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| '''Ouřefr''' /ˈəʊrɛfə/ (''Ouřefŕnie cítnŕ'' /əʊrɛfɐːɲeː tsijʔtnɐː/) is an [[Idavic]] language spoken in Talma. It is inspired by Czech, Dutch, Cantonese, and Japanese (but mainly by the first two).
| | #redirect [[Xeno-Cantonese]] |
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| Ouřefr has loans from the classical language [[Netagin]], a fellow Idavic language.
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| Classical Ouřefr was less agglutinative and retained more of the Proto-Idavic triconsonantal morphology; it also had freer word order, whereas Modern Ouřefr is strictly SOV and head-final.
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| should be head final in the way Ethiosemitic is head-final; words should have prefixes
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| ==todo==
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| ===Words===
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| ''euj'' = (literary) lo, behold
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| ===Diachronics===
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| #OSL
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| #Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits
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| #Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization?
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| #Old Ouřefr ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z
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| #n- > l- (unless assimilating) | |
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| ==Test==
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| ''Woeŋanies uistřivt melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz woþmyce bacirňr řeunie aš ŋávej těmzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.''
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| ==Phonology==
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| "Czech with more vowels and simpler phonotactics" or "Play up the Dutch in Czech"
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|
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| ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Labial
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| ! scope="col"|Dental
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| ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar
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| ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Palatal(ized)
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| ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Velar
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal
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| | colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/
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| | colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/
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| | colspan="2"|'''nj''' /ɲ/
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| |colspan="2"|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Plosive
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| |'''p''' /p/
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| |'''b''' /b/
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| |'''t''' /t/
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| |'''d''' /d/
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| |'''tj''' /c/
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| |'''dj''' /ɟ/
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| |'''k''' /k/
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| |'''g''' /g/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative
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| |'''f''' /f/
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| |'''v''' /v/
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| |'''þ''' /θ/
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| |'''s, š''' /s/
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| |'''z, ž''' /z/
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| |'''ch''' /x/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate
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| | colspan="2"|
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| |'''c, č''' /ts/
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| | colspan="2"|
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| | colspan="2"|
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Flap
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| | colspan="2"|
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| | colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɾ/
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| | colspan="2"|
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| | colspan="2"|
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Trill
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| | colspan="2"|
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| | colspan="2"|'''ř''' /r~r̥/
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| | colspan="2"|
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| | colspan="2"|
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant
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| | colspan="2"|'''w''' /β/
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| | colspan="2"|'''l''' /l~ɫ/
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| | colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/
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| |}
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| Word-initial '''h''' is silent; ''' ' ''' is always silent (with no effect on pitch).
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| '''m n ŋ''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ń ŋ́''' and have the same length as long vowels.
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| Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech.
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| Obstruent voicing assimilation as in Slavic.
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| Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination
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| /l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L to [w] possible
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| Realizing /c ɟ ɳ/ as [tʲ dʲ nʲ] is a feature of sung Ouřefr.
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| In the Ouřefian accent, '''r''' is always a tap [ɾ]. In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''r''' can be uvular.
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| In the Ouřefian accent, '''ř''' is realized as a voiceless trill [r̥] in voiceless environments (word-finally and adjacent to a voiceless consonant). In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''ř''' is always voiceless [r̥]. In dialects, '''ř''' is variously pronounced like [r̝] (the Czech ''ř''), [ʐ], [ʂ], [ʒ], [ʃ], or [ð], or merges with '''r'''.
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| In stylized or archaizing registers, '''ř''', '''h''' and ''' ' ''' are still pronounced as [r̝ ʕ ʔ].
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| ====Notes on consonant diachronics====
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| Like Nabbrzé, Ouřefr shows debuccalization of Proto-Nabŋaic *g to '''h''' /ʕ/; compare Dutch and Czech. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v''' while it stayed as /b/ in Nabbrzé. /p b g/ are loan phonemes.
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| Proto-Nabŋaic *ɬ has shifted to '''þ''' /θ~ð/.
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| Proto-Nabŋaic *ť ď has shifted to '''c z'''.
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| ===Vowels===
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| The spelling of Ouřefr vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Ouřefr.
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| '''a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú ae eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː ae œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/
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| Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ/.
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| *'''je i ie í eu''' are palatalizing; all other orthographic vowels are nonpalatalizing.
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| **For C = '''b p v f''', '''Cje Ceu Cí''' denote /Cjɛ Cjœː Cjɛɪ/; '''mje meu mij''' denotes /mɲɛ mɲœː mɲɛɪ/.
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| **For C = '''d t n''', '''Cje Ci Cie Cí Ceu''' denote /ɟ c ɲ/ + vowel.
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| *'''ó''' mostly occurs in loanwords from [[Netagin]].
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| ====Notes on vowel diachronics====
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| Ouřefr has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Unlike in Nabbrzé, some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Ouřefr more consonant clusters.
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| Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech.
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| Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Ouřefr u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''.
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| Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are:
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| *Old Ouřefr /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Ouřefr ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*rēŋu''.
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| *Old Ouřefr long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/.
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| Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords.
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| Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into '''á''' /aː/.
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| As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''; they are cognate to Nabbrzé ''-arz/-árz''.
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| '''ae''' mostly comes from historical ''aje'' or ''awe''.
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| ===Downstep===
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| Ouřefr has pitch accent. Non-initial '''h''' (historically /ɦ/, from earlier /g/) is realized as suprasegmental pharyngealization which acts on a syllable level: vowels in affected syllables are lengthened, lowered, and pharyngealized, and the syllable gains a downstep. On the other hand, ''' ' ''' (historically /ʔ/) in the same position would indicate lack of a downstep. For example,
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| *Vh# or VhC indicates [+phar]ꜜ: ''ftoh'' /ftoꜜ/ 'riverbank; coast' is read as [ftɔː], but the genitive/dative sg. ''ftohy'' /ftɔˤːꜜɪ/ is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːɪ̀], and ''ftohta'' (instrumental/locative plural) is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːtà].
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| *VhV indicates V[+phar]ꜜV: ''ksaha'' /ksaꜜa/ 'stranger' is read as [ksâː], and the genitive sg. ''ksah'' /ksaꜜ/ is pronounced [ksǎː].
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| '''h''' also removes falling components from preceding diphthongs: '''aeh ouh ýh''' are pronounced [aːꜜ œːꜜ ɛːꜜ].
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| ===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs===
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| *hard y ~ soft i
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| *hard u ~ soft i
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| *hard a ~ soft ě
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| *hard ei ~ soft ij
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| *hard á ~ soft ie/eu
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| *hard ou ~ soft eu
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| *hard ui ~ soft eu
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| *hard oe ~ soft ie
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| *hard ú ~ soft ij
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| Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn
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| ==Morphology==
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| Inflectional morphology is Slavic and Germanic-inspired; clitics and syntax are Japanese-inspired
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| ===Nouns===
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| Broken plurals
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| ===Pronouns===
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| Rank pronouns.
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| ===Verbs and adjectives===
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| ''vej-'' for negation; generally like Korean, except verbs also inflect for the animacy of the subject and object, with inverse marking.
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| get hard and soft allo-stems (cf. different "theme vowels" for Japanese verb forms)
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| Conjugation classes:
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| *"godan" verbs
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| *"ichdan" verbs
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| *"nidan" verbs
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| *irregular: "to do" (added to foreign words to verb them)
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| *irregular: "to be (copula)"
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| *irregular: "to exist"
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| ===Clitics===
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| Topic particle ''na''
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| ===Numerals===
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| Proto-Ouřefr had an extensive array of derivational affixes.
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| *Creaky voice marked intensive or transitive verbs like the Semitic geminate binyan
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| *''-ay'' (h): deverbal noun
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| *With prefixed verbs, the stress shift derives verbal nouns: *ri·kʷā́n 'to rest' → ·ríkʷan 'rest'. This is the source of some infinitives being marked with stress shifts in [[Shalaian]] (''riwháin, ríwhain'' 'sleep').
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| *''-gʷidi'' (i): augmentative; derives nouns
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| *''-t'' (i): verbal noun, resultative
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| *''-aʕ'' (a): agentive
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| *''-ī́r'': causative verbs
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| *''-áy'': causative, change of state
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| *''-ā́l'': transitive or causative verbs
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| *''dan-'': applicative, like German ''be-''
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| *''tar-'': frequentative
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| *''nar-'': telic
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| *''šu-'': mis-, over-
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| *''ur-'': causative, change of state
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| *''ri-'': detransitivizer, passive
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| *''-mak'': nominalizer
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| *{{angbr|''n''}}: continuative? frequentative?
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| *C1aC2- reduplicant: graduative
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| *''-jan'': instrument noun
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| ====Native====
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| *''-oelie'' '-ess'
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| *''-(y)tj/-(i)tj/-tje'' diminutive
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| *''-ech/-ch'' verbal noun
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| *''-vŕ'' patient
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| *''-fa'' agent
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| *''-koek'' instrument
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| *''-ář'' diminutive
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| *''-yCe/-iCe'' (C = redup) diminutive; not very productive
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| *''-ngoeh'' abstract noun
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| *''-myc'' (soft) abstract noun
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| ====Borrowed====
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| ==Syntax==
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| Lifted from Korean and Japanese; completely head-final except in poetry.
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| ==Poetry==
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| Poetic forms are influenced by [[Netagin]]; piyyut-like rhyming (i.e. last syllables agree) is the most common way to rhyme two words.
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| ==Sample text==
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| ===UDHR===
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| ''Tkanje ḿbeuku na héčti kfa botsínae vo, oedḿŋo'il ze wakŕvil páčta navŕsínaes. Ḿbeuký na toudžḿnil rachúbiníl ze mačídil sfáším vo, iezoer oŋužeuv lama jŕmi ŋ́kru-teuzimi wášil wecsáš hoezách mienis.''
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| [[Category:Languages]]
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| [[Category:Conlangs]]
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