Verse:Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Sošovíć
|nativename = sošovíć/lesán sošovija
|region = Balkan Peninsula
|speakers = 393,000
|date = 2013
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=North Semitic
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
}}


Assumptions:
*Final short vowels are weakened at around the same time as Proto-Slavic reduces final short vowels to jers.
*Palatalization does *not* follow Slavic, except in affixes and function words
==Diachronics==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
! Proto-North Semitic
! Proto-Sošovíć
|-
| i
| ь
|-
| u
| ъ
|-
| a
| o
|-
| ī
| i
|-
| ū
| y
|-
| aj
| ě
|-
| aw
| u
|-
| ā
| a
|-
| an
| ǫ
|-
| in
| ę, ь
|-
| un
| ǫ, ъ
|}
Havlík's law: strong {{recon|ъ}} > {{recon|o}}, strong {{recon|ь}} > {{recon|e}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything
Cja > Cě
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PSem
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|ṭ}}
! {{recon|ḳ}}
! {{recon|ð}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|þ}}
! {{recon|š}}
! {{recon|ś}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|þ̣}}
! {{recon|ṣ}}
! {{recon|ṣ́}}
! {{recon|ɣ}}
! {{recon|ʕ}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|x}}
! {{recon|ħ}}
! {{recon|h}}
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|j}}
|-
! {{PAGENAME}}
| ''b''
| ''d''
| ''ž''
| ''p''
| ''ć''
| ''č''
| ''t''
| ''k''
| ''v''
| ''z''
| ''f''
| ''s''
| ''š''
| ''s''
| ''f''
| ''š''
| ''þ''
| ''g''
| <sup>''a''</sup>, ː
| ː
| ''ch''
| ''h<sup>a</sup>''
| ''h''
| ''m''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''v''
| ''j''
|}
==Nouns==
{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for inheriting the ancient diptotic (two-case) system with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|-ъ}} < PSem {{recon|-u}} and genitive singular ''-o'' < PSem {{recon|-a}}. Diptotes are presumed to have been the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system. While Arabic and Akkadian developed the singular genitive {{recon|-i}} from the plural oblique {{recon|-ī}}, making their system triptotic, diptotes still survive in Arabic as broken plurals.
The case system has been restructured along Slavic lines. The behavior of the accusative case and genitive case are identical to Slavic: accusative is identical to the genitive for animate masculine nouns and to the nominative otherwise, and objects of negative sentences take the genitive. The dative and instrumental/locative was formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions {{recon|la}} 'to' and {{recon|bi}} 'with/by, in'.
===Masculine nouns of type ''moloč''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''moloč'' 'king'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''moloč'' || ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''y'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''molč'''o''''' || ''molč'''ě''''' || ''molč'''i'''''
|-
! dative
| ''molč'''lu''''' || ''molč'''ěluma'''''  || ''molč'''ilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''molč'''o''''' || ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ý'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''molč'''bi''''' || ''molč'''ěbima''''' || ''molč'''ibím'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Masculine noun: ''júm'' 'day'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''y'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ě''''' || ''júm'''i'''''
|-
! dative
| ''júm'''lu''''' || ''júm'''ěluma'''''  || ''júm'''ilúm'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''y'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''júm'''bi''''' || ''júm'''ěbima''''' || ''júm'''ibím'''''
|}
===*-j-stems===
===Feminine nouns of type ''molča''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''molča'' 'queen'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''áć'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''molč'''oto''''' || ''molč'''oćě''''' || ''molč'''aći'''''
|-
! dative
| ''molč'''ótla''''' || ''molč'''ótluma'''''  || ''molč'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''molč'''a''''' || ''molč'''ota''''' || ''molč'''áć'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''molč'''ótbě''''' || ''molč'''ótbima''''' || ''molč'''átbín'''''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''syra'' 'performance; ritual'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''áć'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''syr'''oto''''' || ''syr'''oćě''''' || ''syr'''aći'''''
|-
! dative
| ''syr'''ótla''''' || ''syr'''ótluma'''''  || ''syr'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''syr'''a''''' || ''syr'''ota''''' || ''syr'''áć'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''syr'''ótbě''''' || ''syr'''ótbima''''' || ''syr'''átbín'''''
|}
===Feminine nouns of type ''lesán''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''lesán'' 'tongue'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! nom./voc.
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''áć'''''
|-
! genitive
| ''lesán'''o''''' || ''lesán'''ě''''' || ''lesán'''aći'''''
|-
! dative
| ''lesán'''la''''' || ''lesán'''ěluma'''''  || ''lesán'''átlěn'''''
|-
! accusative
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''áć'''''
|-
! ins./loc.
| ''lesán'''bě''''' || ''lesán'''ěbima''''' || ''lesán'''átbín'''''
|}
==Adjectives==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''tab'' 'good'
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nom./Voc.
| ''tab'' || ''taba'' || ''taba'' || ''tabota'' || ''taby'' || ''tabáć''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tabo'' || ''taboto'' || ''tabě'' || ''taboćě'' || ''tabi'' || ''tabaći''
|-
! Dative
| ''tablu'' || ''tabótla'' || ''taběluma'' || ''tabótluma'' || ''tabilúm'' || ''tabátlěn''
|-
! Acc.
| ''tabo''<sup>an</sup> <br/> ''tab''<sup>inan</sup> || ''taba'' || ''taba'' || ''tabota'' || ''taby'' || ''tabáć''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
| ''tabbi'' || ''tabótbě'' || ''taběbima'' || ''tabótbima'' || ''tabibím'' || ''tabátbín''
|}
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="3" | First person
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
|''nak''|| ''nama'' || ''nany''
|-
! Genitive
|''meni''|| ''mennama, menma'' || ''menny''
|-
! Dative
|''li''|| ''lonama, loma'' || ''lony''
|-
! Accusative
|''nani'', ''ni''|| ''nánma'' || ''nánny''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bi''|| ''bema'' || ''bny''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns, cont.
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 100px;" | Case !! colspan="5" | Second person !! colspan="5" | Third person
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural !! colspan="2" | Singular !! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>masculine</small> !! style="width: 100px;" | <small>feminine</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''ǫto''|| ''ǫć'' || ''ǫtma'' || ''ǫtmy'' || ''ǫtna'' || ''hy'' || ''hi'' || ''homa'' || ''homy'' || ''hena''
|-
! Genitive
|''męk''|| ''męč''  || ''mękma'' || ''mękmy'' || ''męčna'' || ''men'' || ''mená'' || ''menema'' || ''menemy'' || ''menen''
|-
! Dative
|''lók''|| ''lóč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókmy'' || ''lóčna'' ||''lu''||''lá''||''luma''||''lumy''||''lěn''
|-
! Accusative
|''ǫtók'', ''tók''||''ǫćeč'', ''ćeč''|| ''ǫtókma'', ''tókma'' || ''ǫtókmy'', ''tókmy'' ||''ǫćečna'', ''ćečna''||''henu''||''hená''||''henoma''||''henomy''||''henen''
|-
! Ins./Loc.
|''bek''||''beč''||''bekma''||''bekmy''||''bečna''||''bí''||''bě''||''bíma''||''bímy''||''bín''
|}
==Verbs==
The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine.
===Binyan A: ''kotol''===
====Regular (strong) paradigm====
=====Active=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''kotlíć, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel'' 'kill'
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
| colspan="4" | ''kotlíć''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 2.m
| ''ktol!''
|rowspan="2"| ''ktola!'' || ''ktoly!''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ktoli!'' || ''ktolna!''
|-
! colspan="4" | Present
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''oktol'' || ''nektla'' || ''nektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''ćektla'' || ''ćektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''toktli'' || ''ćektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektla'' || ''jektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''joktli'' || ''jektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
!| 1
| ''fóktol'' || ''fonektla'' || ''fonektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''fotoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''foćektla'' || ''foćektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''fotoktli'' || ''foćektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''fojoktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''fojektla'' || ''fojektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''fojoktli'' || ''fojektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Aorist
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''kotlok'' || ''kotolma'' || ''kotolny''
|-
! 2.m
| ''kotlot''
|rowspan="2"| ''kotoltma'' || ''kotoltmy''
|-
! 2.f
| ''kotleć'' || ''kotoltna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''kotol'' || ''kotla'' || ''kotly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''kotla'' || ''kotolta || ''kotolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future I
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''rþi oktol'' || ''rþi nektla'' || ''rþi nektol''
|-
! 2.m
| ''rþi toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi ćektla'' || ''rþi ćektly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''rþi toktli'' || ''rþi ćektolna''
|-
! 3.m
| ''rþi joktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''rþi jektla'' || ''rþi jektly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''rþi joktli'' || ''rþi jektolna''
|-
! colspan="4" | Future II
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''očún katel''|| ''nečuna katla'' || ''nečún katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''očún katla'' || ''nečuna katlota'' || ''nečún katláć''
|-
! 2.m
| ''točún katel'' || ''ćečuna katla'' || ''ćečuny katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''točuni katla''|| ''ćečuna katlota'' || ''ćečunna katláć''
|-
! 3.m
| ''jočún katel'' || ''ječuna katla'' || ''ječuny katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''jočuni katla''|| ''ječuna katlota'' ||  ''ječunna katláć''
|-
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''nak katel'' || ''nama katla'' || ''nany katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''nak katla'' || ''nama katlota'' || ''nany katláć''
|-
! 2.m
| ''ǫto katel'' || ''ǫtma katla'' || ''ǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''ǫć katla'' || ''ǫtma katlota'' || ''ǫtna katláć''
|-
! 3.m
| ''(hy) katel'' || ''(homa) katla'' || ''(homy) katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''(hi) katla'' || ''(homa) katlota'' || ''(hena) katláć''
|-
! colspan="4" | Pluperfect
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1.m
| ''čǫk katel'' || ''čanma katla'' || ''čanny katly''
|-
! 1.f
| ''čǫk katla'' || ''čanma katlota'' || ''čanny katláć''
|-
! 2.m
| ''čǫt katel'' || ''čǫtma katla'' || ''čǫtmy katly''
|-
! 2.f
| ''čǫć katla'' || ''čǫtma katlota'' || ''čǫtna katláć''
|-
! 3.m
| ''čán katel'' || ''čana katla'' || ''čany katly''
|-
! 3.f
| ''čána katla'' || ''čanota katlota'' || ''čanna katláć''
|}
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 00:36, 24 June 2025

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