Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions

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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity


[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]
l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters


{{construction}}
Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh


{{Infobox language
/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = כﬞנאַאנידﬞ<br/>{{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:AETHER]]
|name = Cubrite
|pronunciation = /xnaːnið/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|script = Hebrew (Jewish square script)
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Togarmo-Canaanite
|fam5=Canaanite
|fam6=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
}}


'''Cubrite''' (Cubrite: כﬞנאַאנידﬞ ''Xnánið'' /xnɛːnið/ or נומא כﬞנאַאן ''núm Xnán'' /niːm xnɛːn/) is a Canaanite language in [[Verse:AETHER]], spoken by the Cubrites in the Cyprus, Turkey, Armenia and the Levant. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites were originally Celtic speakers who adopted a form of Hebrew. The language preserves quite a few Biblical words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older Hebrew tense conjugations.
samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/


It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural


Numbers:
Heth and he merge
0-10: afs, ódh (inanimate)/áth (animate), šnay, šluš, arbą, homiš, šeš, šewą, šmun, tešą, ngaxr


11-20: ódhax/áthax, šnayax, šlušax, arbąx, homišax, šešax, šewax, šmunax, tešąx, ngaxri
pronouns:  
* 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
* 2sg /tʰə/
* 3sg m /hʏ/
* 3sg f /hɪ/
* 1pl /nʏ/
* 2pl /tʰəm/
* 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/


40: stay ngaxri
Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style


60: šluš ngaxri
/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'


...
h-g-y 'to savor'


100: ??
ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'


10000: rúø
k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'


before: kkorm
g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'


<!--  
ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
== Phonology ==
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |b| from Old Knench /b/
* |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
* |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
* |h| from Old Knench /h/
* |w| from Old Knench /w/
* |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |j| from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
* |l| from Old Knench /l/
* |m| from Old Knench /m/
* |n| from Old Knench /n/
* |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| from Old Knench /p/
* |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |r| from Old Knench /r/
* |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/


-->
==== Vocalizables ====
''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|.


==History==
=== Mutation ===


==TODO==
== Morphology ==
*Icelandify/Samify?
=== Verbs ===
*Swadesh list
Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
*''biuth'' or ''šą še...'' = when...
*Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
*''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God])
*''šovuą'' = week
*''mødbár'' = conference
*נא becomes a focus marker ''=nø''
**question marker ''a ... [FOCUS]=nø''
*Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''bett'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
*''Makhin yo ngalekh likkori?'' = Why did you have to die?


===Some sound changes===
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)
*non-rhoticity, H-dropping
*ħ > h; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > kht
*dt, tt > st
*-ø (mainly from Biblical Hebrew ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
*ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
*OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
*/m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ Ø/ {{angbr|מ נ ׆ ה ל ו י ר א}}
*/p b f v t⁼ d tʰ θ ð k⁼ g kʰ x/ {{angbr|פ ב פﬞ בﬞ ט ד ת ת◌ﬞ דﬞ ק ג כ כﬞ}}
*/s z ts ʃ/ {{angbr|ס ז צ ש}}
 
/ʃ/ is found mainly in loans from Hebrew and from palatalization of /s/.
 
(capital η is И)
 
Biblical Hebrew /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.
====Mutations====
Words can undergo initial voicing mutation.
 
===Vowels===
{{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel inventory of any Lõisian Semitic language:
 
/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə əɪ äɤ iː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oʊ~oː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r}}
 
Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'', or ''ør'' after ''r''.
 
The following is the traditional classification of vowels:
*Shva: ø
*Short vowels: a e i o u
*Long vowels: á é í ó ú
*Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
*L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
*R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur r
 
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress tends penultimate or final.
 
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Orthography==
Modern Cubrite is written in the Jewish Hebrew square script, in a spelling based on Tiberian Hebrew. (The resulting spelling is not etymological, since Cubrite reflects the original Hebrew consonants differently.) This is because most earlier works in Modern Cubrite were written by Jews, mainly educational materials in Judaism.
 
===Consonants===
*/m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ Ø/ {{angbr|מ נ ׆ ה ל ו י ר א}}
*/p b f v t⁼ d tʰ θ ð k⁼ g kʰ x/ {{angbr|פ ב פﬞ בﬞ ט ד ת ת◌ﬞ דﬞ ק ג כ כﬞ}}
*/s z ts ʃ/ {{angbr|ס ז צ ש}}
 
Consonant correspondences (by default):
*Hebrew ד ~ Cubrite ט/ד
*Hebrew ת ~ Cubrite ת◌ﬞ/דﬞ
*Hebrew ט ~ Cubrite ת
 
===Vowels===
*Word final /ə/ is always written ר, regardless of etymology.
*The five basic vowel symbols, written after the initial consonant:
**אַ = ''a''
**יֶ = ''e''
**י = ''i''
**אָ = ''o''
**ו = ''u''
*The lengthened vowels are written with an alef. If possible the alef is written after the coda; if there is no coda or if there is a post-coda suffix, it is written right after the vowel symbol. For example: ''núm'' 'language' = נומא; ''númr'' 'languages' = נואמר.
*The L- and R-colored vowels are written with lamed or resh after the vowel symbol.
*The nasalized vowels are written with ayin after the vowel symbol, but ''ą'' is usually written just with ayin.
 
==Morphology==
{{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Biblical Hebrew.
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
 
-->
===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
 
{{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ־ר ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' and ''-ōδ''). It also lost grammatical gender.
 
Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: פדע ''pdą'' 'tree', פדערר ''pdąrør'' 'trees'.
 
Some irregular plurals: בנוס, בלנוס ''benus, blenus'' = human
 
Canaanite has lost the construct state.
 
Degree markers:
*Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X; X enough (from BH די ''day'' 'enough')
*Excessive: ''ro-'' = too (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes פראָדﬞ ''proð'' 'than' (from Biblical Hebrew בראותי את ''*bi-rVʔōtī ʔet'' 'when I see ACC')
 
Example: קרוא ''kkrú'' 'big', דגרוא ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ראָגרוא ''rogrú'' 'too big', קרואדﬞר ''kkrúðør'' 'bigger/biggest'
 
===Verbs===
Almost all verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct. The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- displays a voicing mutation. Even for imperatives: ''þett lomi hi!'' = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
 
====Inflected lexical verbs====
There are only five inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
*''ðuð'' 'to do, to make'
*''bu'' 'to come'
*''lakht'' 'to go'
*''kkakht'' 'to get'
*''ðett'' 'to give'
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite)
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! "to do, to make" (past)
| ''ði ni''
| ''ðis to''
| ''ðis te''
| ''sto Hi''
| ''ðo u''
| ''sto hi''
| ''ðin nu''
| ''ðis tem''
| ''ðu'm''
| ''ðo/sto''
|-
! "to do, to make" (future)
| ''ąs i''
| ''tąs to''
| ''tąs te''
| ''tąs Hi''
| ''yąs u''
| ''tąs hi''
| ''nąs nu''
| ''tąsu tem''
| ''yąsu'm''
| ''yąs/tąs''
|-
! "to come" (future)
| ''bul i''
| ''tbul to''
| ''tbuli te''
| ''tbul Hi''
| ''bul u''
| ''tbul hi''
| ''nbul nu''
| ''tbulu tem''
| ''bulu'm''
| ''bul/tbul''
|-
! "to come" (past)
| ''powt i''
| ''powt to''
| ''powt te''
| ''pol Hi''
| ''pow u''
| ''pol hi''
| ''pown nu''
| ''powt tem''
| ''polu'm''
| ''pow/pol''
|-
! "to go" (future)
| ''ley i''
| ''tley to''
| ''tley te''
| ''tley Hi''
| ''ley u''
| ''tley hi''
| ''ley nu''
| ''tleyu tem''
| ''leyu'm''
| ''ley/tlet''
|-
! "to go" (past)
| ''laxt i''
| ''laxt to''
| ''laxt te''
| ''layø Hi''
| ''lay u''
| ''layø hi''
| ''laynø nu''
| ''laxt tem''
| ''layu'm''
| ''lay/layø''
|-
! "to get" (future)
| ''key i''
| ''tkey to''
| ''tkey te''
| ''tkey Hi''
| ''key u''
| ''tkey hi''
| ''key nu''
| ''tkeyu tem''
| ''keyu'm''
| ''key/tkey''
|-
! "to get" (past)
| ''kakht i''
| ''kakht to''
| ''kakht te''
| ''kayø Hi''
| ''kay u''
| ''kayø hi''
| ''kaynø nu''
| ''kakht tem''
| ''kayu'm''
| ''kay/kayø''
|-
! "to give" (future)
| ''ten i''
| ''ten to''
| ''tni te''
| ''ten Hi''
| ''ten u''
| ''ten hi''
| ''ten nu''
| ''tnu tem''
| ''tnu'm''
| ''ten''
|-
! "to give" (past)
| ''nakht i''
| ''nakht to''
| ''nakht te''
| ''nayø Hi''
| ''nay u''
| ''nayø hi''
| ''naynø nu''
| ''nakht tem''
| ''nayu'm''
| ''nakh/nakhø''
|}
 
Non-pronominal forms agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural ''nominal'' subjects and the masculine singular form is used.
 
====Regular pa3al verbs====
The regular pattern is *liCCuC.
 
====-t verbs====
Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
*lakht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
*kakht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
*sakht /saxt/ = to go back
*šaft /ʃaft/ = to sit
*ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
*lost /ˈlost/ = to be born
*sett /seʔt/ = to carry
*tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
*sątt /sãːʔt/ = to travel
*gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
*dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
*tątt /tãːʔt/ = to plant
 
====Regular nif3al====
The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.
 
====Regular pi3el====
The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.
 
====Regular hif3il====
The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
 
====Regular hithpa3el====
The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
====Other verbs====
Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
 
Any noun can also be verbed by prefixing ''lø-''.
 
===Auxiliaries===
{{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
*''Re Dovíð ngaw šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
*''Biuth Dovíð ngaw šun'' = When David is about to sleep
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Present (''re, r' '' is from רְאֵה ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
| ''i, ni''
| ''to''
| ''te''
| ''u''
| ''hi''
| ''nu''
| ''tem''
| ''em''
| ''re'', ''r' '' before V
|-
! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
| ''ngud i''
| ''ngud to''
| ''ngud te''
| ''nguden u''
| ''nguden hi''
| ''ngud nu''
| ''ngud tem''
| ''ngud em''
| ''ngud''
|-
! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)
| ''am ni, am i''
| ''am to''
| ''am te''
| ''am u''
| ''am hi''
| ''am nu''
| ''am tem''
| ''am em''
| ''am''
|-
! Past (from perfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')
| ''si ni, sit i, sit ni''
| ''sit to''
| ''sit te''
| ''so u''
| ''sto hi''
| ''sin nu''
| ''sit tem''
| ''su'm''
| ''so/sto''
|-
! Future/Subjunctive (from imperfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')
| ''ąs i''
| ''tąs to''
| ''tąs te''
| ''yąs u''
| ''tąs hi''
| ''nąs nu''
| ''tąsu tem''
| ''yąsu'm''
| ''yąs/tąs''
|-
! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''ur ni, ur i''
| ''tur to''
| ''tri te''
| ''yur u''
| ''tur hi''
| ''nur nu''
| ''tru tem''
| ''ru'm''
| ''yur/tur''
|-
! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''var ni, var i, vart i''
| ''vart to''
| ''vart te''
| ''var u''
| ''vro hi''
| ''varn nu''
| ''vart tem''
| ''vru'm''
| ''var/vro''
|-
! "May" (from imperfect of לָקַח 'to take')
| ''kekh i''
| ''tkekh to''
| ''tkekh te''
| ''kekh u''
| ''tkekh hi''
| ''kekh nu''
| ''tkekhu tem''
| ''kekhu'm''
| ''kekh/tkekh/kekhu''
|-
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''usif i''
| ''tusif to''
| ''tusif te''
| ''yusif u''
| ''tusif hi''
| ''nusif nu''
| ''tusif tem''
| ''yusifu'm''
| ''usift/tusif/yusifu''
|-
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''seft i''
| ''seft to''
| ''seft te''
| ''sif u''
| ''sifø hi''
| ''sef nu''
| ''seft tem''
| ''sifu'm''
| ''sif/sifu''
|-
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| ''zum i''
| ''tøzum to''
| ''tøzum te''
| ''zum u''
| ''tøzum hi''
| ''nøzum nu''
| ''tøzmu tem''
| ''zmu'm''
| ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
|-
! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''attev i''
| ''tattev to''
| ''tattvi te''
| ''yattev u''
| ''tattev hi''
| ''nattev nu''
| ''tattev tem''
| ''yattevu'm''
| ''yattev/tattev/yattevu''
|-
! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''ettevt i''
| ''ettevt to''
| ''ettevt te''
| ''ettev u''
| ''ettivø hi''
| ''ettev nu''
| ''ettevt tem''
| ''ettevu'm''
| ''ettev''
|}
=====Cautionary future=====
The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Biblical Hebrew verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
** '''''Zum''' sąraz tha lovu fu kol ngeth.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' tafkestaz mul lith kovuą hettev!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
 
====Object pronouns====
Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''kho/khe/khem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects.
 
===Prepositions===
Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
 
example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly
*1sg: li, li ni
*2sg.m: lakh to
*2sg.f: lakh te
*3sg.m: lomu hu
*3sg.f: lomi hi
*1pl. lonu nu
*2pl. lakhøm tem
*3pl. lomu'm
 
Other prepositions:
*''túb lø'' = for
*''yán'' = because of
*''ngøli'' = on, above
*''yax'' = with (both inst. and com.)
*''pøngé'' = inside, within
**sim. ''løngé, møngé'' 'into, out of'
*''pølip'' = amidst
*''wén'' = without
*''møné'' = before, in front of
*''hár'' = after
*''møngál'' = above
*''møþál'' = below
*''þaxt'' = instead of
*''túl'' = like, as
*''hakr'' = until
*''gu'' = up to
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
 
:'''''R'išaz p'él avlaz.'''''
:''The man is eating the apple.''
 
:'''''Re béð u pø de-rul xmó liyoðøn.'''''
:''His house is as big as a crocodile.''
 
:'''''Sto hi ða ląsuth halkkbetho hi pø ro-múhr.'''''
:''She did her homework too late.''
 
The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mə'umâ lo'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
 
===Faulty accusative===
{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' (from Biblical Hebrew ''ʔet ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. ''Đa'' must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס טאָגר ''Hettvø hi ða litfus togø.'' = She was good at catching fish.
 
===Noun phrase===
The definite article is a clitic:
*Singular: =as (after C) or =su (after V)
*Plural: =iw (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
Examples:
*''hadr'' = a room
*''hadras'' = the room
*''hadrør'' = rooms
*''hadriw'' = the rooms
*''hadr grú'' = a big room
*''hadr grulas'' = the big room (< ''hah-hadr hag-gâdhol haz-ze'')
*''botr grulr'' = big houses
*''botr gruliw'' = the big houses
 
There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''šem-mawkaz'' = the king's name.
 
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az šom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze šom'' (where the ''ze'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
 
The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''.
 
===Words for yes and no===
*''ent'' (from אמת "truth") = present 'yes'
*''ay'' (from איה "where?") = present 'no'
*''ríð'' (from ראיתי "I saw") = past 'yes'
*''lu ðo'' (from לא עשה, inflected) = past 'no'
*''yąð'' (from יעשה, inflected) = future 'yes'
*''lu yąð'' (inflected) = future 'no'
*''aw'' (from אל "don't!") = imperative 'no'
 
===Verb phrase===
====VN constructions====
*''re Parm '''pø''' laxt'' = Parm is going, goes
*''re Parm '''þax''' laxt'' = Parm is about to go
*''re Parm '''hár''' laxt'' = Parm has gone
*''re Parm '''hár yið pø''' laxt'' = Parm has been going
*''re Parm '''døs''' laxt'' = Parm just went
*''re Parm '''wén''' laxt'' = Parm hasn't went
*'''''sto''' Parm '''ða''' laxt'' = Parm went
*'''''þąs''' Parm '''ða''' laxt'' = Parm will go
*''Laxt!'' = Go! (number neutral)
*'''''Tenu''' laxt!'' = Let's go!
 
===Sentence phrase===
===Complementizer===
There is a complementizer ''mur'' /mɐ/ (from לאמר ''lēmōr'') or ''yuð'' /əð/ (from conflation of ''hajōδ'' 'to be' and ''hiyyōδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
 
===Relativizer===
Relative clauses use the relativizer ''ar'' (from a merger of אשר ''*ʔašir'' and ה- ''ha-''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense.
 
*''Ni p'él avlaz ar pø hadr i'' = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
 
==Vocabulary==
Canaanite has the following vocabulary layers:
 
# Most of the common words are inherited from quasi-Biblical Hebrew, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''sngúd'' 'a lot' comes from סעודה 'feast'.
# Celtic substrates
# Ancient Greek, Old Togarmite and Aramaic loans
# L-Arabic loans
# Modern loans from other Levantine sprachbund languages, such as [[Togarmite]], and Modern Greek
 
Although it is attested in Biblical Hebrew, the *CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not as productive as in Mishnaic Hebrew.
 
Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
*''ambin'' 'brick' from אבני בניין ''*ʔabanē binyan'' 'building stones'
*''søvgom'' '(slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from שפך דם ''*šapk dam'' 'spilling of blood'
*''ngénøm'' 'source' from עין מים ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
*''løseppin'' 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
*''klalib'' 'conscience' from קול הלב lit. 'voice of the heart'
 
Some productive affixes are:
*ben-/ble- = agentive
**פנאַר ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *בן הר 'son-of mountain'
*beδ- = place noun
*bəd-/pd- = singulative of a collective noun
**פדע ''pdą'' = tree, from *batt ya3r 'daughter of forest'
*-əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Xol plenušiw bru'm lalest kø hofsr; hem sowr ngaw kovdaz ke tsrokkuthiw. Vru'm lifkudh pø þbín ke gulaliv, ke re ngalem laxt yax šuthif bø nøšóm ahwr.'''''
:all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL walk with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
 
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! Cubrite !! Masoretic Hebrew (translit.)
|-
||
# ''Bar þó law þebwas ðo súðu śóv lødapir xe súðu núm lúngil.''
# ''Wini khi yu'm pø šątt me mikkarm, śu'm liþakiw pø mišuras Šinngor xe liðyašib šom.''
# ''Xe śu'm lø šúðiv yið: "Púlé, puþonu ląśuð ambínr xe lateb léfuð em." Xe śu ambíniw šamiš lomu'm xmu avóniw, ke hemras xmu mawtt.''
# ''Xe śu'm yið: "Púlé, puþonu bnuð krír xe mídøw bomi hi, yąð ruš u lagią ląluð lø šmémas, xe nąð nu ląsuð lø nawš nu duąšim! Oz nąs nu mul liðvasir ngøli þó law þebwas."''
# ''Wini Hašém śo u rest bu, xá yąś u lábitt pø kríras ke mídøwas a yu plenušiw pø bnuð.''
# ''Ke Hašém śo u yið: "Šą a śu'm háþolø ląśuð suð kø hóð ngom ar bø dapir hóð núm,  yiye mum mikhšul mul lø mádovr a yąśu løzumim ląśuð!''
# ''"Púlé, puþonu rest laxt xe bawbiw núm em, oz yąðu'm mul lábin šuðiv."''
# ''Xu Hašém śo u vasir em fli þó law þebwas, xe śu'm ládul bnuð kríras.''
# ''Xe me yánas fu ar kríras bø kkaxt šemas "Boviw" -- šom śo Hašém bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom śo Hašém vasir em ngøli þó law þebwas.''
||
#Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
#Vayehi bnos'am mikedem vayyimtse'u vik'a b'erets Shin'ar vayyeshvu sham.
#Vayyomru ish el-re'ehu hava nilbena lvenim venisrefa lisrefa vatehi lahem hallvena l'aven vehakhemor haya lahem lakhomer.
#Vayyomru hava nivne-lanu ir umigdal verosho vashamayim vena'ase-lanu shem pen-nafuts al-pnei khol-ha'arets.
#Vayyered Adonai lir'ot et-ha'ir ve'et-hammigdal asher banu bnei ha'adam.
#Vayyomer Adonai hen am ekhad vesafa akhat lekhullam veze hakhillam la'asot ve'ata lo-yibatser mehem kol asher yazmu la'asot.
#Hava nerda vnovla sham sfatam asher lo yishme'u ish sefat re'ehu.
#Vayyafets Adonai otam misham al-pnei khol-ha'arets vayyakhdelu livnot ha'ir.
#Al-ken kara shmah bavel ki-sham balal Adonai shefat kol-ha'arets umisham hefitsam Adonai al-pnei kol-ha'arets.
|}
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
 
==Phrasebook==
When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.
*''Soløm!'' [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
*''Hakr gorv!'' = See you!
*''Ebí Hi!'' = Welcome! (etym. [God] has brought you)
*''Parg lo Hi!'' = Thank you!
*''imtsøhém Hi'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
**also ''plíz'' [pləɪz] (from English)
*''ngeth tuv'' [ŋɛθ tuv] = have fun
 
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 5 July 2025

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ̃ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity

l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters

Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh

/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr

samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/

definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural

Heth and he merge

pronouns:

  • 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
  • 2sg /tʰə/
  • 3sg m /hʏ/
  • 3sg f /hɪ/
  • 1pl /nʏ/
  • 2pl /tʰəm/
  • 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/

Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style

/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'

h-g-y 'to savor'

ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'

k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'

g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'

ʔ-š-r (ser 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')

One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |b| from Old Knench /b/
  • |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
  • |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
  • |h| from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |j| from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| from Old Knench /n/
  • |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| from Old Knench /p/
  • |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |r| from Old Knench /r/
  • |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/

Vocalizables

Vocalizables are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ̃|, |l|, and |w|.

Mutation

Morphology

Verbs

Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)

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