Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions

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m IlL moved page Verse:Tadyrzu/Knench to Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench without leaving a redirect
 
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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity


[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]
l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters


{{construction}}
Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh


{{Infobox language
/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = כﬞנאַאנידﬞ<br/>{{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:AETHER]]
|name = Cubrite
|pronunciation = /xnaːnið/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|script = Hebrew (Jewish square script)
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Canaanite
|fam5=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
}}


'''Cubrite''' (Cubrite: כﬞנאַאנידﬞ ''Xnánið'' /xnɛːnið/ or נומא כﬞנאַאן ''núm Xnán'' /niːm xnɛːn/) is a Canaanite language in [[Verse:AETHER]], spoken by the Cubrites in Sicily. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older Hebrew tense conjugations.
samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/


It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural


Numbers:
Heth and he merge
0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, homiš, šeš, šebą, šmun, þešą, ngašr


11-20: óðąš/áðąš, šnayąš, šlušąš, arvąš, homišąš, šešąš, šebąš, šmunąš, þešąš, ngašri
pronouns:  
* 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
* 2sg /tʰə/
* 3sg m /hʏ/
* 3sg f /hɪ/
* 1pl /nʏ/
* 2pl /tʰəm/
* 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/


40: štay ngašri
Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style


60: šluš ngašri
/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'


...
h-g-y 'to savor'


100: míø
ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'


10000: rúø
k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'


before: kkorm
g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'


<!--  
ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
== Phonology ==
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |b| from Old Knench /b/
* |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
* |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
* |h| from Old Knench /h/
* |w| from Old Knench /w/
* |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |j| from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
* |l| from Old Knench /l/
* |m| from Old Knench /m/
* |n| from Old Knench /n/
* |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| from Old Knench /p/
* |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |r| from Old Knench /r/
* |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/


-->
==== Vocalizables ====
''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|.


==History==
=== Mutation ===


==TODO==
== Morphology ==
*Icelandify/Samify?
=== Verbs ===
*Swadesh list
Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
*''biuth'' or ''šą še...'' = when...
*Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
*''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God])
*''šovuą'' = week
*''mødbár'' = conference
*נא becomes a focus marker ''=nø''
**question marker ''a ... [FOCUS]=nø''
*Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''bett'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
*''Makhin yo ngalekh likkori?'' = Why did you have to die?


===Some sound changes===
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)
*non-rhoticity, H-dropping
*ħ > h; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > kht
*ś > usually f
*dt, tt > st
*-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
*ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
*OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
*/m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ/ {{angbr|m n η h l w y r}}
*/p b f v t⁼ d ʔtʰ θ ð k⁼ g ʔkʰ x/ {{angbr|p b f v t d tt þ ð k g kk x}}
*/s z ts ʃ/ {{angbr|s z ts š}}
 
(capital η is И)
 
Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.
====Mutations====
Words can undergo initial voicing mutation.
 
===Vowels===
{{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in its timeline:
 
/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə əɪ äɤ iː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oʊ~oː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r}}
 
Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'', or ''ør'' after ''r''.
 
The following is the traditional classification of vowels:
*Shva: ø
*Short vowels: a e i o u
*Long vowels: á é í ó ú
*Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
*L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
*R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur r
 
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress tends penultimate or final.
 
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Orthography==
Modern Cubrite is written in the Jewish Hebrew square script, in a spelling based on Tiberian Hebrew. (The resulting spelling is not etymological, since Cubrite reflects the original Hebrew consonants differently.) This is because most earlier works in Modern Cubrite were written by Jews, mainly educational materials in Judaism.
 
===Consonants===
*/m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ Ø/ {{angbr|מ נ ׆ ה ל ו י ר א}}
*/p b f v t⁼ d tʰ θ ð k⁼ g kʰ x/ {{angbr|פ ב פﬞ בﬞ ט ד ת ת◌ﬞ דﬞ ק ג כ כﬞ}}
*/s z ts ʃ (sj-sound)/ {{angbr|ס ז צ ש שׂ}}
 
Consonant correspondences (by default):
*Hebrew ד ~ Cubrite ט/ד
*Hebrew ת ~ Cubrite ת◌ﬞ/דﬞ
*Hebrew ט ~ Cubrite ת
 
===Vowels===
*Word final /ə/ is always written ר, regardless of etymology.
*The five basic vowel symbols, written after the initial consonant:
**אַ = ''a''
**יֶ = ''e''
**י = ''i''
**אָ = ''o''
**ו = ''u''
*The lengthened vowels are written with an alef. If possible the alef is written after the coda; if there is no coda or if there is a post-coda suffix, it is written right after the vowel symbol. For example: ''núm'' 'language' = נומא; ''númr'' 'languages' = נואמר.
*The L- and R-colored vowels are written with lamed or resh after the vowel symbol.
*The nasalized vowels are written with ayin after the vowel symbol, but ''ą'' is usually written just with ayin.
 
==Morphology==
{{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
 
-->
===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
 
{{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ־ר ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' and ''-ōδ''). It also lost grammatical gender, although animates still have natural gender.
 
Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: פדע ''pdą'' 'tree', פדערר ''pdąrør'' 'trees'.
 
Some irregular plurals: בנוס, בלנוס ''benus, blenus'' = human
 
Canaanite has lost the construct state.
 
Degree markers:
*Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH די ''day'' 'enough')
*Emphatic: ''ro-'' = too (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes פרידﬞ ''prið'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite בראותי את ''pirʔūðī jūð'' 'when I see ACC')
 
Example: קרוא ''kkrú'' 'big', דגרוא ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ראָגרוא ''rogrú'' 'very big indeed', קרואדﬞר ''kkrúðør'' 'bigger/biggest'
 
===Verbs===
Almost all verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct, which is also used as an imperative. The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation in the infinitive construct. Even for imperatives: ''ðett lomi hi!'' = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
 
====Inflected lexical verbs====
There are only five inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
*''fuð'' 'to do'
*''ðuð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ)
*''laxt'' 'to go'
*''kaxt'' 'to take'
*''ðett'' 'to give'
 
The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite)
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | you (plural)
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
!rowspan=2| ''fuð''
! future
| ''ąf i''
| ''þąf ta''
| ''þąf te''
| ''þąf Hi''
| ''yąf u''
| ''þąf hi''
| ''nąf nu''
| ''þąfu tem''
| ''yąfu'm''
| ''yąf/þąf''
|-
! past
| ''fið i''
| ''fis ta''
| ''fis te''
| ''fto Hi''
| ''fo u''
| ''fto hi''
| ''fin nu''
| ''fis tem''
| ''fu'm''
| ''fo/fto''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''ðuð''
! future
| ''éð i''
| ''þés ta''
| ''þés te''
| ''þéð Hi''
| ''yéð u''
| ''þéð hi''
| ''néð nu''
| ''þéðu tem''
| ''yéðu'm''
| ''yéð/þéð''
|-
! past
| ''powð i''
| ''pows ta''
| ''pows te''
| ''pól Hi''
| ''pow u''
| ''pól hi''
| ''pown nu''
| ''pows tem''
| ''polu'm''
| ''pow/pól''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''laxt''
! future
| ''ley ni''
| ''tley ta''
| ''tley te''
| ''tlen Hi''
| ''len u''
| ''tlen hi''
| ''ley nu''
| ''tlew tem''
| ''lew'm''
| ''ley/tley''
|-
! past
| ''laxt i''
| ''laxt ta''
| ''laxt te''
| ''lál Hi''
| ''law u''
| ''lál hi''
| ''layn nu''
| ''laxt tem''
| ''lalu'm''
| ''law/lál''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''kaxt''
! future
| ''key ni''
| ''tkey ta''
| ''tkey te''
| ''tken Hi''
| ''ken u''
| ''tken hi''
| ''key nu''
| ''tkew tem''
| ''kew'm''
| ''key/tkey''
|-
! past
| ''kaxt i''
| ''kaxt ta''
| ''kaxt te''
| ''kál Hi''
| ''kaw u''
| ''kál hi''
| ''kayn nu''
| ''kaxt tem''
| ''kalu'm''
| ''kaw/kál''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''ðett''
! future
| ''ney ni''
| ''tney ta''
| ''tney te''
| ''tnen Hi''
| ''nen u''
| ''tnen hi''
| ''ney nu''
| ''tnew tem''
| ''new'm''
| ''nen''
|-
! past
| ''naxt i''
| ''naxt ta''
| ''naxt te''
| ''nál Hi''
| ''naw u''
| ''nál hi''
| ''nayn nu''
| ''naxt tem''
| ''nalu'm''
| ''naw/nál''
|}
 
Non-pronominal forms agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural ''nominal'' subjects and the masculine singular form is used.
 
====Regular pa3al verbs====
The regular pattern is *liCCuC.
 
====-t verbs====
Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
*lakht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
*kakht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
*sakht /saxt/ = to go back
*šaft /ʃaft/ = to sit
*ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
*lost /ˈlost/ = to be born
*sett /seʔt/ = to carry
*tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
*sątt /sãːʔt/ = to travel
*gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
*dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
*tątt /tãːʔt/ = to plant
 
====Regular nif3al====
The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.
 
====Regular pi3el====
The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.
 
====Regular hif3il====
The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
 
====Regular hithpa3el====
The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
====Other verbs====
Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
 
Any noun can also be verbed by prefixing ''lø-''.
 
===Auxiliaries===
{{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
*''Re Dovíð ngaw šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
*''Biuth Dovíð ngaw šun'' = When David is about to sleep
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Present (''re, r' '' is from רְאֵה ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
| ''i, ni''
| ''ta''
| ''te''
| ''u''
| ''hi''
| ''nu''
| ''tem''
| ''em''
| ''re'', ''r' '' before V
|-
! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
| ''ngud i''
| ''ngud ta''
| ''ngud te''
| ''nguden u''
| ''nguden hi''
| ''ngud nu''
| ''ngud tem''
| ''ngud em''
| ''ngud''
|-
! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)
| ''am ni, am i''
| ''am ta''
| ''am te''
| ''am u''
| ''am hi''
| ''am nu''
| ''am tem''
| ''am em''
| ''am''
|-
! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''ur ni, ur i''
| ''tur ta''
| ''tri te''
| ''yur u''
| ''tur hi''
| ''nur nu''
| ''tru tem''
| ''ru'm''
| ''yur/tur''
|-
! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''var ni, var i, vart i''
| ''vart ta''
| ''vart te''
| ''var u''
| ''vro hi''
| ''varn nu''
| ''vart tem''
| ''vru'm''
| ''var/vro''
|-
! "May" (from imperfect of לָקַח 'to take')
| ''kekh i''
| ''tkekh ta''
| ''tkekh te''
| ''kekh u''
| ''tkekh hi''
| ''kekh nu''
| ''tkekhu tem''
| ''kekhu'm''
| ''kekh/tkekh/kekhu''
|-
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''usif i''
| ''tusif ta''
| ''tusif te''
| ''yusif u''
| ''tusif hi''
| ''nusif nu''
| ''tusif tem''
| ''yusifu'm''
| ''usift/tusif/yusifu''
|-
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''seft i''
| ''seft ta''
| ''seft te''
| ''sif u''
| ''sifø hi''
| ''sef nu''
| ''seft tem''
| ''sifu'm''
| ''sif/sifu''
|-
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| ''zum i''
| ''tøzum ta''
| ''tøzum te''
| ''zum u''
| ''tøzum hi''
| ''nøzum nu''
| ''tøzmu tem''
| ''zmu'm''
| ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
|-
! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''attev i''
| ''tattev ta''
| ''tattvi te''
| ''yattev u''
| ''tattev hi''
| ''nattev nu''
| ''tattev tem''
| ''yattevu'm''
| ''yattev/tattev/yattevu''
|-
! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''ettevt i''
| ''ettevt ta''
| ''ettevt te''
| ''ettev u''
| ''ettivø hi''
| ''ettev nu''
| ''ettevt tem''
| ''ettevu'm''
| ''ettev''
|}
=====Cautionary future=====
The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
** '''''Zum''' sąraz tha lovu fu kol ngeth.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' tafkestaz mul lith kovuą hettev!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
 
====Object pronouns====
Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''kho/khe/khem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects.
 
===Prepositions===
Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
 
example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly
*1sg: li, li ni
*2sg.m: lakh to
*2sg.f: lakh te
*3sg.m: lomu hu
*3sg.f: lomi hi
*1pl. lonu nu
*2pl. lakhøm tem
*3pl. lomu'm
 
Other prepositions:
*''túb lø'' = for
*''yán'' = because of
*''ngøli'' = on, above
*''yax'' = with (both inst. and com.)
*''pøngé'' = inside, within
**sim. ''løngé, møngé'' 'into, out of'
*''pølip'' = amidst
*''wén'' = without
*''møné'' = before, in front of
*''hár'' = after
*''møngál'' = above
*''møþál'' = below
*''þaxt'' = instead of
*''til'' = like, as
*''hakr'' = until
*''gu'' = up to
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
 
:'''''R'išaz p'él avlaz.'''''
:''The man is eating the apple.''
 
:'''''Re béð u pø de-rul xmó liyoðøn.'''''
:''His house is as big as a crocodile.''
 
:'''''Sto hi ða ląsuth halkkbetho hi pø ro-múhr.'''''
:''She did her homework too late.''
 
The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mə'umâ lo'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
 
===Faulty accusative===
{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '' (from Ancient Cubrite ''ʔet ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. ''Đa'' must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס טאָגר ''Hettvø hi ða litfus togø.'' = She was good at catching fish.
 
===Noun phrase===
Both nouns and adjectives inflect for definiteness, as follows:
*Singular: -as (after C) or -su (after V)
*Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
Examples:
*''hadr'' = a room
*''hadras'' = the room
*''hadrør'' = rooms
*''hadril'' = the rooms
*''hadr grú'' = a big room
*''hadras grulas'' = the big room
*''botr grulr'' = big houses
*''botil grulil'' = the big houses
 
There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''šem-mawkaz'' = the king's name.
 
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az šom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze šom'' (where the ''ze'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
 
The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''.
 
===Words for yes and no===
*''ent'' (from אמת "truth") = present 'yes'
*''ay'' (from איה "where?") = present 'no'
*''ríð'' (from ראיתי "I saw") = past 'yes'
*''lu ðo'' (from לא עשה, inflected) = past 'no'
*''yąð'' (from יעשה, inflected) = future 'yes'
*''lu yąð'' (inflected) = future 'no'
*''aw'' (from אל "don't!") = imperative 'no'
 
===Verb phrase===
====VN constructions====
*''re Parm '''pø''' laxt'' = Parm is going, goes
*''re Parm '''þax''' laxt'' = Parm is about to go
*''re Parm '''hár''' laxt'' = Parm has gone
*''re Parm '''hár yið pø''' laxt'' = Parm has been going
*''re Parm '''døs''' laxt'' = Parm just went
*''re Parm '''wén''' laxt'' = Parm hasn't went
*'''''sto''' Parm '''ða''' laxt'' = Parm went
*'''''þąs''' Parm '''ða''' laxt'' = Parm will go
*''Laxt!'' = Go! (number neutral)
*'''''Tenu''' laxt!'' = Let's go!
 
===Sentence phrase===
===Complementizer===
There is a complementizer ''mur'' /mɐ/ (from לאמר ''lēmōr'') or ''yuð'' /əð/ (from conflation of ''hajōδ'' 'to be' and ''hiyyōδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
 
===Relativizer===
Relative clauses use the relativizer ''ar'' (from a merger of אשר ''*ʔašir'' and ה- ''ha-''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense.
 
*''Ni p'él avlaz ar pø hadr i'' = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
 
==Vocabulary==
Canaanite has the following vocabulary layers:
 
# Most of the common words are inherited from Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''sngúd'' 'a lot' comes from סעודה 'feast'.
# Celtic substrates
# Ancient Greek, Old Togarmite and Aramaic loans
# L-Arabic loans
# Modern loans from other Levantine sprachbund languages, such as [[Togarmite]], and Modern Greek
 
Although it is attested in Biblical Hebrew, the *CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not as productive as in Mishnaic Hebrew.
 
Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
*''ambin'' 'brick' from אבני בניין ''*ʔabanē binyan'' 'building stones'
*''søvgom'' '(slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from שפך דם ''*šapk dam'' 'spilling of blood'
*''ngénøm'' 'source' from עין מים ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
*''løseppin'' 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
*''klalib'' 'conscience' from קול הלב lit. 'voice of the heart'
 
Some productive affixes are:
*ben-/ble- = agentive
**פנאַר ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *בן הר 'son-of mountain'
*beδ- = place noun
*bəd-/pd- = singulative of a collective noun
**פדע ''pdą'' = tree, from *batt ya3r 'daughter of forest'
*-əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Xol plenušil bru'm lost til hofsr; em sowr ηa xobdas xø tsrókkil. Vru'm lifkuð pø ðbín xe gulalib, xe re ηal em liðaléx yaxøm šuðiv bø nøšóm ahwr.'''''
:all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
 
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! Cubrite !! Masoretic Hebrew (translit.)
|-
||
# ''Bar þó law þebwas fo súðu fóv ða lødapir xe súðu núm ða lúηgil.''
# ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkarm, fu'm ða liþakiw pø mišuras Šinηor xe liðyašib šom.''
# ''Xe fu'm lø šúðiv yið: "Púlé, puþonu fuð ambínr xe latteb lévuð em." Xe fu ambínil ða šamiš lomu'm til avónil, ke hemras til mawtt.''
# ''Xe fu'm yið: "Púlé, puþonu bnuð krír xe mídøw bomi hi, yéð ruš u ląluð lø šmémas, xe nąð nu ða ląsuð lø nawš nu duąšim! Oz nąs nu mul liðvasir ηøli þó law þebwas."''
# ''Wini Hašém fo u ða rest bu, xá yąf u ða lábitt pø kríras ke mídøwas a yu plenusil pø bnuð.''
# ''Ke Hašém fo u yið: "Šą a fu'm ða háþolø fuð kø hóð ηom ar bø dapir hóð núm, yiye mum mikhšul mul lø mádovr a yąfu løzumim fuð!''
# ''"Púlé, puþonu rest laxt xe bawbiw núm em, oz yąðu'm mul lábin šuðiv."''
# ''Xu Hašém fo u ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas, xe fu'm ða ládul bnuð kríras.''
# ''Xe me yánas fu ar kríras bø kaxt šemas "Bovél" -- šom fo Hašém ða bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fo Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas.''
||
#Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
#Vayehi bnos'am mikedem vayyimtse'u vik'a b'erets Shin'ar vayyeshvu sham.
#Vayyomru ish el-re'ehu hava nilbena lvenim venisrefa lisrefa vatehi lahem hallvena l'aven vehakhemor haya lahem lakhomer.
#Vayyomru hava nivne-lanu ir umigdal verosho vashamayim vena'ase-lanu shem pen-nafuts al-pnei khol-ha'arets.
#Vayyered Adonai lir'ot et-ha'ir ve'et-hammigdal asher banu bnei ha'adam.
#Vayyomer Adonai hen am ekhad vesafa akhat lekhullam veze hakhillam la'asot ve'ata lo-yibatser mehem kol asher yazmu la'asot.
#Hava nerda vnovla sham sfatam asher lo yishme'u ish sefat re'ehu.
#Vayyafets Adonai otam misham al-pnei khol-ha'arets vayyakhdelu livnot ha'ir.
#Al-ken kara shmah bavel ki-sham balal Adonai shefat kol-ha'arets umisham hefitsam Adonai al-pnei kol-ha'arets.
|}
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
 
==Phrasebook==
When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.
*''Soløm!'' [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
*''Hakr gorv!'' = See you!
*''Ebí Hi!'' = Welcome! (etym. [God] has brought you)
*''Parg lo Hi!'' = Thank you!
*''imtsøhém Hi'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
**also ''plíz'' [pləɪz] (from English)
*''ngeth tuv'' [ŋɛθ tuv] = have fun
 
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 5 July 2025

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ̃ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity

l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters

Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh

/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr

samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/

definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural

Heth and he merge

pronouns:

  • 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
  • 2sg /tʰə/
  • 3sg m /hʏ/
  • 3sg f /hɪ/
  • 1pl /nʏ/
  • 2pl /tʰəm/
  • 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/

Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style

/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'

h-g-y 'to savor'

ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'

k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'

g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'

ʔ-š-r (ser 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')

One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |b| from Old Knench /b/
  • |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
  • |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
  • |h| from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |j| from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| from Old Knench /n/
  • |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| from Old Knench /p/
  • |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |r| from Old Knench /r/
  • |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/

Vocalizables

Vocalizables are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ̃|, |l|, and |w|.

Mutation

Morphology

Verbs

Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)

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