Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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The history of Hebrew and Judaism in [[Verse:Apple PIE]] is much like in our own world. The consonantal text of the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible is identical to our timeline. However, it preserves phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost. The language was also revived three times independently, and is not associated with a nation-state.
== Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) ==
 
This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Apple PIE.
 
==Gaelic==
Gaelic (or "Galician") Hebrew has been influenced by [[Ăn Yidiș]] and [[Galoyseg]]. Similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except
*/e ɔ o u/ are pronounced like [[Judeo-Gaelic]] ''ea o u î''
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ''gh''
*/r/ is an alveolar flap
*affricates are distinguished from stop-fricative sequences, as in Judeo-Gaelic but unlike our Israeli Hebrew: תשומת לב [tsɨmas leəv] 'attention' is pronounced differently than *צומת לב.
 
Revived Galician Hebrew (revived by some secular L-Galician Jews) prefers Celtic syntax, such as VSO word order and expressions for feelings and modals. It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ''ach'' 'but' and שָׂשׂ ''sos'' 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל ''avol'' and שָׂמֵחַ ''someach''. Orthodox Gaelic Jews prefer to speak Judeo-Gaelic and refuse to speak any form of Revived Hebrew, because they view Hebrew as a sacred language.
 
==Comparison==
שָלוֹם, קוֹרְאִים לִי אֵימִי וָקְר, אֲנִי בַּת עֶשְרִים וְחָמֵש, וַאֲנִי מ-[PLACE].
(Hello, my name is Amy Walker. I'm 25 years old and I'm from [PLACE].)
 
*L-Tiberian Hebrew: (Tiberias) [ʃɔːˈloːm, kʼoːɹĭˈʔiːm liː ˈʔeːmiː ˈwɔːkʼăɹ, ʔăˈniː baθ ʕɛsˈɾiːm wɔ̆ħɔːˈmeːʃ, waːʔăˈniː mitːʼăvɛːɹĭˈjɔː]
*L-Holy Land Hebrew: ("Bet ha-Tikva") ''Sholœm, kœr'im li Emi Vokr, ani baþ esrim vekhomesh, va'ani mi-Beþ haTikvo.'' [ʃoˈlœm, kœɾˈ(ʔ)im li ˈ(ʔ)ɛmi ˈvoʔkəɾ, (ʔ)aˈni baθ (ʔ)ɛsˈɾim vəχoˈmɛʃ, va(ʔ)aˈni miˈbɛθ haʔtɪʔkˈvo]
*Hăvohróh Măcubéleth: [ʃoːˈləʊm, kəʊɾəˈʔɪjm lɪj ˈʔɛɪmiː ˈwoːʔkəɾ, ʔaˈnɪj baθ ʕɛsˈɾɪjm wəħoːˈmɛɪʃ, waʔaˈnɪj mɪʔˈkɛɾɛθ ħaðoːˈʃoː]
*L-Standard English Hebrew: (Newton) [ʃɔˈləʏm, kəʏə(ɹ)ˈ(ʔ)ɪjm lɪj ˈ(ʔ)ɛɪmiː ˈwoː(ʔ)kə(ɹ), (ʔ)aˈnɪj baθ (ʔ)ɛsˈɹɪjm wəχɔˈmɛɪʃ, wa(ʔ)aˈnɪj mɪ(ʔ)ˈkɛɹɛθ ħadɔˈʃoː]
*Western English Hebrew: [ʃɑˈɫoʊm, koɹˈ(ʔ)iːm ɫiː ˈ(ʔ)eɪmiː wɑːk⁼əɹ, (ʔ)ɑˈniː bɑt̪ (ʔ)ɛsˈɹiːm wəxɑˈmeɪʃ, wɑ(ʔ)ɑˈniː mɪ...]
*Eastern English Hebrew: [ʃoˈloim, k⁼oɪʀˈ(ʔ)iːm liː ˈ(ʔ)eɪmiː ˈvoːk⁼əʀ, (ʔ)aˈniː bas̠ (ʔ)esˈʀim vəχoˈmeɪʃ, va(ʔ)aˈniː mi...]
*"Poylish" Hebrew: [ʃuˈla:m, k⁼aʀˈ(ʔ)ejm lej ˈ(ʔ)aɪmej ˈvuːk⁼əʀ, (ʔ)oˈnej bos̠ (ʔ)esˈʀejm vəχuˈmaɪʃ, vo(ʔ)oˈnej mi...]
*Philadelphian Hebrew:
*Pre-Grimm English Hebrew: [sʰʌːˈloːm, k⁼oːɾəˈ(ʔ)iːm liː ˈ(ʔ)eːmi ˈwʌːkʼə, (ʔ)aˈniː batʰ (ʔ)esˈɾiːm wəxʌːˈmeːɧ, wa(ʔ)aˈniː mi...]
*ĐG Hebrew: ("Saigon" as a placeholder) [sɔˈluəm, kuəɹəˈʔim li ˈʔiəmi ˈvɔkəɹ, ʔəˈni ɓatʰ ʔɛʂˈɹim vəhɔˈmiəs, vəʔəˈni miʂajˈɣɔn]
*Khuamnisht Hebrew:
*Togarmite Hebrew: (Newton) [ʃoˈløm, køɾˈ(ʔ)im li ˈ(ʔ)emi ˈvokəɾ, (ʔ)aˈni baθ (ʔ)ɛsˈɾim vəxoˈmeʃ, va(ʔ)aˈni mɪˈkɛɾɛθ xadoˈʃo]
*Corded Ware Hebrew: [ʃaˈlomə, koɾəˈʔim li ˈʔemi ˈwakəɾ, ʔəˈni vaθ ʁesˈɾim wəχaˈmeʃ, wəʔəˈni mi-]
*Qivattu Hebrew: [ʃaˈlom, koɾaˈʔim li ˈʔemi ˈwakaɾ, ʔəˈni vaθ ʁesˈɾim waχaˈmeʃ, waʔaˈni mi-]
*Harappan Hebrew:
*Siészal Hebrew: (Altón-Zýmó) [ʂɑːɫoːm, koːɻəˈʔiːm lʲiː eːmiː wɑːkəɻ, ʔaniː bat ʔesɻɨːm waχameːʂ, waʔaniː meː aɫˈtoːn ˈzɨːmoː]
*Aussie (hypothetical): [ʃo:ɫəʉm, kəʉəʔi:m ɫi: æɪmi: wo:kə, æ'ni: bæθ esɹi:m wəxo:mæɪʃ, wæʔæni: mɪsɪdni:]
*Younger Aussie (hypothetical): [ʃo:ɫɔʏm, kɔʏəʔi:m ɫi: æɪmi: wo:kə, a'ni: baθ esɹi:m wəxo:mæɪʃ, waʔani: mɪsɪdni:]
*NZ (hypothetical): [ʃoɫɵʊm, koɹəi:m ɫi: ɐɪmi wo:kə, ɛ̞'ni: bɛ̞θ e̝sɹi:m wəxo:mɐɪʃ, wɛ̞ʔɛ̞ni: mɐɪ o:kɫənd]
*Israeli Hebrew: [ʃa'lom, koʀ'(ʔ)im li 'e(j)mi 'wakʀ, (ʔ)a'ni bat (ʔ)es'ʀim veχa'meʃ, va(ʔ)a'ni mitel (ʔ)a'viv]
*Yemenite Hebrew: [ʃɔːˈløːm, qøːrĭˈʔiːm liː ˈʔeːmiː ˈwɔːqăr. ʔăˈni bæθ ʕæsˈriːm wɔ̆ħɔːˈmeːʃ, wæʔăˈniː miˈsˤːɑnʕæ]
 
===Sample of English Hebrew (Genesis 1:1-5)===
TODO: Western accent
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
! style="width: 50px;" | Verse !! style="width: 100px;" | Masoretic Text !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard (Havohroh Măcubeleth) !! style="width: 250px;" | Eastern !! style="width: 250px;" | Translation
|-
! 1:1
|| {{Hebpara|בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃}}
|| [bəɹɪjˈʃiʝt̪ bɔˈɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm | ʔɪjt̪ hæʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɪjt̪ hɔˈʔoəɾɛts]
|| [bəɾɛɪˈʃɪjθ boːˈɾoː ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhɪjm | ʔɛɪθ haʃoːˈmɑːjɪm ʋəˈʔɛɪθ hoːˈʔoːɾɛʔts]
|| [bəʀeɪˈʃiːs̠ boˈʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm | ʔeɪs̠ haʃoˈmaːjɪm vəˈʔeɪs̠ hoˈʔoːʀets]
|| When God began creating the heaven and the earth,
|-
! 1:2
|| {{Hebpara|וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם}}
|| [vəhɔˈʔoəɹɛts hɔjəˈt̪oə ˈt̪ə̟ʊhʉw vɔˈvə̟ʊhʉw vəˈxə̟ʊʃɛx ʔæɫ pənɛɪ t̪əˈhə̟ʊm | vəˈɾʉwæx ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm məɹæˈxɛfɛθ ʔæw pənɛɪ hæˈmojɪm]
|| [ʋəhoːˈʔoːɾɛʔts hoːjəˈθoː ˈθə̟ʊhʉː ʋoːˈvə̟ʊhʉː ʋəˈħə̟ʊʃɛx ʕaɫ pənɛɪ θəˈhə̟ʊm | ʋəˈɾʉːwaħ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm məɾaˈħɛfɛθ ʕaɫ pəˈnɛɪ haˈmoːjɪm]
|| [vəhoˈʔoːʀets hojəˈs̠oː ˈs̠ɔɪhu voˈvɔɪhu vəˈχɔɪʃeχ ʔal pəneɪ s̠əˈhɔɪm | wəˈʀuaχ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm məʀaˈχefes̠ ʔal pəneɪ haˈmoːjɪm]
|| The earth was unformed and empty, and darkness was on the face of the deep; and the spirit of God was hovering above the surface of the water.
|-
! 1:3
|| {{Hebpara|וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃}}
||[vaˈjə̟ʊmɛɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm jəhi ʔə̟ʊɾ | vajəˈhi ʔə̟ʊɾ]
||[ʋaˈjə̟ʊmɛɾ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhɪjm jəhɪj ʔə̟ʊɾ | ʋajəˈhiː ʔə̟ʊɾ]
||[vaˈjɔɪmeʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm jəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ | vajəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ]
|| Now God said, "Let there be light!" And there was light.
|-
! 1:4
||{{Hebpara|וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃}}
||[vaˈjɑːɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ʔɛθ hɔˈʔə̟ʊɾ kɪˈtə̟ʊv | vajævˈdeːɫ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm bɪjn hɔˈʔəʊɾ ʔʉˈvɪjn hæˈxə̟ʊʃɛx]
||[ʋaˈjɑːɾ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm ʔɛθ hoːˈʔə̟ʊɾ kɪʔˈtə̟ʊv | ʋajavˈdɛɪɫ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm bɛɪn hoːˈʔə̟ʊɾ ʔʉːˈvɛɪn haˈħə̟ʊʃɛx]
||[vaˈjaːʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm ʔes̠ hɔˈʔɔɪʀ kiˈtɔɪv | vajavˈdeɪl ʔelɔɪˈhiːm beɪn hoˈʔɔɪʀ ʔʉˈveɪn haˈχɔɪʃeχ]
||God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness.
|-
! 1:5
||{{Hebpara|וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃}}
||[vajɪˈkɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ɫɔˈʔə̟ʊɾ ˈjəʊm vəɫaˈxə̟ʊʃɛx ˈkoəɾoə ˈɫojəɫoə | vajˈhi ˈʔɛɹɛv vajˈhi ˈvəʊkɛɾ jəʊm ʔɛˈxoəd̪]
|| [ʋajɪʔˈkɾoː ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm loːˈʔə̟ʊəɾ ˈjəʊm ʋəlaˈħə̟ʊʃɛx ˈkoːɾoː ˈloɪloː | ʋajəˈhiː ˈʕɛɾɛv ʋajəˈhiː ˈvə̟ʊʔkɛəɾ jə̟ʊm ʔɛˈħoːð]
|| [vajɪˈkʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm loˈʔɔɪʀ ˈjɔɪm vəlaˈχɔɪʃeχ ˈkoːʀo ˈlojlo | vajəˈhiː ˈʔeʀev vajəˈhiː ˈvɔɪkeʀ jɔɪm ʔeˈχoːd]
|| God called the light "day", and the darkness he called "night". Then there was evening, then there was morning, one day.
|}
 
===Sample (Dror Yikra)===
In Lõis, the piyyut (liturgical poem) Dror Yikra was written by a Corded Ware Jew (named Dunash ben Lavrat דונש בן לברט, CW Hebrew: /ðunaʃ ven lavɾat/ as in our world). Hence the rhymes work in accents such as Corded Ware and Siészal accents but not in accents such as L-Galician (L-Yiddish), Havohróh Măcubéleth, Đâu-Gequơxex, Indian and Holy Land accents.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
! style="width: 200px;" | Hebrew !! style="width: 245px;" | Corded Ware !! style="width: 245px;" | [[Đâu-Gequơrxi]] !! style="width: 260px;" | Revived Holy Land
!! style="width: 245px;" | Indian
|-
||
<poem>
<poem>
{{Hebpara|דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
Line 100: Line 13:
דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף וְעֶבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא


Line 116: Line 29:
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ  
}}
</poem>
||
<poem>
[ðəˈɾoɾ jɪˈkɾa ləˈven ʁim vaθ]
[wəjɪntsoɾˈxem kəˈmo vaˈvaθ]
[nəˈʁim ʃimˈxem wəˈlo juʃˈvaθ]
[ʃəˈvu nuˈχu vəˈjom ʃavˈvaθ]
 
[ðəˈɾoʃ naˈwi wəʔulaˈmi]
[wəˈʔoθ ˈjeʃaʁ ʁəˈse ʁimˈmi]
[nəˈtaʁ soˈɾek vəˈθox kaɾˈmi]
[ʃəˈʁe ʃawˈʁaθ vəˈne ʁamˈmi]
 
[ðəˈɾox puˈɾa vəˈθox votsˈɾa]
[wəɣam vaˈvel ʔəˈʃeɾ ɣavˈɾa]
[nəˈθots tsaˈɾaj vəˈʔaf ʁevˈɾa]
[ʃəˈmaʁ koˈli vəˈjom ʔekˈɾa]
 
[ʔəloˈkim ten vammiðˈvaɾ haɾ]
[həˈðas ʃitˈta vəˈɾoʃ tiðˈhaɾ]
[wəlammazˈhiɾ wəlannizˈhaɾ]
[ʃəloˈmim ten kəˈme naˈhaɾ]
 
[həˈðox kaˈmaj χaj ʔel kanˈna]
[vəˈmoɣ leˈvav uvimɣinˈna]
[wənaɾˈχiv pe unmalˈlenna]
[ləʃoˈnenu ləˈxa ɾinˈna]
 
[dəˈʁe χoxˈma lənafˈʃexa]
[wəˈhi ˈxeθeɾ ləɾoˈʃexa]
[nəˈtsoɾ mitsˈwaθ kəðoˈʃexa]
[ʃəˈmoɾ ʃavˈvaθ koðˈʃexa]
</poem>
||
<poem>
[dəˈɹuəɹ jiʔk⁼ˈɹɔ ləˈviən ʔim ɓatʰ]
[vəjintɕuəɹˈxɛm kʰəˈmuə vovatʰ]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈxɛm vəˈluə juʃɓatʰ]
[ʃəˈvu nuˈxu ɓəˈjuəm ʃaɓɔtʰ]
 
[dəˈɹuəʃ nɔˈvi vəʔulɔˈmi]
[vəˈʔuətʰ ˈjɛʃa ʔaˈsiə ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈɗa suəˈɹiək ɓəˈtʰuəx kʰaɹˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔiə ʃavˈʔatʰ ɓəˈniə ʔaˈmi]
 
[dəˈɹuəx pʰuˈɹɔ ɓəˈtʰuəx ɓɔtɕˈɹɔ]
[vəˈɣam ɓɔˈvɛl ʔaˈʃɛɹ ɣɔvˈɹɔ]
[nəˈtʰuətɕ tɕɔˈɹaj ɓəˈʔaf ʔɛvˈɹɔ]
[ʃəˈma kuəˈli ɓəˈjuəm ʔɛkˈɹɔ]
 
[ʔɛluəˈkim tʰiən ɓamizˈɓɔɹ haɹ]
[haˈzas ʃiˈtɔ ɓəˈɹuəʃ tʰizˈhɔɹ]
[vəlamazˈhiɹ vəlanizˈhɔɹ]
[ʃəluəˈmim tʰiən kʰəˈmiə nɔˈhɔɹ]
 
[haˈzuəx kɔˈmaj xaj ʔiəl kaˈnɔ]
[bəˈmuəg liəˈvɔv ʔuvimɣiˈnɔ]
[vənaɹˈxiv pʰɛ ʔunmaˈlɛnɔ]
[ləʃuəˈniənu ləˈxɔ ɹiˈnɔ]
 
[dəˈʔiə xɔxˈmɔ lənafˈʃɛxɔ]
[vəhi ˈxɛtʰɛɹ ləɹuəʃɛxɔ]
[nətɕuəɹ mitɕvatʰ kəzuəˈʃɛxɔ]
[ʃəˈmuəɹ ʃaɓɔtʰ kɔzˈʃɛxɔ]
</poem>
</poem>
||
<poem>
[dɹœɹ jiʔˈkɹo ləˈvɛn (ʔ)im baθ]
[vəjinʔtsoɹˈχɛm kmø voˈvaθ]
[nəˈ(ʔ)im ʃimˈχɛm vəˈlø juʃˈbaθ]
[ʃvu nuˈχu bəˈjøm ʃaˈboθ]
[dɹøʃ noˈvi və(ʔ)uloˈmi]
[vəˈ(ʔ)øθ ˈjɛʃa (ʔ)aˈsɛ (ʔ)iˈmi]
[nəʔˈta søˈɹɛʔk bəˈθœχ kɑɹˈmi]
[ʃəˈ(ʔ)e ʃavˈ(ʔ)aθ bnɛ (ʔ)aˈmi]
[dɹœχ pʊəˈɹo bəˈθox boʔtsˈɹo]
[vəˈgam boˈvɛw (ʔ)aˈʃɛɹ govˈɹo]
[nəˈθøʔts tsoˈɹaj bəˈ(ʔ)af (ʔ)ɛvˈɹo]
[ʃma køˈli bəˈjøm (ʔ)ɛʔkˈɹo]
[ʔɛløʔˈkim tɛn bamidˈboɹ hɑɹ]
[haˈdas ʃiʔˈto bəˈɹøʃ tidˈɦoɹ]
[vəlamazˈhiɹ vəlanizˈɦoɹ]
[ʃløˈmim tɛn kəˈmɛ noˈhoɹ]
[həˈdœχ koˈmaj χaj ʔɛw kaˈno]
[bəˈmøg lɛˈvov uvimgiˈno]
[wənɑɹˈχiv pɛ unmaˈlɛno]
[ləʃøˈnɛnu ləˈχo ɹiˈno]
[dəˈ(ʔ)ɛ χoχˈmo lənafˈʃɛχo]
[vəˈhi ˈχɛθɛɹ ləɹøˈʃɛχo]
[nəʔˈtsœɹ miʔtsˈvaθ kdøˈʃɛχo]
[ʃmœɹ ʃaˈboθ kodˈʃɛχo]
</poem>
||
<poem>
[dəror jikra ləbʰen ʔim bətʰ]
[ʋəjintʃorkʰəm kəmo bʰabʰətʰ]
[nəʔim ʃimkʰəm ʋəlo juʃbətʰ]
[ʃəbʰu nuhu bəjom ʃəbbatʰ]
[dəroʃ naʋi ʋəʔulami]
[ʋəʔotʰ jəʃəʔ ʔəse ʔimmi]
[nətə sorek bətʰokʰ kərmi]
[ʃəʔe ʃəʋʔətʰ bəne ʔəmmi]
[dərokʰ pura bətʰokʰ botʃra]
[ʋəgʰam babʰel ʔəʃər gabʰəra]
[nətʰotʃ tʃarəj bəʔəpʰ ʋəʔəbʰra]
[ʃəməʔ koli bəjom ʔəkra]
[ʔəlokim ten bəmmidʰbar hər]
[hədəs ʃitta bəroʃ tidʰhar]
[ʋələmmədʒʰhir ʋələnnidʒʰhar]
[ʃəlomim ten kəme nahar]
[hədokʰ kaməj həj ʔel kənna]
[bəmogʰ lebʰabʰ ʔubʰimgʰinna]
[ʋənarhibʰ pə ʔunmallənna]
[ləʃonenu ləkʰa rinna]
[dəʔe hokʰma lənəpʰʃəkʰa]
[ʋəhi kʰətʰər ləroʃəkʰa]
[nətʃor mitʃʋətʰ kədʰoʃəkʰa]
[ʃəmor ʃəbbatʰ kodʃəkʰa]
</poem>
|}
==L-Tiberian Hebrew==
L-Tiberian Hebrew was pronounced the same as our Tiberian Hebrew, unless stated otherwise. It was influenced by Old Togarmite instead of Arabic. The main differences were:
*Resh was usually an alveolar or retroflex approximant. Near coronals (so called ''peculiar resh'', with the same conditions as in our TibH) it was a trill [r] or a flap, as in our TibH.
*The emphatic consonants qoph, teth, and tsadhe were ejectives, as in [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]]. In coda, emphatic consonants had glottal reinforcement, preserved in ''Havohroh Măcubeleth'' and in Revived Holy Land Hebrew.
==Togarmite Hebrew==
===Vowels===
Similar to English Hebrew without the tense-lax distinction:
*patach = chataf patach = [a]
*qamatz = chataf qamatz = [o]
*segol = chataf segol = [ɛ]
*tzere = [e]
*cholam = [ø]
*hiriq = [i]
*shuruq/qubbutz = [u]
*shva = [ə/Ø]
===Consonants===
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ t' j k x l m n s ʕ p f k' r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d d h v z x~ħ t j k x l m n s ʕ p f k r ʃ t θ]
==Riphean Hebrew==
Inspired by a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v ɣ ɣ d z h v z h t j kʰ x l m n s ʔ p f tɕ⁼ k⁼ ɹ~ʐ ʃ tʰ s] (some Ashkenazim have ð > z)
/i u e o ɛ ɔ a ă ɔ̆ ɛ̆/ = [i u iə uə ɛ ɔ a ə ɔ ɛ]
/ɓɔˈɹux ʔaˈtʰɔ ʔəzuəˈnɔi, ʔɛluəˈhiənu mɛlɛx hɔʔuəˈlɔm, sɛhɛhɛˈjɔnu vək⁼ijəˈmɔnu vəhiɣiˈʔɔnu lazəˈman haˈzɛ/
==Corded Ware Hebrew==
North American Hebrew was revived independently by Corded Ware-speaking Jews. Revived Hebrew in North America uses more Corded Ware-like grammar, like preferring object affixes to using pronominal forms of the object marker את ''eþ''.
Holy Land speakers, especially the younger generation, receive Corded Ware Hebrew positively and judge its speakers as trustworthy. It is one of the two most popular accents for stylized music, the other being the Hăvohróh Măcubéleth accent.
Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva na = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community. Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.
The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The past 2fs suffix /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.
ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəlo'henu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./
שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/
===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
Typical Western or Central CW reading
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
[vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]
וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
[wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]
וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
[waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]
וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
[waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]
וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
[wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]
Qivattu Hebrew is similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except no enunciative vowels
==Hodi Hebrew==
*/k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ]
*/ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ]
*/t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n]
*/p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m]
*/j r l w/ = [j r l w]
*/s ʃ h ħ ʔ ʕ/ [s ʃ h h~ħ ʔ ʔ~ʕ]
Plosives without dagesh are aspirated.
*/i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o o u ə ə o]
Final /h/ is pronounced with an echo vowel: e.g. /ləmi'naha/, /ə'loəhə/.


==Siészal Hebrew==
== East Asian readings ==
Basically like Sephardi with vowel length (patach = a, QG = á, segol = ia, tsere = é, QQ = u, cholam = ó, hiriq: i or í, shuruq: ú)
Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops
=== Mandarin Hebrew ===
=== Korean Hebrew ===
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/


allophonic palatalization before /i(:)/
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/


/r/ is [ʐ~ɻ]
Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte


==Tibetan Hebrew==
=== Japanese Hebrew ===
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f tsʼ kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ p⁼ v k⁼ g t⁼ d h w z h tʰ j kʰ x l m n s ʔ pʰ f ts⁼ kʰ ɹ ɕ tʰ h]
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}]


/i e ɛ a ɔ o u ə ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə a o y u ə a ə ø]
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/

Latest revision as of 18:54, 21 February 2026

Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

East Asian readings

Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops

Mandarin Hebrew

Korean Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e̞ e̞ a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e̞ o/

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/

Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte

Japanese Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o̞ː o̞ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o̞]

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r ɕ t t/

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