu hu
| |
| *3sg.f: lomi hi
| |
| *1pl. lonu nu
| |
| *2pl. lakhøm tem
| |
| *3pl. lomu'm
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
| |
| | |
| :'''''R'išaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.'''''
| |
| :''The man is eating the apple.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Re beth-u bø dhe-rul kø liyothøn.'''''
| |
| :''His house is as big as a whale.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Sto hi tha ląsuth halkkbetho hi bø rø-múhør.'''''
| |
| :''She did her homework too late.''
| |
| | |
| The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mə'umâ lo'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
| |
| | |
| ===Faulty accusative===
| |
| Knánith has the faulty accusative particle ''tha'' (from Biblical Hebrew ''ʔeṫ ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. ''Tha'' may also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: ''Hettev hu tha litfus doghem.'' = She was good at catching fish.
| |
| | |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| The definite article is a clitic:
| |
| *Singular: -az (after C) or -zu (after V)
| |
| *Plural: -iw
| |
| Examples:
| |
| *''hadhør'' = a room
| |
| *''hadhraz'' = the room
| |
| *''hadhrem'' = rooms
| |
| *''hadhriw'' = the rooms
| |
| *''hadhør grú'' = a big room
| |
| *''hadhør grulaz'' = the big room (< ''hah-hadhər hag-gâdhol haz-ze'')
| |
| *''botem grulem'' = big houses
| |
| *''botem gruliw'' = the big houses
| |
| | |
| *''tøpuaz r' išaz bø lékhul u'' = The apple, the man eats it
| |
| | |
| There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''šem-mawkaz'' = the king's name.
| |
| | |
| To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az šom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze šom'' (where the ''ze'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
| |
| | |
| The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''.
| |
| | |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| *re Pam '''ngal''' lalakht = Pam is about to go
| |
| *re Pam '''dhøš''' lalakht = Pam has just went
| |
| *re Pam '''bi''' lalakht = Pam has not went
| |
| | |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Complementizer===
| |
| There is a complementizer ''mur'' (from לאמר ''lēmōr'') or ''zuth'' (from זאת) depending on dialect. This is different from relative clauses, which use ''še'' (from אשר ''ʔăšer'').
| |
| | |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable:
| |
| *''anvinin, anevinin'' 'brick' from אבני בניין ''*ʔaḃ(a)nē ḃinyān'' 'building stones'
| |
| *''šavgom'' 'carnage, destruction' from שפך דם ''*šáṗek̇ dām'' 'spilling of blood'
| |
| *''ngemem, ngememuth'' 'source' from עין מים ''ʕēn máyem'' 'spring of water'
| |
| *''løseppin'' 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
| |
| *''kulaliv'' 'conscience' from קול הלב lit. 'voice of the heart'
| |
| | |
| Although it is attested in late Biblical Hebrew (e.g. Song of Songs), the CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not as productive as in Mishnaic Hebrew.
| |
| | |
| *ben-, pl. ble- = agentive
| |
| *beth-, pl. bate- = place noun
| |
| | |
| ==Example texts==
| |
| ===UDHR, Article 1===
| |
| :'''''Kol blenušiw vru'm lalest kø hofšem; hem šowim ngaw kovdaz ke tsrokkuthiw. Vru'm lifkudh bø vinø ke kulaliv, ke re ngawem lalakht ngem šuthif bø nøšomø-th-ahwø.'''''
| |
| :all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL walk with one_another with spirit-EZAFE-brotherhood.
| |
| :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
| |
| | |
| ===Tower of Babel===
| |
| # ''Var bø khol tevilaz tha zuthø sofø lødhabir ke vru luthøm miluthiw lešamiš.''
| |
| # ''Wini khi su'm bø lasątt me mizroh, su'm litakkiw bø mišuraz Šinngor ke lithyašev šom.''
| |
| # ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu ląsuth anevinin ke lattev léfuth em." Ke su anevininiw løšamiš lom em kø avoniw, ke hemør kø mawtt.''
| |
| # ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu levnuth kiriø ke mídøl bomi hi, yąs rušu hu lagią le šomayem, ke nąs nu ląsuth lonu šem, ke klu nąs nu lithpazir pli kol tevilaz!"''
| |
| # ''Wini Eluim so u lovu larest, ki yąs u lávitt bø kiriøzu ke mídølaz še yu blenušiw bø levnuth.''
| |
| # ''Ke Eluim so u lemur: "Šą še su'm hátholø ląsuth zuth kø hódh ngom še bø lødhabir háth sofø, yiye mum mikhšul mul lø madovør še yąsu løzumim ląsuth!''
| |
| # ''"Enø, bu tonu lalakht larest ke løvawbiw sofø-th-em, klu yąsu'm lávin šuthif."''
| |
| # ''Ku Eluim so u løfazir em, ke su'm ládul levnuth kiriøzu.''
| |
| # ''Ke me sibøzu fu še kiriøzu bø lakkakht šemaz "Boviw" -- šom so Eluim løvawbiw sofø kol tevilaz. Me šom so Eluim løfazir em pli kol tevilaz.''
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| | |
| ===Schleicher's Fable===
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| | |
| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Lõis]]
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |