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==Swadesh list==
==Swadesh list==
#I: in
#I: nu
#thou: i
#thou: sei
#he/she/it: mi (this.m) mie (this.f), a (that.m), ah (that.f)
#he/she/it: was/wie/wem
#we: huom (exc), wind (inc)
#we: wind
#ye: lind
#ye: lind
#they: miu (these m), mir (these f) å (those m), ar (those f)
#they: wen/wes/wer
#this: mi
#this: ma
#that: a
#that: đa
#here: ming
#here: ming
#there: ang
#there: ang
Line 14: Line 14:
#what: jähl
#what: jähl
#where: jang
#where: jang
#when: jieb
#when: jester
#how: jåne
#how: jahr
#not: mei, liens, Quachs
#not: ihren
#all: rei
#all: bies
#many: uhr
#many: auer
#some: kieŧ
#some: kieŧ
#few: ŧich
#few: ŧich
#other: mach
#other: mach
#one: wiem
#one: wahm
#two: descher
#two: dieser
#three: nach
#three: narg
#four: mul
#four: đauf
#five: nels
#five: säl
#big: halm
#big: halm
#long: gau
#long: gau
#wide: ŧrioch
#wide: ŧriech
#thick: schab
#thick: lauch (viscous, dense), schab (of a 2-dimensional object), ŧühr (of a 1-dimensional object)
#heavy: garm
#heavy: garm
#small: binŧ
#small: binđ
#short: kasch
#short: kass
#narrow: bisch
#narrow: bisch
#thin: đipfer
#thin: retz (not viscous), đipfer (of a 2-dimensional object), zast (of a 1-dimensional object)
#woman: Samm, Sämmer
#woman: Samm, Sämmer
#man: Ŧall, Ŧålle
#man: Ŧall, Ŧalle
#human: Wah, Wäher
#human: Wahr, Währer
#child: Bie, Biehe
#child: Bieh, Biehe
#wife: Heste, Hester
#wife: Heste, Hester
#husband: Jern, Jörne
#husband: Jern, Jerne
#mother: Ahm, Ähmer
#mother: Mahl, Mahler
#father: Ann, Anner
#father: Ahn, Ahnen
#animal: Schleck, Schlöcke
#animal: Schleck, Schlecke
#fish: Hilm, Hülme
#fish: Hilm, Hilme
#bird: Ŧehr, Ŧöhret
#bird: Ŧehr, Ŧehret
#[a common pet]: Rüös, Ruoset
#[a common pet]: Rüß
#insect: Đichli, Đichli
#insect: Đichlein
#snake?
#snake?
#worm: Fitt, Fütte
#worm: Fitt
#tree: Gein, Geiner
#tree: Gein
#forest: Rampf, Råmpfe
#forest: Rampf
#stick: Bachs, Båchse
#stick: Bachs
#fruit: Nind, Nindet
#fruit: Nind
#seed: Pfatts, Depfatts
#seed: Pfatts
#leaf: Nitt, Denütte
#leaf: Nitt
#root: Flaun, Flauner
#root: Flaun
#bark: Krau, Kraue
#bark: Krau
#flower: Näpf, Napfe
#flower: Näpf
#grass: Knohe, Knöher
#grass: Knohe
#rope: Geletts, Geletts
#rope: Geletts
#skin: Spang, Spanget
#skin: Spang
#meat/flesh: Ŧeid, Ŧeide
#meat/flesh: Ŧeid
#blood: Mänz, Manze
#blood: Mänz
#bone: Anŧ, Anŧet
#bone: Anđ
#fat: Schnebe
#egg: Bimm
#horn: Pfächte
#tail: Behr
#feather: Hufs
#hair: Appe,
#head: Bast
#ear: Đüsser
#eye: Feich
#nose: Bien
#mouth: Kühm, Kuhme
#tooth: Schwalf, Schwalfet
#tongue: Sahr, Sähre
#fingernail: Quab, Quäber
#foot: Mage, Mager
#leg: Mage, Mager
#knee: Stegel
#hand: Seime, Seimer
#wing: Irbe, Irbet
#belly: Đänge, Đange
#guts: Ŧüffer
#neck: Ŧrapf, Ŧrapfe
#back: Bleit, Bleite
#breast: Dack, Däcker
#heart: Auben, Auben
#liver: Sürŧel, Surŧel
#drink: điels, đühls, Geđiels
#eat: haff, hiff, Haffs
#bite: kar, kier, karen
#suck: ŧarg, ŧirg, Ŧargs
#spit: speŧŧ, speŧŧe, Speŧŧel
#vomit: begrall, begrälle, Begralls
#blow: schwecht, schwechte, Schwechts
#breathe: pfach, pfich, Pfachs
#laugh: rack, rick, Räckel (smile: racknung, racknünge, Racknungs)
#see: doss, döss, Dössel
#hear: ŧall, ŧill, Ŧalls
#know: gad, gied, Gads
#think: iem, ieme, Iems
#smell: blung, blunge, Blungs
#fear: knatz, knitz, Geknatz
#sleep: drau, dräue, Dräuel
#live: jund, jünde, Junds
#die: schern, schirne, Scherns
#kill: entschern, entschirne, Entscherns
#fight: stieb, stiebe, stiebel


==Place names==
==Place names==
<poem>
<poem>
''Pferstschwiedsschreisterkraubenegelmeichtenđriugeroffelgeschninŧermärtungerßiufschmüsŧenniuberßeigendriuchenfauenŧammersbekiudsgerspuorenwehmergrauchtleimerwåhnetermaugerreiđshauermederjamms'' - full name of Hauerreberjamms
''Hauerreberjamms'' - capital of Wiobermin - Redo bloated spelling of Hauerreberjamms after reworking sound changes
''Hauerreberjamms'' - capital of Wiobermin
''Walsterschmerg''
''Gertraucherzweidung''
''Deschrüssmeder''
''Ingsthanz''
''Gemastkriebing''
''Tübederchung''
''Iosmahrlinde''
''Geschelinde''
''Greichŧrister''
''Uobensbarr''
''Wuscherŧrungen''
''Wuscherŧrungen''
''Flaŧŧsschmängs''
''Flaŧŧsschmängs''
''Ämmerbraum''
''Ämmerbraum''
''Pfiune'' - river name
''Pfeune'' - river name
''Gefahl''
''Keime''
</poem>
</poem>
==Calendar==
leap every 10 unless divisible by 50 unless divisible by 1500
===Month names===
*Lucht (autumn):
**Kriefacht (Clofabic krif-akt)
**Ŧauer
**Fiege
*Bürgend (winter):
**Geseck
**Seibel (''Seib'' = snow)
**Motzen
*Schweg (spring):
**Sopfer
**Schratze
**Hünke
*Pfein (summer):
**Geschlaub
**Bräckel (''Brack'' = light)
**Ŧemmen


==Words==
==Words==
<poem>
<poem>
Ŧime 'hand' > ''dzym1''
kub = poor
beŧim 'touch, handle' MGW ''śym1''
schngett = lively, wild
Ŧehr 'bird' > dzai1
Ing (n.) = water
Ŧepps 'ice' > dzai2
Witte (m.) = sky (Wittel = sky-god)
enŧepp 'freeze' > ńyp2
Stein (n.) = house
Früngli - farmer
so = here
Riffer = corn
bespüdern = protect
Keif-Schnast = plosive
Gestehns-Schnast = fricative
Sanzer-Schnast = sibilant
Ŧreibs-Schnast = click
Entbiens-Schnast = nasal
Schlauer-Schnast = liquid
Schnast: sound, phone
Gluft: healing, medicine
schund: sick
spag: narrow
spick: good
ngollen: boil
ngummen: rumble
rapfen: i bark
ŧacken - agree
scherchen - sizzle
Stühne (f) = honor
Rütze (n) = a red jewel
Tiel (m) = a tree species
Ŧwahn (m) = drum
Sische (f) = flute
Geđeich (m) = plucked string instrument
Strach (f) = trumpet
Schibbel (m) = reed instrument
Siebel = reed
Betz = stick
beđülsch - worship
gebründ - protect
Schngie, Schngie (sg. /ʃŋiː/, pl. /ˈʃŋiːə/) - beast
drahl, dreil, Gedrahl - follow
gürf, gürfe, Gürfel - absorb
zieb, ziebe, Ziebel: give birth
entzieb, entziebe, Entziebel: be born
Schast (m): child
Schlieber, Schliebern (f): butterfly
Gette, Getten (f): hammer
Gogen, Gogen (m): stone
Đruche, Đruchen (f) (< Primitive Tergetian) - lips
Kacke (f) - crap, shit
Flünde (f) - bravery
Müđungtruhn (m) - dictionary
Đrust (m) - clay
Himmer (f) - milk
Đorn, Đornet (f) - spirit
Hader, Hadert (m) - flower
Schweich /ʃvaɪç/, Schweicher (f) 'bow (weapon)'
Scharung (m) 'thread, yarn' (< PPfK *sqar- 'twist' + *-ong 'singulative')
zarb, zirb, Zärbel (m) 'reckoning, calculation, explanation'
Fleide (f) - ray
ach! - oh! ah! alas!
o! - O!
ei! - O (vocative, also used to call for listener's attention)
bleug, blug, Bleugen: 'exchange'
Meitel 'gift'
meit, meite, Meits 'give'
Schwetel - faith (from schwet, schwiet, Schwetel 'believe')
Geseck (f) - winter solstice
Geschlaub (f) - summer solstice
Schrindke (m) - festival
Wumper, Wumper (m) 'platypus'
Flau, Flauet (m) 'suffering, agony'
Brühme (f) 'loyalty, faithfulness'
Hauchs, Hauchse, Hauchsen (m.) 'raven' < from Proto-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian *kawqs (stolen from Lushootseed)
Rohne, Rohnen (f): lye
Schwalts (m): bread
Died (m), Diedet: mountain
Ŧriefke (f): poem
beđach, beđiech-, beđachs 'be well-formed, to hold/be valid'
Träuße, Träußer (f): thought, mind
ŧack /!ak/ 'right, correct'
Fricht, Frichte, Früchten (f) - smoke
hock, höck-, Höckel 'to hurt, injure'
Đifte, Điften (f) = frog
zub: new
Schnamm, Schnämmer (m): year
Reid, Reide (m) = fire
Truhn, Trühner (m) = book
quard, querde, Quards: love
Quärde: love (f)
spring: Schwerg, Schwergen (m)
summer: Pfeine, Pfeinen (f)
autumn: Lucht, Lüchter (f)
winter: Bürgend, Bürgende (m) (PPf {{recon|burginþi}} < PQuame {{recon|burɢinti}})
north: simm
south: ŧeng
east: gatter
west: schuft
luh (PGam lax̌ʷ) - be
immer - now
Rund (nom sg), Ründe (nom pl), Ränden (gen pl) - bear
today - mesend
yesterday - wurn
tomorrow - gufter
Haugen - ice
datz - sweet
Datzes - sweet, confectionary
sie, schnie, Sies = cover
sie - or
Sie (f), Sien - star
Schmarst, Schmärster (f) - spider
Đerz (m) - wish
Hase, Haser (f) 'city'
Unde, Under (f) 'sun'
Schnilŧ 'pod' > scha-nil > ha níl > niin > Nohn 'spice'
Pfing, Pfinge (m) 'day'
Ŧehr (m) 'bird'
entŧepf 'freeze' (trans.)
Früngli (m) - farmer
früngs, früngs, Früngs - farm
früngs, früngs, Früngs - farm
Huß, Hußer - world
Huss, Husser (m) - world
Mauch, Mauchet - ball, sphere > mao5
Mauch, Mauchet (f) - ball, sphere
Wister - unit of length
Wister - unit of length
Stuchs - pace, rhythm
Stuchs - pace, rhythm
enschläb - lower
entschläb - lower
enfens - raise
entfehns - raise
Bezwanns - ladder, scale
Bezwands - ladder, scale
bekiod - mourn, grieve
bekied - mourn, grieve
Esch - voice
Esch - voice
Dioder - great mountain (Surname)
Dieder - great mountain (Surname)
Descherbast - dvandva
Disserbast - dvandva
Wiehung, Wiehunger 'kernel'
Ŧeib, Ŧeibe (m) - chalice
</poem>
</poem>


==Sound changes==
===Initials===
<poem>
p > b /ɓ/ high class
sp > p /pʰ/ high class
b > p low class
m > m low class
schm > m high class
w > w low class
schw > w high class
pf > pf high class
f > f high class
enpf, enf > w high class
schm, schw + séimhiú > m, w L
urú
np > b > p L
nb > m > m L
nf > mhf > w L
npf > w L
aspirate mutation
s-m > m H
s-p > p H
s-b > p H
s-w > w H
s-z > tʰ H
t > ɗ H
z > t H
st > tʰ H
d > tʰ L
n > n L
l > l L
schn > n H
schl > l H
z > t H
s > z H
ss > s H
séimhiú:
t-sé > s H
d-sé > s L
z-se > s H
uru:
nt: t̓ʰ H
nd: n L
ns: z H
nss: z H
nl > ł L
nschl > ł H
nschr > ż H
ŧ > dź H
sŧ > ć H
đ > ć L
ŧh > ś H
đh > ś L
nŧ > ć H
nđ > ł L
pl, kl > dź H
spl > ć H
bl, gl > ć L
Npl, Nkl > ć H
Nbl, Ngl > ł L
phl, khl > ś H
bhl, ghl > ś L
ml, schml > ł H, ł L
pr, pfr, tr, kr > dż H
spr, str > cz H
br, dr, gr > cz L
fr, schr > sz H
r > ż L
mr > nz L
schmr > nz H
thr > sz H
dhr > sz L
mhr > ż L?
ntr > cz H
ndr > nz L
nschr, nfr > ż H
palatals
ti, ki > dzi H
sti > ci H
di, gi > ci L
ssi, schi > si H
ni > ni L
schni > ni H
si > zi H
dzi H + se > si H
ci L + se > ni L
nti > ci L
ndi > ni L
nsi, nssi, nschi > zi H
k > g H
g > k L
tes-k > k-H
kh > ch H
gh > ch L
oh and
kn, schng > ng H
gn, ng > ng L
sch > ch H\
nk > k L
ng > ng L
nsch > ng H
wi > zi L
schwi > zi H
</poem>
===Rimes===
<poem>
' = palatalization of dentals, velars and w to palatals
short i > -y-
long i > -'ei, -yC
short e > -y-
long e > -e-
long/short ä > -'a-
long/short ü > -'ư
long/short ö > -ơ
short u > -u-
long u > -y-
long/short o > -u-
long/short å > -o-
short a > -o
long a > -'a
-ie > -'i-
-io > -'u-
-ia > -'o-
-iu > -'ư-
-uo > -u-
-üö > -'ơ
-äu > -e
-au > -au, -uC
-ei > -a
</poem>
==Historical phonology==
==Historical phonology==
===Proto-Gamedan to Proto-Wiobian===
*PGam {{recon|''h-''}}, {{recon|''ʔ-''}} > {{recon|0}}
*PGam {{recon|''z''}} > {{recon|''h''}}
*PGam {{recon|''s''}} > {{recon|''ts''}}
*Lateral obstruents become palatal obstruents
*"Grimm's law"
**PGam plain stops become fricatives
**PGam voiced stops become aspirated stops
**PGam ejective stops become voiced stops
===Proto-Wiobian to Classical Wiobian===
*Uvulars debuccalize
**Plain uvular stops /q ɢ/ become /ʔ/
**Plain uvular fricative /χ/ merges with /x/ into /x~h/
**Exception: {{recon|''n''}} + C[+uvular] yields Wiobian ''ng'' - This is why final ''-ng'' is common in Wiobian
*kʷ qʷ > kʷ, xʷ χʷ > xʷ, gʷ ɢʷ > w
===Classical Wiobian===
A major source for reconstructing the phonology of Classical Wiobian is borrowings from and into neighboring languages with stable and conservative phonologies, such as [[Trây]]. Modern Wiobic lects are also an important guide.
====Phonotactics====
(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
====Consonants====
Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of 23 consonants (comparable to [[Themsarian]], with 22 consonants).
Voiceless plosives could either be aspirated or not - the aspirated allophone was in free variation with the unaspirated one. (Und Achtung Deutschsprachige: Im Wiobischen kommt keine Auslautverhärtung vor! This is because I need more open syllables in Modern Wiobian)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Late Classical Wiobian consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Palatal
! | Click
! | Velar
! | Labiovelar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
| [ɲ]
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t, th''' /t/
|
| '''ŧ''' /!/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''qu''' /kʷ/
| '''Ø, -ḥ''' /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''đ''' /g!/
| '''g''' /ɡ/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''s''' /sʰ/, '''ß''' /s/
|
| '''sch''' /ɧ/
| '''ch''' /x~ɣ/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
| '''pf''' /pf/
| '''z''' /ts/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| '''l''' /l/
| '''j, -y''' /j/
|
|
| '''w, -v''' /w/
|
|}
''n'' assimilates before palatal plosives to [ɲ] and before velar plosives to /ŋ/.
A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiobian. The "null" initial in the orthography is actually the glottal stop initial.
In early Classical Wiobian /h/ and /x/ were allophones in free variation.
The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''', is often used in early classical texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''wecl'' /welː/ 'slide! (2nd person singular)'. By late Classical Wiobian most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''-ck''' for long k, and '''ch''' [x], which must have been in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time, in view of the fact that ''Nuß-Duom&Eik'' lists [h] and [x] as distinct sounds.
All fricatives (namely ''f'', ''þ'', ''s'', ''(c)h'', ''ƕ'') are voiced between voiced segments. The phonemes /θ/ and /ts/ merged into /s/ in late Classical Wiobian; however, only former /θ/ displays the voicing alternation [s~z].
Final geminated /ç/ is written '''sch'''.
====Vowels====
The vowel system is more complex, distinguishing about 9 vowel qualities with length in stressed syllables.
Vowel length was not directly marked on the vowel. In Early Classical Wiobian each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late Classical Wiobian when vowels before single consonants were lengthened and vowels before two consonants were shortened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Thus, ''Tumm''  'bird' and ''trum'' 'flat' are respectively pronounced in Early Classical Wiobian /tuːmː/ and /trum/, which in Late Classical Wiobian became /tumː/ and /truːm/. Glottal stop finals were also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, and final [-h] also disappeared, which is why open long vowels are written with an ''-h'' after the vowel.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Classical Wiobian vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /iː/
| '''ü''' /y/
| '''ü''' /yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /ø/
| '''ö''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''ä''' /ɛ/
| '''ä''' /ɛː/
|
|
|
|
| '''å''' /ɔ/
| '''å''' /ɔː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /aː/
|
|
|}
Diphthongs: '''au aü ei ia ie io iu uo üö''', pronounced as expected.
====Umlaut processes====
Wiobian history and morphology are affected by umlaut processes. The precise conditions are yet to be determined.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
''i''-umlaut:
*a + i > ä
*e + i > i
*o + i > ö
*u + i > ü
*au + i > aü
*io + i > üö
*ia + i > ie
*iu + i > ü
{{col-break}}
''u''-umlaut:
*a(:) + u > å(:)
*e + u > ö
*i + u > ü
*io + u > üö
*iu + u > ü
{{col-break}}
''a''-umlaut:
*u + a > o
*i + a > e
{{col-end}}
====Stress====
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
===Classical Wiobian to Early Middle Wiobian===
The development of Classical Wiobian to Middle Wiobian saw tonogenesis and increasing analyticity.
====Initials====
<poem>
'''Classical Wiobian''':
Preinitials/Prefixes: C-V-(n/s)-
Initials: s-C-R-
</poem>
=====No mutation=====
<poem>
C₁[+plosive]-C₂[+obstruent]- > C₂[+obstruent]-
</poem>
=====With mutation=====
<poem>
V-C > C[+lenition]
N-C > C[+nasalization]
s-C[+obstruent] > C[+obstruent, -voice]
C[+obstruent, -voice]-N > N[-voice]
C[+obstruent, +voice]-N > N[+voice]
</poem>
====Rimes====
=====Stressed environments=====
Finals after a vowel:
*'''-b''' > [-w] + modal
*'''-f''' > [-w] + breathy
*'''-d, -g''' > + modal
*'''-þ, -ß, -h, -ch''' > [-ː] + breathy
*'''-ɟ''' > [-j] + modal
*'''-s''' > [-j] + breathy
*'''-l''' > [-w]/[-j] depending on the vowel + modal
*'''-r''' > [-ː] + modal
*'''-mp''' > [-m] + glottalized
*'''-nd''' > [-n] + glottalized
*'''-nz''' > [-ɳ] + glottalized
*'''-nk''' > [-ŋ] + glottalized
"Entering tone" finals:
*'''-p''' > [-p̚]
*'''-t''' > [-t̚]
*'''-z''' > [-c̚]
*'''-k''' > [-k̚]
=====Primary stress=====
<poem>
This is the part of the Great Wiobian Vowel Shift to Early Middle Wiobian:
/o u/ > /ʊ/
/au ɔː oː/ > /oː/
/uo/ > /uː/
/ɔ/ > /o/
/a/ > /ɔ/
/aː/ > /æː/
/ɛ/ > /æ/ > /a/
/ay/ > /œ̠ː/
/ei/ > /ɪː/
</poem>
=====2ndary stress=====
Not very common, analogized to primary stress due to increasing analyticity. Only occurs with some compound word components that have lost their meaning.
=====Post-stressed environments=====
===Early Middle Wiobian===
The phonological inventory of Middle Wiobian is inferred from rhyme dictionaries, poetry and transcriptions to and from other languages.
====Phonotactics====
====Initials====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Early Middle Wiobian initials'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| /m̥/
| /n̥/
| /ɲ̊/
| /ŋ̊/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| /m/
| /n/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive/Affricate
! | <small>plain</small>
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| /b/
| /d/
| /dʑ/
|
|
|-
! | <small>aspirated</small>
| /pʰ/
| /tʰ/
| /tɕʰ/
| /kʰ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| /f/
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| /v/
| /z/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| /w/
| /r/, /r̥/, /l/, /l̥/
| /j/
|
|
|}
====Nuclei====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Early Middle Wiobian vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
|
| '''ī''' /iː/
|
| '''ǖ''' /yː/
|
|
|
| '''ū''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ei''' /ɪː/
| '''ü''' /ʏ/
|
|
|
| '''o, u''' /ʊ/
| '''uo''' /ʊː/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ē''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /ø/
| '''ȫ''' /øː/
|
|
| '''å''' /o/
| '''ō''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
| '''ǟ''' /ɛː/
|
| '''aü''' /œ̠ː/
|
|
| '''a''' /ɔ/
| '''å&#772;''' /ɔː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''ā''' /æː/
|
|
| '''ä''' /a/
|
|
|
|}
====Coda consonants====
The allowed coda consonants are /p t c k m n ɲ ŋ l r w j/, similar to written Khmer or Mường. Plosive finals are unreleased.
====Initial alternations of Early Middle Wiobian====
In Middle Wiobian, derivational prefixes have become silent but can trigger four types of initial alternations or mutations. (Stressed/non-silent prefixes are bolded.) Compounding causes mutation too at times.
The following tables show the ''usual'' outcomes of alternating environments; they are most valid for instances of initials that come from of simpler onsets. Alternations may be blocked for reflexes of certain complex onsets.
=====Lenition=====
This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''be-'', ''þe-'', ''ger-'', '''''i-''''' when the root begins in an aspirated plosive.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
|-
! Phoneme
! /pʰ/
! /tʰ/
! /tɬʰ/
! /ʈʰ/
! /tɕʰ/
! /kʰ/
|-
! Lenited
| /v/
| /z/
| /l/
| /ʐ/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
|}
=====Nasalization=====
This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''en-'' and ''wen-''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
|-
! Phoneme
! /p/
! /pʰ/
! /f/
! /t/
! /tʰ/
! /s/
! /tɬ/
! /tɬʰ/
! /ɬ//
! /ʈ/
! /ʈʰ/
! /ʂ/
! /tɕ/
! /tɕʰ/
! /ɕ/
! /k/
! /kʰ/
! /w/
! /x/
! /ʔ/ < {{recon|h}}, {{recon|ʔ}}
! /ʔ/ < {{recon|q}}
|-
! Nasalized
| /b/
| /m/
| /v/
| /d/
| /n/
| /z/
| /dɮ/
| /nˡ/
| /l/
| /ɖ/
| /ɳ/
| /ʐ/
| /dʑ/
| /ɲ/
| /ʑ/
|colspan="3"| /ŋ/
| /ɣ/, /ŋ/
| /m/ or /n/
| /ŋ/
|}
=====Voicing=====
This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''be-'', ''ge-'', ''ger-'', '''''i-''''' when the root begins in certain fricatives.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
|-
! Phoneme
! /f/
! /s/ <þ>
! /ɫ/*
! /ʂ/*
! /ɕ/
! /x/**
|-
! Voiced
| /v/
| /z/
| /l/
| /ʐ/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Only consistently affected by ''productive'' prefixes and compounding (e.g. unstressed prefixes are not productive).<br/>
<nowiki>**</nowiki> Has exceptions, where the word takes the last consonant of the prefix as the initial.
=====Devoicing=====
This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''deß'' in words beginning with nasals, resonants or aspirated plosives.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
|-
! Phoneme
! /m/
! /pʰ/
! /n/
! /tʰ/
! /nˡ/
! /tɬʰ/
! /l/
! /ɳ/
! /ʈʰ/
! /ʐ/
! /ɲ/
! /tɕʰ/
! /j/
! /ŋ/
! /kʰ/
! /w/
|-
! Devoiced
| /m̥/
| /p/
| /n̥/
| /t/
| /ɬ/
| /tɬ/
| /ɬ/
| /ɳ̊/
| /ʈ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɲ̊/
| /tɕ/
| /ɕ/
| /ŋ̊/
| /k/
| /x/
|}
====Rimes====
====Stress====
====Tones====
Every stressed syllable has tone. There are three tones in syllables ending in a vowel or resonant:
*''modal tone'', counterpart to the Chinese level tone
*''glottalized tone'', counterpart to the Chinese rising tone
*''breathy tone'', counterpart to the Chinese departing tone
The breathy tone is used to inflect nouns for case:
:''Püll'' /pʰyw/ 'column (nominative)' > ''Püll'''s''''' /pʰyjʰ/ 'column (dative)'
:''Fran'' 'mark (nominative)' /freːɐ̯n/ > ''Fran'''s''''' /freːɐ̯ʰn/ 'mark (dative)'
No tone change occurs:
*when a noun was originally a plural noun and thus takes the ''-ens'' ending for the dative
:''Þelort'' /loːt/ 'era, time (nominative)' > ''Þelort'''ens''''' /loːt/ 'era (dative)'
*when the noun already has breathy tone
:''Klisch'' /klijʰ/ 'prince (nominative)' > ''Klisch'''es''''' /klijʰ/ 'prince (dative)'
===Early Middle Wiobian to Late Middle Wiobian===
====Initials====
<poem>
palatal > alveolar
Cr > retroflex
Cl > lateral
TONE SPLIT
</poem>
====Vowels====
<poem>
/oː/ > /o/
/uː/ > /ʉ/
/ʊ/ > /u/
/æː/ > /ja/ > /jɔ/
/œ̠ː/ > /ɛ/
/̠ɛː/ > /jæ/ > /ja/
/eː/ > /je/
/ø/ > /ə/
/øː/ > /ø/
/yː/ > /jy/
/iː/ > /ji/
/ie ia io iu yø/ > /jə jɛ jo ju jø/
/ɪː/ > /i/
</poem>
====Coda====
<poem>
/-c/ > /-jk/
/-ɲ/ > /-jŋ/
/-l/ > /-w/ resp. /-j/ depending on [conditions]
/-r/ > /-ː/ resp. /-j/
</poem>
===Late Middle Wiobian===
====Initials====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Late Middle Wiobian initials'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! | Alveolar
! | Lateral
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| /m/
|
| /n/
| /nˡ/
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive/Affricate
! | <small>plain</small>
| /p/
| /ts/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>aspirated</small>
| /pʰ/
| /tsʰ/
| /tʰ/
| /tɬʰ/
| /ʈʂʰ/
| /tɕʰ/
| /kʰ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| /f/
| /s/
|
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /χ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| /w/
|
|
| /l/
| /ʐ/
| /j/
|
|
|}
====Vowels====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Late Middle Wiobian vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i, ei''' /ɪ/
| '''ī''' /jɪ/
| '''ü''' /ʏ/
| '''ǖ''' /jʏ/
| '''ū, uo''' /ʉ/
|
| '''o, ō, u''' /u/
| '''iu''' /ju/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ē''' /je/
| '''ȫ''' /ø/
| '''üö''' /jø/
| '''ö''' /ə/
|
| '''au, å, å&#772;, ō''' /o/
| '''io''' /jo/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''aü''' /ɛ/
| '''ǟ''' /jɛ/
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /ɔ/
| '''ia''' /jɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''ä''' /a/
| '''ā''' /ja/
|
|
|}
After a retroflex consonant iotated vowels lose their iotation, and /i/ resp. /y/ are realized as [ɨ] resp. [ʉ].
===Late Middle Wiobian to Early Great Wiobian===
====Initials====
====Rimes====

Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

Swadesh list

  1. I: nu
  2. thou: sei
  3. he/she/it: was/wie/wem
  4. we: wind
  5. ye: lind
  6. they: wen/wes/wer
  7. this: ma
  8. that: đa
  9. here: ming
  10. there: ang
  11. who: ja
  12. what: jähl
  13. where: jang
  14. when: jester
  15. how: jahr
  16. not: ihren
  17. all: bies
  18. many: auer
  19. some: kieŧ
  20. few: ŧich
  21. other: mach
  22. one: wahm
  23. two: dieser
  24. three: narg
  25. four: đauf
  26. five: säl
  27. big: halm
  28. long: gau
  29. wide: ŧriech
  30. thick: lauch (viscous, dense), schab (of a 2-dimensional object), ŧühr (of a 1-dimensional object)
  31. heavy: garm
  32. small: binđ
  33. short: kass
  34. narrow: bisch
  35. thin: retz (not viscous), đipfer (of a 2-dimensional object), zast (of a 1-dimensional object)
  36. woman: Samm, Sämmer
  37. man: Ŧall, Ŧalle
  38. human: Wahr, Währer
  39. child: Bieh, Biehe
  40. wife: Heste, Hester
  41. husband: Jern, Jerne
  42. mother: Mahl, Mahler
  43. father: Ahn, Ahnen
  44. animal: Schleck, Schlecke
  45. fish: Hilm, Hilme
  46. bird: Ŧehr, Ŧehret
  47. [a common pet]: Rüß
  48. insect: Đichlein
  49. snake?
  50. worm: Fitt
  51. tree: Gein
  52. forest: Rampf
  53. stick: Bachs
  54. fruit: Nind
  55. seed: Pfatts
  56. leaf: Nitt
  57. root: Flaun
  58. bark: Krau
  59. flower: Näpf
  60. grass: Knohe
  61. rope: Geletts
  62. skin: Spang
  63. meat/flesh: Ŧeid
  64. blood: Mänz
  65. bone: Anđ
  66. fat: Schnebe
  67. egg: Bimm
  68. horn: Pfächte
  69. tail: Behr
  70. feather: Hufs
  71. hair: Appe,
  72. head: Bast
  73. ear: Đüsser
  74. eye: Feich
  75. nose: Bien
  76. mouth: Kühm, Kuhme
  77. tooth: Schwalf, Schwalfet
  78. tongue: Sahr, Sähre
  79. fingernail: Quab, Quäber
  80. foot: Mage, Mager
  81. leg: Mage, Mager
  82. knee: Stegel
  83. hand: Seime, Seimer
  84. wing: Irbe, Irbet
  85. belly: Đänge, Đange
  86. guts: Ŧüffer
  87. neck: Ŧrapf, Ŧrapfe
  88. back: Bleit, Bleite
  89. breast: Dack, Däcker
  90. heart: Auben, Auben
  91. liver: Sürŧel, Surŧel
  92. drink: điels, đühls, Geđiels
  93. eat: haff, hiff, Haffs
  94. bite: kar, kier, karen
  95. suck: ŧarg, ŧirg, Ŧargs
  96. spit: speŧŧ, speŧŧe, Speŧŧel
  97. vomit: begrall, begrälle, Begralls
  98. blow: schwecht, schwechte, Schwechts
  99. breathe: pfach, pfich, Pfachs
  100. laugh: rack, rick, Räckel (smile: racknung, racknünge, Racknungs)
  101. see: doss, döss, Dössel
  102. hear: ŧall, ŧill, Ŧalls
  103. know: gad, gied, Gads
  104. think: iem, ieme, Iems
  105. smell: blung, blunge, Blungs
  106. fear: knatz, knitz, Geknatz
  107. sleep: drau, dräue, Dräuel
  108. live: jund, jünde, Junds
  109. die: schern, schirne, Scherns
  110. kill: entschern, entschirne, Entscherns
  111. fight: stieb, stiebe, stiebel

Place names

Hauerreberjamms - capital of Wiobermin - Redo bloated spelling of Hauerreberjamms after reworking sound changes
Wuscherŧrungen
Flaŧŧsschmängs
Ämmerbraum
Pfeune - river name
Gefahl
Keime

Calendar

leap every 10 unless divisible by 50 unless divisible by 1500

Month names

  • Lucht (autumn):
    • Kriefacht (Clofabic krif-akt)
    • Ŧauer
    • Fiege
  • Bürgend (winter):
    • Geseck
    • Seibel (Seib = snow)
    • Motzen
  • Schweg (spring):
    • Sopfer
    • Schratze
    • Hünke
  • Pfein (summer):
    • Geschlaub
    • Bräckel (Brack = light)
    • Ŧemmen

Words

kub = poor
schngett = lively, wild
Ing (n.) = water
Witte (m.) = sky (Wittel = sky-god)
Stein (n.) = house
so = here
Riffer = corn
bespüdern = protect
Keif-Schnast = plosive
Gestehns-Schnast = fricative
Sanzer-Schnast = sibilant
Ŧreibs-Schnast = click
Entbiens-Schnast = nasal
Schlauer-Schnast = liquid
Schnast: sound, phone
Gluft: healing, medicine
schund: sick
spag: narrow
spick: good
ngollen: boil
ngummen: rumble
rapfen: i bark
ŧacken - agree
scherchen - sizzle
Stühne (f) = honor
Rütze (n) = a red jewel
Tiel (m) = a tree species
Ŧwahn (m) = drum
Sische (f) = flute
Geđeich (m) = plucked string instrument
Strach (f) = trumpet
Schibbel (m) = reed instrument
Siebel = reed
Betz = stick
beđülsch - worship
gebründ - protect
Schngie, Schngie (sg. /ʃŋiː/, pl. /ˈʃŋiːə/) - beast
drahl, dreil, Gedrahl - follow
gürf, gürfe, Gürfel - absorb
zieb, ziebe, Ziebel: give birth
entzieb, entziebe, Entziebel: be born
Schast (m): child
Schlieber, Schliebern (f): butterfly
Gette, Getten (f): hammer
Gogen, Gogen (m): stone
Đruche, Đruchen (f) (< Primitive Tergetian) - lips
Kacke (f) - crap, shit
Flünde (f) - bravery
Müđungtruhn (m) - dictionary
Đrust (m) - clay
Himmer (f) - milk
Đorn, Đornet (f) - spirit
Hader, Hadert (m) - flower
Schweich /ʃvaɪç/, Schweicher (f) 'bow (weapon)'
Scharung (m) 'thread, yarn' (< PPfK *sqar- 'twist' + *-ong 'singulative')
zarb, zirb, Zärbel (m) 'reckoning, calculation, explanation'
Fleide (f) - ray
ach! - oh! ah! alas!
o! - O!
ei! - O (vocative, also used to call for listener's attention)
bleug, blug, Bleugen: 'exchange'
Meitel 'gift'
meit, meite, Meits 'give'
Schwetel - faith (from schwet, schwiet, Schwetel 'believe')
Geseck (f) - winter solstice
Geschlaub (f) - summer solstice
Schrindke (m) - festival
Wumper, Wumper (m) 'platypus'
Flau, Flauet (m) 'suffering, agony'
Brühme (f) 'loyalty, faithfulness'
Hauchs, Hauchse, Hauchsen (m.) 'raven' < from Proto-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian *kawqs (stolen from Lushootseed)
Rohne, Rohnen (f): lye
Schwalts (m): bread
Died (m), Diedet: mountain
Ŧriefke (f): poem
beđach, beđiech-, beđachs 'be well-formed, to hold/be valid'
Träuße, Träußer (f): thought, mind
ŧack /!ak/ 'right, correct'
Fricht, Frichte, Früchten (f) - smoke
hock, höck-, Höckel 'to hurt, injure'
Đifte, Điften (f) = frog
zub: new
Schnamm, Schnämmer (m): year
Reid, Reide (m) = fire
Truhn, Trühner (m) = book
quard, querde, Quards: love
Quärde: love (f)
spring: Schwerg, Schwergen (m)
summer: Pfeine, Pfeinen (f)
autumn: Lucht, Lüchter (f)
winter: Bürgend, Bürgende (m) (PPf *burginþi < PQuame *burɢinti)
north: simm
south: ŧeng
east: gatter
west: schuft
luh (PGam lax̌ʷ) - be
immer - now
Rund (nom sg), Ründe (nom pl), Ränden (gen pl) - bear
today - mesend
yesterday - wurn
tomorrow - gufter
Haugen - ice
datz - sweet
Datzes - sweet, confectionary
sie, schnie, Sies = cover
sie - or
Sie (f), Sien - star
Schmarst, Schmärster (f) - spider
Đerz (m) - wish
Hase, Haser (f) 'city'
Unde, Under (f) 'sun'
Schnilŧ 'pod' > scha-nil > ha níl > niin > Nohn 'spice'
Pfing, Pfinge (m) 'day'
Ŧehr (m) 'bird'
entŧepf 'freeze' (trans.)
Früngli (m) - farmer
früngs, früngs, Früngs - farm
Huss, Husser (m) - world
Mauch, Mauchet (f) - ball, sphere
Wister - unit of length
Stuchs - pace, rhythm
entschläb - lower
entfehns - raise
Bezwands - ladder, scale
bekied - mourn, grieve
Esch - voice
Dieder - great mountain (Surname)
Disserbast - dvandva
Wiehung, Wiehunger 'kernel'
Ŧeib, Ŧeibe (m) - chalice

Historical phonology

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