Verse:Mwtqwlqwj/Qwbmwdqwg: Difference between revisions

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: [[Corsican Arabic/Lexicon]]
{{List subpages}}
 
'''Qwbmwdqwg''' /ʔə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language.
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]]
|nativename = əl-KoRSəKī́jə; táNGəTNaN
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Corsican Arabic
|pronunciation = ɜ̟lqʰɔɾˁsʌˈqʰɪːjɜ̟
|states = Corsica
|speakers = 330,000
|script = Latin
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Arabic
|fam5=Irta Maghrebi Arabic
}}
 
'''Corsican Arabic''' is an Irish-influenced Arabic variety spoken in the [[Verse:Irta|Irta]] timeline's Corsica (natively ''əl-KóRSəKə'' [ɜ̟lˈqʰɔɾˁsʌqʰʌ]), an independent country where it's an official language alongside English. In Irta it's called Corsican (natively ''əl-KoRSəKī́jə'' [ɜ̟lqʰɔɾˁsʌˈqʰɪːjɜ̟] or ''ət-táNGə KoRSəKī́jə'' [ɜ̟t̪ˈt̪ʰæɴɢʌ qʰɔɾˁsʌˈqʰɪːjɜ̟]; ''taNGə'' is from Irish ''teanga''). It may also be called ''táNGəTNaN'' 'our language'.  Its speakers are predominantly Catholic and usually also speak English and French.
 
Its premise is "Maltese but with Irish (and secondarily French and Sardinian) instead of Italian", and it's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence (Crannish is more Azalic, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers), and the only Irtan Semitic language written in a Latin orthography (which is different from the one used on this page)
 
== History ==
Corsica was ruled by Muslim Arabs (7th c. - 10th c.), then by the Irish (10th c. - 16th c.), then the French (16th c. - 19th c. Ireland ceded it to France when it was being threatened by Remonitionists and the Hivantish), then the Azalic English (19th c. - 20th c.). Corsica gained independence from the Azalic English in 1954.
 
The first text in Corsican Arabic is dated to 1515. Though it uses mainly native vocabulary, it has most of the syntactic features of modern Corsican Arabic.
 
Corsican Arabic evolved from a fictional vernacular Arabic variety which has the following features:
* qāf and Tā' are unaspirated, sometimes voiced.
* Zā' and Dād are both [z{{phar}}~ð{{phar}}].
* has imāla after nonemphatics
** new ā from 3ayn loss (same condition as Maltese stressed għa and agħ) causes old ā > ō after emphatics
** The combination of imāla and Irish borrowing has resulted in two archiphonemes: Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á) (ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics after ayin loss)
*** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Corsican Arabic has an almost complete set of emphatic (realized as pharyngealization)-nonemphatic pairs, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became D Z S Z G) and borrowed Irish vocabulary. This article represents emphatic consonants with capitalized letters.
* vowels: {{angbr|''w oo''}} /ə ã/
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
* consonants: {{angbr|''q m k''}} /ʔ m k~h/
|-
* tone letters are used at the end of syllables: {{angbr|''-b -0 -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l''}} /˥ ˧ ˩˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Corsican Arabic'''
The -0 tone only occurs in function words and affixes.
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Dorsal
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>phar.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>phar.</small>
! <small>prevelar</small>
! <small>preuvular</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''m''' m || '''M''' mˁ
| '''n''' n̪ || '''N''' n̪ˁ
|
| [ŋ&#799;]
| [ɴ]
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' pʰ || '''P''' pˁʰ
| '''t''' t̪ʰ || '''T''' t̪ˁʰ
|
| '''k''' k&#799;ʰ
| '''K''' q&#799;ʰ
|rowspan=2|
|-
!<small>unaspirated</small>
| '''b''' b || '''B''' bˁ
| '''d''' d̪ || '''D''' d̪ˁ
|
| '''g''' ɡ&#799;
| '''G''' ɢ&#799;
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' φ || '''F''' φˁ
| '''s''' s || '''S''' sˁ
| '''š''' ʃ
| '''x''' x&#799; || '''X''' χ&#799;
| '''h''' h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''w''' β || '''W''' wˁ
| '''z''' z  || '''Z''' zˁ~ðˁ
| '''ž''' ʒ
| '''j''' j || '''Γ''' ʁ&#799;
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| || 
| '''r''' r || '''R''' rˁ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Lateral
| ||
| '''l''' l || '''L''' l̪ˁ
| 
|
|
|
|}
 
voicing distinction in stops is realized like in Irish; w = [β&#798;], [β] before vowels
 
t d T D n N L are dental
 
word-final nonemphatic consonants are slightly palatalized (relic of -i endings?): ''walid'' 'child' /βalid/ [βælid̪ʲ].
 
Clusters may not follow bwb sws in native words or with Irish words put into Arabic patterns. Irish broad and slender consonants are borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively (unless possibly after a stressed syllable, where they're subject to emphasis/nonemphasis spreading).
 
Emphatic aspirated stops are aspirated less strongly than non-emphatic aspirated stops; unaspirated emphatic stops are more fully voiced than unaspirated nonemphatic stops.
 
has a similar vowel inventory to Irish, with short /u/ (retained from Classical Arabic) realized as [y] after nonemphatic consonants and with more vowels from lost ayin
 
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū ė əj əw aj aw ea oa ia ua
 
a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics
 
o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics
 
i is [i] after nonemphatics, [ɪ] after emphatics
 
u is [ʏ] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics
 
unstressed a is similar to stressed a; unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ɜ&#799;] after a nonemphatic
 
Stress is no longer predictable
 
=== Minimal pairs ===
* n vs. N: ''náhər'' 'river'; ''Náhər'' 'snake': ''Náhər mamū́l Mill-ilmḗ hu náhər'' 'A river is a snake made of water'


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
=== Pronouns ===
Most Qwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT<sub>1</sub>mwT<sub>2</sub>kwT<sub>3</sub> verb stem:
* ínə, ínt(ə), hú(wə), hí(jə), nán(ə), íntum, húm(ə)
* ''qw'''l'''mw'''b'''kw'''j''''' = to preside
* emphatic pronouns: Rūhi, Rūhək, ...
* ''qw'''b'''mw'''d'''kw'''g''''' = to speak
* ''qw'''x'''mw'''b'''kw'''b''''' = to hear
* ''qw'''j'''mw'''g'''kw'''d''''' = to see
* ''qw'''b'''mw'''x'''kw'''s''''' = to eat
* ''qw'''z'''mw'''x'''kw'''v''''' = to drink


Some roots are bitonal:
* ''qw'''x'''kw'''j''''' 'to stand'
* ''qw'''s'''kw'''s''''' 'to go, to walk'
* ''qw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'to fly'
=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
sound plurals: m. -0 > -īn, f. -ə > -ḗh/ṓh/ijḗh;
The plural marker is ''-qoob'': ''mw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'bird', ''mw'''b'''kw'''x'''qoob'' 'birds'.
 
==== Patterns ====
m. pl. const. -ė
(b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root)
 
f. sg. const. -ət/-t (''Gī́jə'' 'prayer' -> ''Gī́jət'' 'prayer of', ''Gī́jəti'' 'my prayer'); f. pl. const. -ēt/-ōt
 
emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic
* Gī́jə 'prayer', Gī́jəti 'my prayer'; Gī́jətuh 'his prayer'
* táNGə 'language', táNGəTi 'my language'; táNGəTuh 'his language'; taNGijḗh 'languages'
* wáNəXT 'blessing; to bless', wəNṓWiX 'blessings'? (dəwáNi 'he blessed')
 
todo: broken plurals
 
article əl- (moon) or əC- (sun); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š 
 
sg and sound pl fem possessives: -i -ək -uh -hə -nan -kum -hum
 
sound pl masc possessives: -éjjə -ė́k -ė́h -ė́hə -ė́nan -ė́kum -ė́hum
 
irish -ə nouns are borrowed as feminine -ə
 
head-marked (house.CONST DEF-king, house-3SG.M DEF-king) or double-marked possessives (house-SG.M DAT DEF-king)
 
=== Adjectives ===
all adjectives have the same declension: -0 -ə -īn -āh. Inanimate plurals are treated as sg fem


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
loan verbs use -əXəZ for VN from MidIr *-aghadh (~ Scottish Gaelic -achadh, Irish -ú)
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+ ''qwlmwlkwd'' 'to sleep'
passive binyanim are lost; maSdars serve the same grammatical roles as Irish verbnouns
 
Gzarot split based on emphatic/nonemphatic, then simplification
 
negative ma-š sticks to the first (focused) constituent; the unmarked construction is ''máDWi huš'' 'he did not admit' for pronoun subjects, but ''máDWiš šēMəS'' 'Séamus did not admit' for noun subjects.
 
Work out interactions between subject suffixes + object suffixes + subject pronoun clitics
==== Inherited 3-consonant verbs ====
 
==== 4-consonant roots ====
usually treated somewhat like loan verbs; they even take d- in the past tense
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''dətárgəm'' 'he translated' (Arabic ''tarjama'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''dətərgámnə''
| ''dətərgámt, dətərgámint''
| ''dətárgəm hu''
| ''dətárgəmət hi''
| ''dətərgámnan''
| ''dətərgámtum, dətərgám(t)intum''
| ''dətárgəmu hum''
|-
|-
! future
! Person !! Non-past !! Past/Stative
| ''nətárgəminə''
| ''tətárgəmint''
| ''jətárgəm hu''
| ''tətárgəm hi''
| ''nətárgəmunan''
| ''tətárgmintum''
| ''jətárgmu hum''
|-
|-
! imperative
! 1sg
| ''-''
|| ''qoolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoox''
| ''tárgəm!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''tárgəmu!''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! 2sg
|colspan=7| ''mittárgəm''
|| ''koolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkwt''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! 3sg
|colspan=7| ''tárgəməXəZ''
|| ''moolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqood''
|}
 
==== Irish ''-aigh'' verbs ====
Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish -aigh verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs, hence the stress shifts and possibly vowel reduction and addition of the D-/d-/T-/t- to past forms from Irish do)
 
past tense forms are lenited as in Irish, and VN follows that (Irish feminine definite article lenition + analogy to past for d-/t-/s-)
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''DáDWi'' 'he admitted, confessed' (from ''d'admhaigh sé'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! 1pl
| ''DəDWájnə''
|| ''qoolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoov''
| ''DəDWájt, DəDWájnt''
| ''DáDWi hu''
| ''DáDWiT hi''
| ''DəDWájnan''
| ''DəDWájtum, DəDWájntum''
| ''DáDWu hum''
|-
|-
! future
! 2pl
| ''náDWiNə''
|| ''koolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkoov''
| ''táDWiNT''
| ''jáDWi hu''
| ''táDWi hi''
| ''náDWuNaN''
| ''táDWiNTuM''
| ''jáDWu hum''
|-
|-
! imperative
! 3pl
| ''-''
|| ''moolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodmooj''
| ''áDWi!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''áDWu!''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! Participle
|colspan=7| ''mitáDWi''
|colspan=2| ''moolqwlqwd''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! Verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''áDWəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə f-áDWəXəZ'' 'I confess')
|colspan=2| ''qwlmwlkwd''
|}
|}


==== Newer loan verbs ====
==== Patterns ====
Newer loan verbs use the same stress patterns and affixes as Irish ''-aigh'' loan verbs, but have a fixed stem (ignoring the D-/T- in the past tense)
(b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Newer loan verb conjugation: ''dəmaksimízi'' 'he maximized' (from French ''maximiser'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''dəmaksimizájnə''
| ''dəmaksimizájt, dəmaksimizájnt''
| ''dəmaksimízi hu''
| ''dəmaksimízit hi''
| ''dəmaksimizájnan''
| ''dəmaksimizájtum, dəmaksimizájntum''
| ''dəmaksimízu hum''
|-
! future
| ''nəmaksimízinə''
| ''təmaksimízint''
| ''jəmaksimízi hu''
| ''təmaksimízi hi''
| ''nəmaksimízinan''
| ''təmaksimízintum''
| ''jəmaksimízu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''maksimízi!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''maksimízu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''maksimizė́''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''maksimízəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə fi-maksimízəXəZ'' 'I maximize')
|}


=== Prepositions ===
Need nif3al and hif3il
frė (< Irish fré) = against
: frė́jə, frėk, frėh, frė́hə, frė́nan, frė́kum, frė́hum (that -hə for 3fs really sounds Scottish Gaelic)


ā́lə = on; alájjə, alájk, ...
=== Pronouns ===
No subject pronouns


mijéjn 'about' (~ Scottish Gaelic mu dheidhinn): mijéjni, mijéjnək, mijéjnih, mijéjnhə, mijéjnnan, mijéjnkum, mijéjnhum
Pronominal affixes: todo


fi (< CA fī) is matched to faoi sometimes; 'in' often uses a different prep
== Syntax ==
=== Word order ===
Stolen from Lushootseed: predicate-first clauses and determiner-based noun phrases


=== Numerals ===
=== Noun phrases ===
wḗhəd, tnėn, tlḗtə, áRBa, hámsə, síttə, sába, tmḗnjə, dísa, ā́šRə
Noun phrases acting as constituents rather than as predicates need the determiner ''qw'':


áwwəl, tḗni, tḗlit, RṓBa, hā́mis, sḗtit, sḗba, tmḗni, dḗsa, ā́šir
: Compare:
 
:''Qw'''d'''kw'''l'''qw'''b''' qw qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g'''.''
== Syntax ==
: Qwbmwdqwg is easy.
Irish/Gàidhlig relex; VSO and verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects. Even more Irishy than Irta Modern Hebrew; grammar-wise it's the most Irishy Irtan Semlang, though it does not have mutations.
:''Qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g''' kwt. Qoo Kwskwskwskws kwt.''
: This is Qwbmwdqwg. And this is Quququqquq.


Question particle əl (from hal)
=== Emphasis ===
The emphatic pronoun is ''koo'' in all persons and numbers. It serves the same role as Irish emphatic forms.


== Texts ==
* ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' 'I go'
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
* ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''' koo'' / ''koo qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' '<i>I</i> go'
called ''əl-Pádir'' or ''əl-misḗrnə''


[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Angai]]

Latest revision as of 01:36, 3 July 2025

In this versespace:

Verse talk:

Qwbmwdqwg /ʔə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language.

Phonology

  • vowels: ⟨w oo⟩ /ə ã/
  • consonants: ⟨q m k⟩ /ʔ m k~h/
  • tone letters are used at the end of syllables: ⟨-b -0 -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l⟩ /˥ ˧ ˩˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/

The -0 tone only occurs in function words and affixes.

Morphology

Most Qwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT1mwT2kwT3 verb stem:

  • qwlmwbkwj = to preside
  • qwbmwdkwg = to speak
  • qwxmwbkwb = to hear
  • qwjmwgkwd = to see
  • qwbmwxkws = to eat
  • qwzmwxkwv = to drink

Some roots are bitonal:

  • qwxkwj 'to stand'
  • qwskws 'to go, to walk'
  • qwbkwx 'to fly'

Nouns

The plural marker is -qoob: mwbkwx 'bird', mwbkwxqoob 'birds'.

Patterns

(b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root)

Verbs

qwlmwlkwd 'to sleep'
Person Non-past Past/Stative
1sg qoolmwlqwd qwlkwlqoodqoox
2sg koolmwlqwd qwlkwlqoodkwt
3sg moolmwlqwd qwlkwlqood
1pl qoolmwlqood qwlkwlqoodqoov
2pl koolmwlqood qwlkwlqoodkoov
3pl moolmwlqood qwlkwlqoodmooj
Participle moolqwlqwd
Verbal noun qwlmwlkwd

Patterns

(b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root)

Need nif3al and hif3il

Pronouns

No subject pronouns

Pronominal affixes: todo

Syntax

Word order

Stolen from Lushootseed: predicate-first clauses and determiner-based noun phrases

Noun phrases

Noun phrases acting as constituents rather than as predicates need the determiner qw:

Compare:
Qwdkwlqwb qw qwbmwdqwg.
Qwbmwdqwg is easy.
Qwbmwdqwg kwt. Qoo Kwskwskwskws kwt.
This is Qwbmwdqwg. And this is Quququqquq.

Emphasis

The emphatic pronoun is koo in all persons and numbers. It serves the same role as Irish emphatic forms.

  • qoosmws 'I go'
  • qoosmws koo / koo qoosmws 'I go'
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