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| '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. | | '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lašůn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic". |
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| Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. | | Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Mishnaic Hebrew and the Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. |
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| Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).
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| Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.
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| (Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage)
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
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| *Vowel reduction: | | *Vowel reduction: |
| **final originally unstressed long > short | | **final originally unstressed long > short |
| * Two mythical ravens Hūgin 'he who utters' (h-g-y) and Mūnin 'he who counts' (m-n-y)? 3-y participles retain nunation, change m pl to -īn (Retconning the Old Norse Huginn and Muninn)
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Orthography=== | | ===Orthography=== |
| Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so. | | Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Vowels are attested in Latin and Greek transcriptions. |
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| Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged: | | Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged: |
| * /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | | * /x/ with /ħ/ into /χ/ |
| * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | | * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ʁ̃/ |
| * /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.) | | * /ɬ/ and /{{š}}/ into /s{{ret}}/ |
| * /s/ and /š/ into /s/
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| On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient Knench#Mutations|#Mutations]]).
| | [m f b~>v p{{phar}}˭~>p˭ n t{{den}}{{asp}} d{{den}}~>ð t{{den}}{{phar}}˭~>t{{den}}˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡s{{phar}}˭~>t͡s˭ s{{ret}} ʁ̃ χ k{{asp}} g~>ɣ k{{ret}}˭~>k˭ l{{den}} w j r~>ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] '''m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ š ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h''' |
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| /m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}} | | /pˁ/ '''π''' was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic. |
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| ===Vowels===
| | Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated; however, pharyngealization was slowly lost and the distinction became not being aspirated unlike '''t k s'''. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways: |
| Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to Punic and [[Judeo-Gaelic]] Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.
| | * ejective release: [p{{phar}}ʼ t{{den}}{{phar}}ʼ t͡s{{phar}}ʼ k{{ret}}ʼ] |
| | * aspirated release: [p{{phar}}{{asp}} t{{den}}{{phar}}{{asp}} t͡s{{phar}}{{asp}} k{{ret}}{{asp}}] |
| | * voiced release: [b{{phar}} d{{den}}{{phar}} d͡z{{phar}} g{{ret}}] |
| | * Alternatively, '''π ṭ q''' could be unreleased word-finally: [p̚ˤ t̪̚ˤ k̠̚]. |
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| '''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | | It is thought that Late Ancient Knench '''b d z g''' were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/. |
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| Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:
| | ===Vowels=== |
| * ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
| | Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' (Seoul Korean ''eo'') > ''ů'' (Seoul Korean ''o''), similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening. |
| * ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written'
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| * ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous'
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| * ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
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| * ''bētū'' 'his house', ''bētû'' 'his houses'
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| * ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of'
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| Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
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| ===Prosody=== | | ===Prosody=== |
| ====Stress==== | | ====Stress==== |
| There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient Knench, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.
| | Stress tends to be final |
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| # Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''.
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| # By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix ''-īm'', ''-ē'', or ''-ūδ''.
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| # Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article ''haC-'', prepositions ''ka-'' 'and', ''li-'' 'dative', ''bi-'' 'locative/instrumental', ''miC-'' 'from', and the waw in waw-forms. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.
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| ==Morphophonology==
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ====Independent====
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| *1sg: ''hani, ni''
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| *2sg: ''hatta, ta'' (m); ''hatte, te'' (f)
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| *3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f)
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| *1pl: ''haħnu''
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| *2pl: ''hattemma, temma'' (m); ''hattenna, tenna'' (f)
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| *3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f)
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| ===Nouns===
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| ====Inflection====
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| The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.
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| Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.
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| Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.
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| The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
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| Example with ''sȳs'' 'horse' and ''sȳsō'' 'female horse':
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Noun declension'''
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| ! number
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| !colspan=2| singular
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| !colspan=2| plural
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| |-
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| ! gender
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| ! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
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| |-
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| ! indef.
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''sȳsō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌 ''sȳsīm'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiːm/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''sȳsūδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
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| |-
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| ! def.
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''has-sȳs'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːs/
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''has-sȳsō'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsaː/
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌 ''has-sȳsīm'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''has-sȳsūδ'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
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| |-
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| ! const.
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sȳsaδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsað/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sȳsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''sȳsūδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
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| |-
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| ! "my"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sȳsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sȳsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sȳsajj'' <br/> /ˈsuːsai/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sȳsuδajj'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðai/
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| |-
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| ! "thy" (m)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 ''sȳsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 ''sȳsuδēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
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| |-
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| ! "thy" (f)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 ''sȳsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 ''sȳsuδēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
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| |-
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| ! "his"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 ''sȳsū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 ''sȳsaδū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðoː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅 ''sȳsû'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅 ''sȳsuδû'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
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| |-
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| ! "her"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsaδô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀 ''sȳseyô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsejaːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsuδēyô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːjaːː/
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| |-
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| ! "our"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sȳsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sȳsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍 ''sȳsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍 ''sȳsuδēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
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| |-
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| ! "y'all's" (m)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsuδēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
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| |-
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| ! "y'all's" (f)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsuδēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
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| |-
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| ! "their" (m)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm(u)/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsaδōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm(u)/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ''sȳsêm, sȳsēmu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ''sȳsuδêm, sȳsuδēmu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmu/
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| |-
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| ! "their" (f)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsaδōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsuδên'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/
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| |}
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| TODO: Principal parts for segolates and other specific patterns
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| ====Other inflections====
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| The directive he reflects as ''-a''.
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hṓbō'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick').
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| A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the clitic ''rū-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).
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| ===Verbs===
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| todo: get rid of 3fp forms
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| Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench.
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| Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
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| *preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite)
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| *present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
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| *preterite dependent (~ BH perfect)
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| *present dependent (~ BH imperfect)
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| *imperative
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| *cohortative ''-a''
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| *infinitive construct
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| *participles
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| The following verb forms lost their productivity:
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| *emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a''
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| *jussive (only survives in ''hajō'' 'to be')
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| *infinitive absolute
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| The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''kī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ Independent vs. dependent forms: example
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| ! || independent || dependent
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| |-
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| ! preterite
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| | waw-preterite: ''wayyūγal''<br/>'he ate' || perfect: ''lū haγal''<br/>'he did not eat'
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| |-
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| ! present
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| | waw-stative: ''wōhaγal''<br/>'he eats' || imperfect: ''lū yūγal''<br/>'he does not eat'
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| |}
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| ====Binyan ''faȝal'' (paʕal)====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ ''samar'' 'he kept'
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| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
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| |-
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| ! rowspan=2|preterite
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| ! <small>indep.</small>
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| | ''wêsmur''
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| | ''waθθesmur''
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| | ''waθθesmurī''
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| | ''wajjesmur''
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| | ''waθθesmur''
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| | ''wannesmur''
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| | ''waθθesmurū''
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| | ''waθθesmurna''
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| | ''wajjesmurū''
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| | ''waθθesmurna''
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| |-
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| ! <small>dep.</small>
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| | ''samarθi''
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| | ''samarθa''
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| | ''samarθe''
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| | ''samar''
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| | ''samarō''
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| | ''samarnu''
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| | ''samarθem''
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| | ''samarθen''
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| |colspan=2| ''samarū''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan=2|present
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| ! <small>indep.</small>
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| | ''wassamarθi''
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| | ''wassamarθa''
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| | ''wassamarθe''
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| | ''wassamar''
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| | ''wassamarō''
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| | ''wassamarnu''
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| | ''wassamarθem''
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| | ''wassamarθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wassamarū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''hesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmurī''
| |
| | ''jesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmur''
| |
| | ''nesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmurū''
| |
| | ''θesmurna''
| |
| | ''jesmurū''
| |
| | ''θesmurna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''simur!''
| |
| | ''simurī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''simurū!''
| |
| | ''simurna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|active participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''sūmḗr''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|passive participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''samȳ́r''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''simṓr''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''nixθab'' 'it was written'
| |
| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|preterite
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wêxxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibī''
| |
| | ''wajjixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδib''
| |
| | ''wannixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibna''
| |
| | ''wajjixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''nixθabθi''
| |
| | ''nixθabθa''
| |
| | ''nixθabθe''
| |
| | ''nixθab''
| |
| | ''nixθabō''
| |
| | ''nixθabnu''
| |
| | ''nixθabθem''
| |
| | ''nixθabθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''nixθabū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|present
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wannixθabθi''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθa''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθe''
| |
| | ''wannixθab''
| |
| | ''wannixθabō''
| |
| | ''wannixθabnu''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθem''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wannixθabū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''hixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibī''
| |
| | ''jixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδib''
| |
| | ''nixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibna''
| |
| | ''jixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hixxaδib!''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibū!''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''nixθōb''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''hixxaδib''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''kittil'' 'he grew (sth)'
| |
| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| preterite
| |
| !|indep.
| |
| | ''wôgattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattilī''
| |
| | ''wajjagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattil''
| |
| | ''wannagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattilū''
| |
| | ''waθθagattelna''
| |
| | ''wajjagattilū''
| |
| | ''waθθagattelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|dep.
| |
| | ''kittelθi''
| |
| | ''kittelθa''
| |
| | ''kittelθe''
| |
| | ''kittil''
| |
| | ''kittilō''
| |
| | ''kittelnu''
| |
| | ''kittelθem''
| |
| | ''kittelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''kittilū''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| present
| |
| !|indep.
| |
| | ''wakkittelθi''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθa''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθe''
| |
| | ''wakkittil''
| |
| | ''wakkittilō''
| |
| | ''wakkittelnu''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθem''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wakkittilū''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|dep.
| |
| | ''hagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattilī''
| |
| | ''jagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattil''
| |
| | ''nagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattilū''
| |
| | ''θagattelna''
| |
| | ''jagattilū''
| |
| | ''θagattelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''kattil!''
| |
| | ''kattilī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''kattilū!''
| |
| | ''kattelna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''mugattil''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''kattil''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
| |
| ====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''hibdīl'' 'he separated'
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite indep.
| |
| | ''wôbdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīlī''
| |
| | ''wajjabdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīl''
| |
| | ''wannabdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīlū''
| |
| | ''waθθabdelna''
| |
| | ''wajjabdīlū''
| |
| | ''waθθabdelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite dep.
| |
| | ''hibdelθi''
| |
| | ''hibdelθa''
| |
| | ''hibdelθe''
| |
| | ''hibdīl''
| |
| | ''hibdīlō''
| |
| | ''hibdelnu''
| |
| | ''hibdelθem''
| |
| | ''hibdelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''hibdīlū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present indep.
| |
| | ''wêbdelθi''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθa''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθe''
| |
| | ''wêbdel''
| |
| | ''wêbdelō''
| |
| | ''wêbdelnu''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθem''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''wêbdelū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present dep.
| |
| | ''habdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīlī''
| |
| | ''jabdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīl''
| |
| | ''nabdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīlū''
| |
| | ''θabdelna''
| |
| | ''jabdīlū''
| |
| | ''θabdelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''habdel!''
| |
| | ''habdelī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''habdelū!''
| |
| | ''habdelna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''mabdīl''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''habdīl''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)====
| |
| ====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' 'he resented'
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite indep.
| |
| | ''wôθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| |
| | ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| | ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite dep.
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimō''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemnu''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''hiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present indep.
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋimō''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| |colspan=2|''wêθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present dep.
| |
| | ''haθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| |
| | ''jiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''niθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋim!''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimū!''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''muθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Object suffixes====
| |
| *1sg: -ni
| |
| *2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f)
| |
| *3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ȳ), -ū (after C) (m); -ô, -hô (f)
| |
| *1pl: -nu
| |
| *2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f)
| |
| *3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f)
| |
| | |
| ====Gzarot====
| |
| :''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]''
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| *jūδ = direct object marker
| |
| *li- = to, for, of
| |
| *pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
| |
| *tum la- = like, as
| |
| *miC- = from
| |
| *ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
| |
| *wēn = without
| |
| *jaȝn = because of
| |
| *ȝalē = on
| |
| | |
| ===Conjunctions===
| |
| *xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
| |
| *ja3n = because
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
| |
| | |
| ===Tense constructions===
| |
| Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
| |
| *Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
| |
| *Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
| |
| *Past imperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
| |
| *Present: imperfect or waw-stative
| |
| **Jussive uses the present dependent
| |
| *Future imperfective: ''jî'' or ''wājō'' + imperfect
| |
| *Future perfective: ''wājō'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahajō'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
| |
| *As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent.
| |
| | |
| ===Uses of the infinitive construct===
| |
| Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:
| |
| #la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
| |
| #there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
| |
| #ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
| |
| #more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'
| |
| | |
| ===Narratives===
| |
| As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info).
| |
| | |
| Hypothetical example:
| |
| :'''''wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.'''''
| |
| :''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
| |
| | |
| ===Wishes===
| |
| Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
| |
| :'''''ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.'''''
| |
| :''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''
| |
| | |
| A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).
| |
| | |
| One can also simply use the present dependent.
| |
| | |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
| |
| ===Derivation===
| |
| ====Mishkalim====
| |
| *ᴋaᴛōl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛūl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
| |
| *ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
| |
| *ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
| |
| *masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
| |
| *feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
| |
| *ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
| |
| *ᴋaᴛilō
| |
| *ᴋaᴛulō (''kadulō'' 'magnificence', ''zaruħō'' 'radiance')
| |
| *ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ō) = diminutive
| |
| *meᴋᴛal(ō) = often place
| |
| *maᴋᴛel(ō) = instrument
| |
| *meᴋᴛūl
| |
| *meᴋᴛul(ō)
| |
| *θaᴋᴛilō, θeᴋᴛulō
| |
| *ᴋaᴛlūn
| |
| *ᴋiᴛᴛalūn
| |
| *ᴋaᴛᴛal(ō) = agentive
| |
| *ᴋaᴛᴛelō = disease
| |
| *ᴋaᴛᴛulō
| |
| *θaᴋᴛelō
| |
| *θeᴋᴛulō = system of, art of, study of
| |
| | |
| ====Affixes====
| |
| *''-î'' (feminine ''-īyō''): adjective-forming affix
| |
| *''-ȳδ'': abstract noun suffix
| |
| *''hī-'': un-, non-
| |
| | |
| ===Examples of Celtic vocabulary===
| |
| | |
| ==Sample texts==
| |
| ===An incantation===
| |
| The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):
| |
| | |
| [...]
| |
| | |
| ===A ritual===
| |
| ===An excerpt===
| |
| === Ha'azinu ===
| |
| TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns
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| <poem>
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| hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî.
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| tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal,
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| dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb.
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| </poem>
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| ==Lexicon==
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| ===h===
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| *''hōbō'' = love
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| *''hilû'' (pl. ''hiūhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
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| *''hasírō'' = the spirit of a tree
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| *''hinni'' = but
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| ===b===
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| *''bēt'' = house
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| ===g===
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| ===d===
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| ===w===
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| ===z===
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| *''zadō'' = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
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| *''zaruħō'' = radiance
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| ===ħ===
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| *''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
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| *''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace
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| *''ħawō'' = to live
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| ** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta)
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| ===ᴛ===
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| ===j===
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| ===k===
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| *k-b-d
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| **''kabed'' 'liver'
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| **''kabid'' 'heavy'
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| **''kabūd'' 'honor'
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| **''kibbid'' 'to honor'
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| **''kabudō'' 'esteemed position'
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| ***''hak-kabudō'' 'sir, ma'am'
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| **''makped'' 'scale, balance'
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| *''kin, ka-'' 'and'
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| ===l===
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| ===m===
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| ===n===
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| *n-ᴛ-f
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| **''níᴛfō'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
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| ===s===
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| ===ȝ===
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| *''ȝarábō'' = willow
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| ===p===
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| *''párrō'' = cow
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|
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| ===c=== | | == Morphology == |
| ===ᴋ===
| | === Adjectives === |
| ===r=== | | ṭůb, ṭůbṓ, ṭůbī́m, ṭůbů́t |
| *''rimmūn'' = pomegranate
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|
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|
| ===t===
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] | | [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] |