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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = Hróni
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis]]
|name = Crannish
|pronunciation =
|states = France, Britain, North America, Israel
|speakers =
|script = Latin
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Canaanite
|fam5=[[Ancient Crannish]]
|fam6=[[Old Crannish]]
}}


'''Crannish''' (''Hróni'' /xɹaonɪ/ or ''núm Hrón'' /nɨːm xɹaon/; Welsh ''Rhawneg'', French ''le crainais'') is a Semitic language spoken in the Lõis timeline, spoken by the Crannish, a minority in the British Isles and France and more common in Canada and the United States. Small Crannish-speaking communities exist in Israel as well. The name ''Hróni'' comes from Ancient Crannish ''kanaȝnî'' 'Canaanite' (Old Crannish ''hnānī, hrānī''). Crannish has received strong Celtic influence throughout its history since Ancient Crannish times, and genetic studies have shown that the Crannish are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language descends from a close relative of Biblical Hebrew (a divergent dialect of Phoenician?) which was spoken in Iberia, but its grammar is far more analytic than its ancestor: it was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations, and it is the only Lõisian Semitic language that has lost grammatical gender outside of Far East Semitic. Most modern Crannish people are Catholic; some (particularly in North America) are Muslim, Jewish or neopagan.
l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters


Crannish has many Greek, Brythonic, Arabic, Romance, Germanic and English loanwords.
Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh


It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr


== Names ==
samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/
=== Native Crannish names ===
* Parm (f.) is from baśam


==History==
definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural
The first attested text in Modern Crannish is a fragment of a gloss, translation and explanation of the Jewish Haggadah found in France, dated to the 14th century. Non-rhoticity, gender loss, and the shift to auxiliaries were complete by this time, and Crannish has had little change since except in vocabulary, accent, and the loss of grammatical mutation.


An in-universe theory holds that Crannish played a key role in the evolution of nonrhoticity in Southern British English. However, this is in dispute, as the loss of rhoticity occurred several centuries earlier in Crannish.
Heth and he merge


==TODO==
pronouns:  
* A sentence consisting entirely of replacements and compounds?
* 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
** I dal bø gøpén pnarər. = I don't see any wolves. (Heb: Ani lo ro'e ze'evim.)
* 2sg /tʰə/
* Hard mode: a sentence where every content word has a Semitic cranberry morpheme
* 3sg m /hʏ/
*how do I isolate Ancient Crannish from Phoenician?
* 3sg f /hɪ/
*Icelandic style loss of phonemic vowel length?
* 1pl /nʏ/
*Swadesh list
* 2pl /tʰəm/
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
* 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/
*Many adverbs from infinitive absolute
*''simern'' = week
*''mədbar'' = conference
*Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
*''Mén fows ta xett kori?'' = Why did you have to die?
* ''Ri nunəs xajəs bə štəxudh pə méməs'' 'The living fish swims in the water' (Modern Hebrew: הדג החי שוחה במיים hadag haxaj soxe bamajim)


===Some sound changes===
Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style
*-ə (mainly from ACub ''-ō'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
*non-rhoticity (nonrhoticity has to happen after fem sg ending loss)
*ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
*ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
*d-t, t-t (morpheme boundary) > st
*xr > x


==Phonology==
/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'
American accent of Crannish should be diff but still nonrhotic.
===Consonants===
*/m n ʁ̃ʷ l w j ɹʷˁ~ʋʷˁ/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r}}
*/p b f v t d θ ð k g/ {{angbr|p b f v t d þ ð k g}}
*/s z ts ʃ ʒ tʃ fʷˁ~ɹ̝̊ʷˁ x/ {{angbr|s z ts š ž č x h}}


Ancient Crannish /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C or pausa.
h-g-y 'to savor'


Stops are unaspirated.
ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'


''x'' is a retroflex sibilant in American Crannish.
k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'


===Vowels===
g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'
{{PAGENAME}} has one of the largest vowel inventories of any Semitic language in Lõis (Maltese also has 18 vowels):


/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ äe iː äo ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u é í ó ú ą ę į ų ar er ir ur ə/r}}
ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')


/ə ɪ ʊ ɑ̃ː/ are the most common vowels in unstressed syllables.
One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')


Word-final /ə/ is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'' (''ər'' after ''r''), unless it's in a short clitic such as ''pə/p''' where it can be dropped.
== Phonology ==
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |b| from Old Knench /b/
* |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
* |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
* |h| from Old Knench /h/
* |w| from Old Knench /w/
* |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |j| from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
* |l| from Old Knench /l/
* |m| from Old Knench /m/
* |n| from Old Knench /n/
* |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| from Old Knench /p/
* |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |r| from Old Knench /r/
* |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/


In European Crannish, R-intrusion similar to that in Southern British English occurs after /ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ and before a vowel. R-intrusion does not occur in American and Israeli Crannish: ''xebr úb'' 'dear colleague' is pronounced [ɹ̝̊ʷˁebə ɨːb], not [ɹ̝̊ʷˁebəɹ ɨːb] as in European Crannish.
==== Vocalizables ====
''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|.


The following is Hrafn Leifsson's classification of Crannish vowels:
=== Mutation ===
*Schwa: ə/r
*Short vowels: a e i o u
*Lengthened vowels: é í ó ú
*Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
*R-colored vowels: ar er ir ur


===Prosody===
== Morphology ==
====Stress====
=== Verbs ===
Stress tends penultimate or final.
Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)


===Intonation===
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)
A lot like Modern Standard Arabic
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Orthography==
Modern Crannish has three orthographies: an RP-like orthography used in Britain, an American English-like orthography used in North America and a French-like orthography used in France. The orthography used on this page is an academic one devised by Icelandic linguist Hrafn Leifsson, detailed in his PhD thesis ''A comparative grammar of the British Isles languages''.
 
==Morphology==
{{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Crannish.
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
 
-->
===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Like in English, proper nouns don't take the definite article. Attributive adjectives agree with nouns in number, but predicate adjectives do not. Crannish has lost grammatical gender and the construct state, although animates still have natural gender.
==== Number and definiteness ====
{{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Crannish ''-īm'' > ''*-ī'' and ''-ūδ''). ''-u'' nouns become ''-lr'' in the plural: ''þebu, þeblr'' 'a world, worlds'.
 
Nouns inflect for definiteness, as follows:
*Singular: -əs (after C) or -sr (after V), (from haz-ze and haz-zūdh)
** -u nouns become -wəs: ''abu, abwəs'' 'an apple, the apple'
*Plural: -il, replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any (from ha-hili), -u + -il > -ul
** ''ablr, abul'' 'apples, the apples'
 
Words ending in a nasal or R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix. Words ending in a long vowel add ''-ər''.
* ''pdą'' 'a tree', ''pdąrər'' 'trees'
* ''lú'' 'a god', ''lúwr'' 'gods'
 
Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human
 
Examples:
*''xadr'' /ɹ̝̊adə/ = an apartment/flat
*''xadrəs'' /ɹ̝̊adrəs/ = the flat
*''xadrər'' /ɹ̝̊adrə/ = flats
*''xadril'' /ɹ̝̊adrɪl/ = the flats
*''xadr kruw'' = a big flat
*''xadras kruw'' = the big flat
*''botr krulr'' = big flats
*''botil krulr'' = the big flats
 
''-ma'' nouns from Greek become ''-mat'' nouns: ''þemat, þematas, þematr, þematil'' 'topic, theme'.
 
==== Predicative adjectives ====
The predicative/adverbial marker ''bə'' + bare form is used for predicative adjectives: ''Re xadras bə kruw'' 'The room is big'.
 
==== Degree ====
*Equative: ''de'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough')
*Emphatic: ''ro'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Crannish, which borrowed it from Celtic)
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-br''/''-pr'' = more X or most X (from *3abūr, infinitive absolute of 'to exceed'); comparandum takes ''prí'' 'than' (from Ancient Crannish ''pirūðī'' 'when I see')
 
Example: ''kruw'' 'big', ''de kruw'' 'as big as'; ''ro kruw'' 'so big; very big indeed', ''kruwðr'' 'bigger/biggest'
 
=== Pronouns ===
Crannish has a pronoun system similar to European languages, except that there is no grammatical gender and ''se'' "that" is used as an inanimate or gender-neutral pronoun. There is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tim'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
 
''I'' (/i:/ or /ɪ/) is the default form for the 1sg subject pronoun; ''ni'' is used after a vowel or for disambiguation.
 
For gender-neutral usage, ''tu'' has been proposed as a 2nd person singular neopronoun (inspired by Indo-European languages). This isn't as common as using the 2nd person plural ''tim'' as singular, however.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Pronouns in {{PAGENAME}}, basic forms
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | ye
! style="width: 75px; " | they
|-
! Basic forms
| ''i, ni''
| ''tr''
| ''ti''
| ''u''
| ''oj''
| ''nu''
| ''tim''
| ''im''
|-
! Emphatic forms
| ''(n)inr''
| ''tanr''
| ''tenr''
| ''unr''
| ''ojnr, hinr''
| ''nunr''
| ''temnr''
| ''emnr''
|}
 
==== Interrogative pronouns ====
* ''dar'' = what? (nominal)
** archaic ''idar'' (*hajj dabar 'what thing')
* ''ew'' = who?
** poetic ''mi''
* ''ajšr'' = which?
* ''énr'' = where?
* ''məðé'' = when?
* ''łəmar'' = why? (*3lē ma 'on what')
** archaic/poetic ''maləh'' (*ma lak 'what's the matter')
* ''ham'' = how many?
* ''hélt'' = how?
 
===Verbs===
Almost all verbs use only one form, the infinitive (usually etymologically the infinitive construct with a prefixed ''l-'', which may sometimes be conflated with the etymological imperative). The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation (e.g. ''žbuð'' 'to be idle, to lie fallow'). Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the relevant triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb (e.g. ''benin'' 'to build', cognate to the Hebrew noun ''binyan''; from the root b-n-y)
 
The infinitive is also used as an imperative: ''ðeht ló oj!'' = 'Give it to her!' Imperatives are negated by placing ''bal'' or ''bawði'' before the verb.
====Inflected lexical verbs====
There are only six inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
*''juð'' 'to be' (the past form ''han'' is cognate to Arabic ''kāna'')
*''fluð'' 'to do' (from *ʕaśō, with contamination from *paȝal)
*''buð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of *hatō and *bô); ''bu'' is still used as a directional
*''laht'' 'to go' (from *halak)
*''kaht'' 'to take' (from *laqaħ)
*''ðeht'' 'to give' (from *natan, with contamination from *hinīħ 'to leave' and naħħil 'to bequeath')
 
The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
 
Even verbs with finite forms are defective verbs, since finite forms are always perfective (except forms of ''juð''). To express the imperfective with these verbs, you still have to use the copula + bə + VN construction. The negator ''lu'' only negates finite verbs.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | you (plural)
! style="width: 75px; " | they
|-
!rowspan=2| ''juð''
! future
| ''é ni''
| ''þé tr''
| ''þí ti''
| ''jé u''
| ''þé oj''
| ''né nu''
| ''þú tim''
| ''jú'm''
|-
! past
| ''han i''
| ''han tr''
| ''han ti''
| ''han u''
| ''han oj''
| ''han nu''
| ''han tim''
| ''hanu'm, han im''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''fluð''
! future pfv.
| ''ąf i''
| ''þąf tr''
| ''þąf ti''
| ''jąf u''
| ''þąf oj''
| ''nąf nu''
| ''þąflu tim''
| ''jąflu'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''fowð i''
| ''fows tr''
| ''fows ti''
| ''fow u''
| ''fól oj''
| ''fown nu''
| ''fowðu tim''
| ''flu'm''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''buð''
! future pfv.
| ''eð i''
| ''þes tr''
| ''þes ti''
| ''jeð u''
| ''þeð oj''
| ''neð nu''
| ''þeðu tim''
| ''jeðu'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''powð i''
| ''pows tr''
| ''pows ti''
| ''pow u''
| ''pól oj''
| ''pown nu''
| ''powðu tim''
| ''pu'm''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''laht''
! future pfv.
| ''lej i''
| ''tlej tr''
| ''tlej ti''
| ''len u''
| ''tlen oj''
| ''lej nu''
| ''tlew tim''
| ''lew'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''lawð i''
| ''laws tr''
| ''laws ti''
| ''law u''
| ''lęl oj''
| ''lawn nu''
| ''lawðu tim''
| ''lalu'm''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''kaht''
! future pfv.
| ''kej i''
| ''tkej tr''
| ''tkej ti''
| ''ken u''
| ''tken oj''
| ''kej nu''
| ''tkew tim''
| ''kew'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''kawð i''
| ''kaws tr''
| ''kaws ti''
| ''kaw u''
| ''kęl oj''
| ''kawn nu''
| ''kawðu tim''
| ''kalu'm''
|-
!rowspan=2| ''ðeht''
! future pfv.
| ''nej i''
| ''tnej tr''
| ''tnej ti''
| ''nen u''
| ''tnen oj''
| ''nej nu''
| ''tnew tim''
| ''new'm''
|-
! past pfv.
| ''nawð i''
| ''naws tr''
| ''naws ti''
| ''naw u''
| ''nęl oj''
| ''nawn nu''
| ''nawðu tim''
| ''nalu'm''
|}
 
Most non-pronominal forms come in non-feminine and feminine, and agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and female animals. With plural ''nominal'' subjects the non-feminine form is used.
 
====Regular pa3al verbs====
The regular pattern is *(li)CCuC.
 
When C1 is a guttural, the ''l-'' usually resurfaces:
* C1 = ayin: ''ląbur'' 'to go past'
* C1 = aleph/he: ''lévuð'' 'to bake, to fire', ''lézuð'' 'to be crazy, to be cool' (or ''vuð'', ''zuð'')
* C1 = heth: ''lętul'' 'to cease/stop'
 
====-t verbs====
*laht = to go by foot
*kaht = to take
*žaht = to go back
*žoft = to sit
*lost = to be born
*rost = to go down
*rašt = to acquire; to get
*ðeht = to give
*xeht = to carry, to owe, should
*tseht = to go out, to start X-ing
*žąt = to go by vehicle
*gąt = to hit; also a (pseudo-)auxiliary for "to do X correctly"
*dąt = to know
*tąt = to farm, to grow (plants)
 
====Regular nif3al====
The regular pattern is *(li)CoCiC where the first C is not voiced. The ''l-'' appears when the first consonant is a guttural or a semivowel.
 
====Regular pi3el====
The regular pattern is *ləCaCiC or *ləCiCuC where the middle C is not voiced.
 
====Regular hif3il====
The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCóC.
 
====Other verbs====
Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
 
=== Auxiliaries ===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | ye
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Present
| ''i, ni''
| ''tr''
| ''ti''
| ''r'u''
| ''r'oj''
| ''nu''
| ''tim''
| ''r'im''
| ''ri'', ''r' '' before V
|-
! Passive future perf.
| ''ur i''
| ''þur tr''
| ''þri ti''
| ''jur u''
| ''þur oj''
| ''nur nu''
| ''þru tim''
| ''juru'm''
| ''jur/þur''
|-
! Passive past perf.
| ''barð i''
| ''bart tr''
| ''bart ti''
| ''bar u''
| ''bro oj''
| ''barn nu''
| ''bart tim''
| ''bru'm''
| ''bar/bro''
|-
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| ''zum i''
| ''zum tr''
| ''zmi ti''
| ''zum u''
| ''zum oj''
| ''zum nu''
| ''zmu tim''
| ''zmu'm''
| ''zum''
|}
The auxiliary ''ri'' comes from ''ruhi'', the imperative of ''rahō'' 'to see'. ''Ri'' is not used in subordinate clauses:
*''Ri Đavíð þax žin.'' = David is about to sleep.
*''Pið Đavíð þax žin, u dal bə hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.
 
Yes-no questions are marked by a rising intonation, using the focus particle ''=nr'' (cognate to Hebrew נא) after the word/phrase whose truth value is asked about, and dropping ''ri'' in sentences with a nominal subject. In sentences without a specific focused constituent, ''nr'' appears sentence-finally in sentences with no finite verb, and after the finite verb if there is one.
* ''Đavíð þax žin nr?'' = Is David going to bed? (neutral)
* ''Đavíð nr þax žin?'' = Is it David who's going to bed?
* ''Fows nr tr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Did you marry Maria yesterday?
* ''Fows tanr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Is it you who married Maria yesterday?
 
Finite forms of ''kaht'' 'to take' can be used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB/to take the liberty to VERB/take the initiative to VERB'. Crannish-influenced English dialects use ''take'' in a similar way: ''I took to buy spare parts myself, because my department wouldn't give me any.''
 
To express the passive in the non-perfective tenses, the VN form ''(lə)bur'' of the passive auxiliary is used: ''Ri tawðas bə ləbur vðųx'' 'The door is opened (by someone)'.
 
The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Crannish verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
** '''''Zum''' sąrəs ðə luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' þəfkestəs dal juð kəbų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah tr dal jedą dar '''zum''' i fluð lah tr!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
 
===Prepositions===
Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun. The inflected preposition is stressed unless the emphatic pronoun is used: ''lah tr'' /'lax tə/ 'to you' vs. ''lah tanr'' /lax 'tanə/ 'to you, specifically'.
 
example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: el "for"; pə/p' 'in, at' is inflected similarly
*1sg: l'i, li ni
*2sg.m: lah tr
*2sg.f: lah ti
*3sg.m: lom u
*3sg.f: l'oj, ló oj
*3sg.n: ləze
*1pl. lon nu
*2pl. lam tim
*3pl. low'm
 
Other prepositions:
*''men'' = from
*''túb el'' = for
*''jern'' = because of (also "reason")
*''łaj'' = on, above
*''jax, jaxəm'' = with (both inst. and com.)
*''pəłé'' = inside, within
**sim. ''ləłé, məłé'' 'into, out of'
*''pəlip'' = amidst
*''wen'' = without
*''məné'' = before, in front of
*''kodm'' = before (temporally)
*''xni'' = after (Hitsi šeni 'second half')
*''məłęl'' = above
*''məþęl'' = below
*''þaht'' = instead of
*''til'' = like, as
*''xakr'' = until
*''gu'' = up to
 
=== Numbers ===
 
Danish system?
 
0-10: zero, xóð (inanimate)/xęð (animate), šném/šné (attributive), šluž, arvą, xomi, šeš, šebą, šmún, þeš, łax
 
11-20: štąx, šnająx, šlužąx, arvąx, xomižąx, šežąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þežąx, łexi
 
21-30: łexi xóð, łexi šném, ... łexi łax
 
31-40: łexi łax štąx, ..., šné łexi
 
41, 42, ...: šné łexi xóð/xęð, šné łexi šném, ...
 
60: šluž łexi
 
...
 
100: mír
 
1000: awv
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
 
:'''''R'ižəs ław hél abwəs.'''''
:''The man is eating the apple.''
 
:'''''Ri péð u bə de kruw til stadi.'''''
:''His house is as big as a stadium.''
 
:'''''Fól oj ðə fluð xawgpéð oj bə ro-múxr.'''''
:''She did her homework too late.''
 
The negative particle ''dal'' (from ''tabar lū'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
 
===Faulty accusative===
{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative (glossed as FA) particle ''ðə'' or ''ð' '', from Ancient Crannish ''jūδ ha-''. It is  actually not used for direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. It also replaces a (TAM-marking) "preposition" in front of a lexical verb, when no preposition is used.
 
=== Noun phrase ===
Y's X = X Y-DEF: ''šem vaziləs'' = the king's name
 
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-DEF fu'' and ''X-DEF feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes ''ilə'' in the plural).
 
''havu, haveni'' = like this, like that
 
The abstract demonstrative (referring to sentences or facts) is ''suð''.
 
===Words for yes and no===
*''ent'' (from *amitt "true") = 'yes' in reply to a present-copula sentence
*''lu'' = 'no' in reply to a present-copula sentence
*''ríð'' (from rahīδī "I saw") = past 'yes'
*''lu fow'' (from lū 3aśō inflected) = past 'no'
*''jąf'' (from ja3śē, inflected) = future 'yes'
*''lu jąf'' (inflected) = future 'no'
*''bal'' = imperative 'no'
''xé'' may be added before any of these words to strengthen these: ''"Ti bø xehpin te?" "Xé ent."'' = "Do you like tea?" "Of course."
 
===Verb phrase===
Crannish allows arbitrarily long chains of pseudo-auxiliaries:
: '''''R'oj bə dafkrəl gąt latsęg.'''''
: 3SG.F.PRES IPFV never_fail to_do_correctly to_joke
: ''Her jokes never fail to land.''
====VN constructions====
Crannish has a rich tense-aspect system which expresses imperfective/perfective as well as progressive and perfect.
*'''''ri''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm goes
*'''''ri''' Parm '''ław''' laht'' = Parm is going
*'''''ri''' Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni''' laht'' = Parm has gone
*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni juð bə''' laht'' = Parm has been going
*'''''ri''' Parm '''dəž''' laht'' = Parm just went
*'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
*'''''fól''' Parm '''ðə''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'')
*'''''þąf''' Parm '''ðə''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective)
*'''''han''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm went (imperfective)
*'''''þé''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm will go (imperfective)
*''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
*'''''gwenu''' laht!'' (3uqbinu lekt "follow us to go") = Let's go!
 
In clauses with a copula and a nominal subject, written Crannish prefers the ''subject-indexing construction'' (SIC), ''R'ižəs bø hél u ð'abwəs'', over ''R'ižəs bø hél abwəs''. The SIC is etymologically "See the man when he's eating the apple", cf. Biblical and literary Modern Hebrew באכלו את התפוח "when he eats the apple (but tense- and aspect-neutral)".
 
A copular clause with a pronominal direct object always uses the SIC: ''R'ižəs bə ðób u ð'oj.'' 'The man loves her.' In this case, the clause-initial subject pronoun + bə colloquially tends to be omitted in the present tense when the subject is 1st or 2nd person: ''Ðób tr ð'i nr?'' 'Do you love me?'
==== Passive and causative ====
''Ðett'' 'to give' is used as an auxiliary for the causative:
: ''Nawð i ðə pinxadəs el kapwəs ąnuj.''
: I made the horse bore the farmer to death.
: (lit. I gave the horse the farmer to inflict boredom)
In a ''ðett''-causative construction, the more animate object takes the dative preposition ''el''. This connects ditransitives which are causatives of transitives to the basic ditransitive verb 'give'.
 
''Kaht'' 'to take' is used as an auxiliary to raise the animate object of a ditransitive verb, unlike ''bur'' which is used to raise inanimate objects.
: ''Kawð i ðə lahil men kapwəs.''
: I was fed by the horse.
 
=== Balancing vs deranking conjunctions ===
Balancing conjunctions take full finite clauses (clauses with a finite verb or an auxiliary):
* ''ej'' "and"
* ''ow'' "or"
* ''mur'' (complementizer)
* ''łeþr'' "when"
* ''wí'' "if" (< *wa-kī)
* ''jern'' "because"
 
Deranking conjunctions replace finite forms of the copula ''juð'' and thus are also called ''copula-replacing conjunctions'' (e.g. by Hrafn). Some CRCs are:
* ''prí'' "than"
* ''jið'' (complementizer)
* ''pið'' "when"
 
=== Time clauses ===
==== ''pið''-clauses ====
A ''pið''-clause is in the same tense as the clause it's embedded in. ''Pið''-clauses denote states, things that can be marked with ''re'' + tense markers in the present tense), rather than completed actions.
==== ''łeþr''-clauses ====
''łeþr'' are used for clauses with auxiliaries other than the present tense copula.
 
===Complementizer===
There is a complementizer ''mur'' (from ''lēmūr'') or ''jið'' (from conflation of ''hajūδ'' 'to be' and ''jūδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
 
===Relativizer===
In most cases, relative clauses use the relativizer ''haž'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir'' 'like that which'). ''nr'' may appear after the resumptive pronoun if one is used.
 
Subject of a copula auxiliary:
: '''''pahnas haž han __ bə gri "pnar"'''''
: the boy who cried (would cry) wolf
 
Subject with a non-copula auxiliary:
: '''''pahnas haž fow __ gri "pnar"'''''
: the boy who cried wolf (once)
 
Direct object:
: '''''levras haž fown nu ðə gru (se (nr))'''''
: the book that we read
 
Oblique object:
: '''''péðas haž han oj bə xun pəze (nr)'''''
: the house she used to live in
 
To relativise the subject of a ''present'' copula, ''łom'' (from hā-3ūmid 'that is standing') is used:
 
: '''''abwas łom pə xadr i'''''
: the apple in my flat
 
: '''''plenšil łom xni laht'''''
: the people who have gone
 
=== Serial verb construction ===
Serial verbs are also very common in Crannish:
 
: '''''Pow Móšé ðə kaht vðųx maþən u. / Fow Móšé ðə buð kaht vðųx maþən u. '''''
: come.PST.3SG.M Moshe FA take.INF open.INF gift / PST.3SG.M Moshe FA come.INF take.INF open.INF gift 3SG.M
:Moshe came, took, and opened his gift.
 
Directionals derived from verbs, such as ''laht'' '(t)hence', ''bu'' '(t)hither' and ''kub'' 'movement together with another person' are also common and may replace pronouns.
 
=== Wh-questions ===
No special treatment is observed unless the wh-word is the subject, in which case ''łom'' is used after the wh-word. However, ''łom'' is not used in a question in the form of a nominal sentence. (As always, ''ri'' is dropped in questions.)
 
:'''''Dar Petr bə fluð?'''''
:''What's Peter doing?''
 
:'''''Dar łom bə gruð?'''''
:''What's happening?''
 
:'''''Dar se fu? (*Dar łom se fu?)'''''
:''What's this?''
 
:'''''Énr ti?'''''
:''Where are you?''
 
:'''''Énr fows tr ðə laht?''''' / '''''Énr laws tr?'''''
:''Where have you been?''
 
==Vocabulary==
Crannish has the following vocabulary layers:
 
# Most of the common words are inherited from the Semitic common ancestor of Ancient Crannish and Biblical Hebrew, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''šłúd'' 'a lot' comes from ''saȝudō'' 'feast'. Cranberry morphemes are not uncommon in Semito-Crannish.
# Celtic substrates
# Ancient Greek, Aramaic
# Latin, Romance, Arabic, Turkic and Modern Greek
 
Although it is attested in Ancient Crannish, the *CaCīCō verbal noun pattern is not as productive as the corresponding pattern in Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew.
 
Many words are formed from earlier construct state or verb + object combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
*''əmbín'' 'brick' from ''*habanē binjan'' 'building stones'
*''səvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šafx dam'' 'spilling of blood'
*''łénəm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
*''xifin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ fin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
*''xihném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes'
*''krəleb'' 'conscience' from ''*qūl hal-lēbb'' lit. 'voice of the heart'
 
Some productive affixes are:
*pen-/ple- = agentive, -ling
** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from older *ben harr 'mountainling'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Crannish ''zēb'', which had become taboo by Old Crannish
*peδ- = place noun
*pəd-/pl- = associated inanimate, esp. singulative of a collective noun (from peθθ 'daughter')
** ''pdą'' = tree (*pett ja3r)
** ''pdam'' = wave (*pett jamm)
** ''pderm'' = word (irreg. metathesis from *pett himrō)
** ''pdeš'' = flame
** ''pled'' = echo
** ''pədner'' = stream
** ''pədmattr'' = raindrop
** ''pədgašəm'' = (''poetic'') petrichor (''mattr'' is the normal word for 'rain')
*''-l'' = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
* -is: -ess (from Celtic)
** ''vazilis'' 'queen' < ''vazil'' 'king'
** ''męšivis'' 'witch' < ''męšiv'' 'mage, wizard'
* ''lið-'' = mediopassive
* ''məð-'' is more productive and is used to form verbal adjectives, serving the role of passive participles
** ''luri'' 'to amaze'; ''muri'' 'amazing'; ''məðuri'' 'amazed'
* ''rə-'' = intensive of verbs
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Bar hol plenšil ðə lost im bə xurar ej bə šaw łaj šogwəs ej šertil. Bru'm ðə fkud jax rižún ej krəleb, ej r'im bə xeht im liðalih jaxəm šúv pə nəžóm axr.'''''
:[bɑː hɔl ˈplɛnʃɪl ðə ˌlɔzd bə fʷˁʊˈɹɑːɹ ej bə ˈʃaw ʁ̃ʷˁaj hɔbdəs ə ʃɛ:tɪl ‖ bɹʊm ðə ˌfkʊd jafʷˁ ɹɪˈʒɨːn ej kɹaˈlɛb, ej ɹɪm bə fʷˁɛxt lɪˈðalɪx ˌjafʷˁəm ˈʃɨːf pə nəˈʒaom ˈafʷˁə]
:PASS.PST.3SG.NF all human/PL-DEF.PL be_born 3PL PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL endow with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry 3PL behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood.
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
# ''Han pə þó law þebwəs ðə súðu ləžunəs ej núməs bə lųl im.''
# ''Wini pið im bə laht im men óstr, flu'm ðə find meštəxəs Šinłar ej ližešib feni.''
# ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Pulé, gwenu fluð əmbínr ej ladeb vuð im." Ej han əmbínil bə lųl im low'm til əbonr, ej əgíləs til mawd.''
# ''Mur: "Pulé, gwenu benin krir lon nu ej tur pəze, jąf ruž se ðə łali laht šméməs, ej nąf nu ðə nawž nu bə dųžim! Oz nąf nu dal ðə liðvasr łaj þó law þebwəs."''
# ''Wini fow Mənęləs ðə rost bu, hę jąf u ðə xihném el krirəs ej turəs haž han plenšil ław benin im ð'im.''
# ''Fow Mənęlas mur: "Łeþr kalu'm ðə tseht fluð suð til xóð pobu łom bə dapr xóð núm, jé dal rustr el mędəbr haž jú'm bə zúm im fluð!''
# ''"Pulé, gwenu rost laht ej bawbil núm im, oz jú'm dal bə lębin im ðə núm šúv."''
# ''Ej men feni fow Mənęləs ðə vasr im łaj þó law þebwəs, ej flu'm ðə znurh men benin krirəs.''
# ''Me jernas fu kaw krirəs ðə šeməs Babel -- fow Mənęləs ðə bawbil feni núm þó law þebwəs. Men feni fow Mənęləs ðə vasr im łaj þó law þebwəs.''
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
 
==Phrasebook==
When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one man (informally), one woman (informally), and politely/gender-neutrally respectively.
*''Šaləm!'' = Hello! / Goodbye!
* ''Maþin tub!'' = Good morning!
* ''Xnitsur tub!'' = Good afternoon!
* ''Łarb tub!'' = Good evening!
* ''Lél tub!'' = Good night!
*''Xakr!'' = See you!
*''Bu dr/di/dim!'' = Welcome!
*''Praw lah tr/ti [lam tim]!'' = Thank you!
*''Imtsəxém tr/ti/tim'' = Please (etym. ''himm jimtsā Hinn ba3ēnēxa'' 'if it finds favor in your eyes')
**also ''plíz'' (from English)
*''łeþ tub'' = have fun
* ''Ajšr šeməs kaws tr/ti [kawðu tim]?'' = What's your name?
*''Kawð i ðə šeməs [NAME].'' = My name is [NAME].
*''Powð i men...'' = I'm from...
*''Barð i lost pə...'' = I was born in...
*''I bə fu.'' = I'm here.
*''(I bə) ðób i ðah tr/ti [ðam tim].'' = I love you.
 
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Latest revision as of 21:51, 5 July 2025

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ̃ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity

l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters

Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh

/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr

samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/

definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural

Heth and he merge

pronouns:

  • 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
  • 2sg /tʰə/
  • 3sg m /hʏ/
  • 3sg f /hɪ/
  • 1pl /nʏ/
  • 2pl /tʰəm/
  • 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/

Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style

/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'

h-g-y 'to savor'

ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'

k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'

g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'

ʔ-š-r (ser 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')

One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |b| from Old Knench /b/
  • |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
  • |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
  • |h| from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |j| from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| from Old Knench /n/
  • |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| from Old Knench /p/
  • |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |r| from Old Knench /r/
  • |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/

Vocalizables

Vocalizables are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ̃|, |l|, and |w|.

Mutation

Morphology

Verbs

Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)

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