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|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]]
|script1=Latn
|script1=Runr
|script2=Brai
|script2=Latn
|script3=Brai
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
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|setting=
|setting=
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|dia1=Nygadsnorsk (Western)
|dia1=[[Nygadsnorsk]] (Western)
|dia2=Jugsnorsk (Eastern)
|dia2=[[Jugsnorsk]] (Eastern)
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
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|speakers2=(L2) 50,000-100,000
|speakers2=(L2) 50,000-100,000
|date=2018
|date=2018
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy (Hússnorsksakademin) <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy (Húsanorskakademī) <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Hússnorska'', /xuːt͡s.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk ''Húsinorska'', /xʊu̯.sɪ.n̥o̞r.skɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯.dɐ/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugsnorsk /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/)


While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other.
While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. As such, all three will be split into separate articles, this article will focus on Varhúsnorsk, with minimal coverage of the others.
==History==
==History==
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).  
The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).  


:"ek drep draugȧ" - The transcript of no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative. ("ȧ" is equivalent to modern "ą")
:"ek drep drǿgj" - no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" ("drǿgj") mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative.


The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, though this seems unlikely, as the Varangians, being from Sweden, would have spoken Old East Norse, whereas Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic.
The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, which, too, is well supported, seeing as how Húsnorsk is East Nordic.


Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auą" for Old Norse "alr").
Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auj" for Old East Norse "alʀ").


===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===
===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===
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In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugą" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorską" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorską" ("Yugra's Norse").
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").


===Modern Húsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
===Modern Húsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
Modern Húsnorsk is still spoken around its historic homeland of Novgorod, as of the 1940's the region has been officially organized into the Húsnorsk republic, where Húsnorsk acts as the official language, with both Old Norse and Old Church Slavonic being treated as official liturgical languages.
Modern Húsnorsk is still spoken around its historic homeland of Novgorod, as of the 1940's the region has been officially organized into the Húsnorsk republic, where Húsnorsk acts as the official language, with both Old Norse and Old Church Slavonic being treated as official liturgical languages.


As of 1973, Húsnorsk has been overseen by the largely unrecognized, though respected, Hússnorsksakademin, who are attempting to gain more international recognition so they can work with the UN to offer Húsnorsk translations of many of the documents. They've also worked with both theologists and linguists to created modern translations of ancient Norse religious texts, as many of the Húsnorsk still follow Norse Heathenry, the most major among these is a [[Húsnorsk Eddas|translation of the Eddas]] and a [[Húsnorsk Hávamál|translation of the Hávamál]].
As of 1973, Húsnorsk has been overseen by the largely unrecognized, though respected, Húsanorskakademī, who are attempting to gain more international recognition so they can work with the UN to offer Húsnorsk translations of many of the documents. They've also worked with both theologists and linguists to created modern translations of ancient Norse religious texts, as many of the Húsnorsk still follow Norse Heathenry, the most major among these is a translation of the Eddas and a translation of the Hávamál.


Húsnorsk is currently considered vulnerable by UNESCO, as resources for learning it are lacking at best. As can be gathered from the L2 population, Húsnorsk resources are generally sparse, poor quality, or difficult to parse, and almost all of the easily accessible and high quality resources for it are in Russian. Another issue that motivated this decision is the general lack of recognition Húsnorsk recieves, stating that:
Húsnorsk is currently considered vulnerable by UNESCO, as resources for learning it are lacking at best. As can be gathered from the L2 population, Húsnorsk resources are generally sparse, poor quality, or difficult to parse, and almost all of the easily accessible and high quality resources for it are in Russian. Another issue that motivated this decision is the general lack of recognition Húsnorsk recieves, stating that:
<blockquote>Even ''within'' its homeland, Húsnorsk is rarely acknowledged, this may be influenced by the fact that Húsnorsk has a stable,  but relatively small, native population, meaning both that they don't need to advocate for support nor does it recieve much attention from any circle except the Nordo-sphere. [emphasis added]</blockquote>
<blockquote>Even ''within'' its homeland, Húsnorsk is rarely acknowledged, this may be influenced by the fact that Húsnorsk has a stable but relatively small native population, meaning both that they do not need to advocate for support nor does it recieve much attention from any circle except the Nordo-sphere. [emphasis added]</blockquote>


==Development==
==Development==
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse "ár" to Húsnorsk "aą", and Old Norse initial /x/ to Húsnorsk /k/, the latter of which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The lasting mystery of Húsnorsk ár and h- development."</ref>
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.


The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented.
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized..


*/ar/ to /r̩/, the mechnism behind "ár" > "aą" is currently unknown, but it may have occurred out of analogy.
===Varhúsnorsk===
*/ar/ to /ɐ/.
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
**Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -r regardless of final consonant (Before /r̩/ > /ɐ/ due to some recorded misspellings)
*/ʀ/ to /j/
*/r̩/ to /ɐ/ (see rule #1 for "ár")
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains.
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/)
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /m:, n:, g:/
*''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)''
**Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
*/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl])
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.''
*/ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point)
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout''
**''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)''
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)
*''Past participle leveled to -ðj''


===Húmgądsnorską===
===Nygadsnorsk===
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/)
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (eg. /n:/ > /tn/)
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout
***see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Húmgądsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)
**Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
**Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.
*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.''
**Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum.
*syllabic /l/ to /ul/
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.<ref>Versdóttir, Anną. "The phonological development of Western Húsnorsk,  otherwise known as Novgorodian."</ref>
 
===Jugsnorską===
*coda geminates shorten
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn- throughout
***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "annarą" and "mann"
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
*Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
*Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/ɬ/ to /ʃ/
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*Vowel shifts:
**Overlong to plain long
**Short shifts: /i, e, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
**Long splitting: /iː, eː, ɛː, uː, oː, ɔː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, ei, ɛi, ʊu, ou, ɔu, ʏy, øy, au/
***mergers: /ei, ɛi/, /ou, ɔu/ > /e̞i, o̞u/, /øy/ to /ø̞y/
**New vowel inventory:
***Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/
*Consonants follows by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/)
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The chronological development of Jugsnorsk from Old Norse"</ref>


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|}
|}


#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl/)
#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl, yːl/)
 


===Nygadsnorsk===
===Nygadsnorsk===
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! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| f²
| f
| s
| s
| x³
| x²
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
| v²<sup>, </sup>⁴
| v³
| ʒ
| ʒ
|  
|  
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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /b/ and /p/ respectively
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names.
##Proper names form a major exception to this.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=3 |  
! colspan=2 |  
! Labial
! Labial
! Dental
! Dental
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! Velar
! Velar
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Nasal
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| m
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 | Stop
! rowspan=3 | Stop
! rowspan=2 | Unaspirated
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| p
| p
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| g
| g
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Aspirated
! Aspirated
! Unvoiced
| pʰ
| pʰ
|  
|  
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| kʰ
| kʰ
|-
|-
! Voiced
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
| bʱ
|
| dʱ
| gʱ
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| f²
| f
| θ
| θ
| s
| s
| x³
| x
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Approximant
! colspan=2 | Approximant
| ʋ⁴
| ʋ
|  
|  
| r⁵, l
| r², l
| j
| j
|-
|-
|}
|}


#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]).
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ].
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /plʏy̯ɡ/)




{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Stressed vowels
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=3 |  
! colspan=2 | Front
! colspan=6 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Back
! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
|-
! colspan=3 | Unround
! colspan=3 | Round
|-
|-
! Unround
! Short
! Round
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| ɪ(i)
| i
| ʏ(y)
| ɪi̯
| ʊ(u)
| iː
| y
| ʏy̯
| yː
| u
| ʊu̯
| uː
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| e̞(i)
| e
| ø̞(y)
| e̞i̯
| o̞(u)
| eː
| ø
| ø̞y̯
| øː
| o
| o̞u̯
| oː
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ(u)¹
|  
|
|
|
| a
| ɐu̯
| aː
|-
|-
|}
|}


#Traditionally realized as /au/, but /ɐu/ is becoming exponentially more common every year.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
#The vowels in parentheses are when the vowel is long, thus are equivalent to /V(ː)/ in other languages.
|+ Unstressed vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=6 | Front
! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
|-
! colspan=3 | Unround
! colspan=3 | Round
|-
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
|-
! High
| ɪ
| i
| iː
| ʏ
| y
| yː
| ʊ
| u
| uː
|-
! Mid
| ɛ
| e
| eː
| œ
| ø
| øː
| ɔ
| o
| oː
|-
! Low
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ɐ
| a
| aː
|-
|}
 
Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.
 
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
===Varhúsnorsk===
===Nygadsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Húmgąds Alphabet
! colspan=2 |  
|-
|-
! Letter
! Letter
Line 525: Line 584:
| V v
| V v
| v
| v
|-
| W w
| w
|-
|-
| Y y
| Y y
Line 549: Line 611:
|}
|}


===Jugsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Jugs Alphabet
! colspan=2 |  
|-
|-
! Letter
! Letter
Line 560: Line 623:
|-
|-
| Á á
| Á á
| au~ɐu
| ɐu
|-
|-
| B b
| B b
Line 637: Line 700:
| ʏy
| ʏy
|-
|-
| (Z z)¹
| (Z z)
| tʰ
| tʰ
|-
|-
Line 653: Line 716:
|}
|}


#Often written as "th" in Jugsnorska, but some still use "z"
Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with both standing for overlongs.


In both dialects, many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, such as"
Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:
:"v" as vend ("ꝩ")
:"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
:A macron-like diacritic for a following nasal (eg. "ū" for "um")
:Writing "i" above the previous letter or as superscript, especially after vowels
:Long s is still used
:Long s is still used
:Dotless i and j
:Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
:Extensive use of ligatures
:Extensive use of ligatures
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
:Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")
===Runic script===
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.
In all varieties, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/
Nygadsnorsk's overlongs should be written by doubling the long vowel diacritic (like a double acute, "ű").
Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")
This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 680: Line 757:
Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)
Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)


Húsnorsk has largely leveled both the dative singulars to -i and -inum in both dialects, but the genitive is more complicated.
When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving it in all dialects.
:In Nygadsnorsk, the genitive singular has been leveled ro -s and -sins, and the plural was already leveled to -a and -anna (though sometimes an extra consonant appears before it)
 
:In Jugsnorsk, the inherited genitive was lost, being replaced with the dative + -s.
Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.
 
The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better. The tables shall be listed in order as:
:Varhúsnorsk
:Nygadsnorsk
:Jugsnorsk


When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving both Húmgądsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. (Latin Jugsnorsk will be used)
====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
Húsnorsk closely follows Old Norse with its strong nouns, have two neuter, and three masculine and feminine strong declensions.
=====Common patterns=====
(Varhúsnorsk tables not yet updated)
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}


The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better.


=====Masculine patterns=====
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|au-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk-|Nursk-|m= - "Norse"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|œ-|v=y|m= - "awl"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk-|Nursk-|m= - "Norse"}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Húsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ol-|ó-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Húsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-u|ós-|és-|m= - "god"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
 
=====Neuter patterns=====
(all outdated)
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mǫ́u-|máu-|m= - "Language"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}}
 
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
(everything except Jugsnorsk is outdated here)
 
Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.
 
An example of this is the verb "ljúga" ("lýga" in Jugsnorsk)
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s2|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}}
 
=====Class 1=====
 
=====Class 2=====
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|ljúg-}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====




{{Húsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|negl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-c|najl-|nejl-|nojl-|m= - "nail"}}


=====Feminine patterns=====
====Weak verbs====
{{Húsnorsk nouns s-ō|nǫs-|nas-|m= - "nose"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns s-ō|nos-|m= - "nose"}}


====Suppletive verbs====
Húsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.


=====Neuter patterns=====
This first verb is the main copula, the first table presented here is Old Húsnorsk (or ''Proto-Húsnorsk''), it is presented here as it changes the forms significantly from Old Norse, to the point the Norse forms cannot be relied upon as an ancestor.
{{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}}
{{Old Húsnorsk weʀa|m=|węʀ-|waʀ-|wæʀ-|wǫ́ʀ-|ęʀ-}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mó-|mól-||m= - "Language"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}}
{{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 721: Line 828:
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).


:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjódinn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "vą" ("was") in the second position.
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.


In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjódinn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.


Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
:'''''Ari havi sútin''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari havi soutīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
:'''''Ari havi sútin?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
:'''''Ari havi soutīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).


Another method is SO inversion, as in:
Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''sútin havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
:'''''soutīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')


Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
:'''''Ari er sø̄''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari er sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari havi sø̄''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
:'''''Ari havi sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sø̄''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sø̄d''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́u''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ud''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".


This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
Line 746: Line 853:
==Texts==
==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
'''Original (Old Norse)''':
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.]]
:'''East''': Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
:'''West''': Dreymða mik (einn?) draum í nátt um : silki ok ærligan feld
'''Original (OEN)''':
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl


'''Hússnorską''':
'''Hússnorską''':
:'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : silki ók dýran feld
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': drǿmða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud
::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːtː um : siu̯.ki oːk dyː.ran feu̯d/
::/drøːm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ː iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/
:'''Novgorod''': Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/
::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
:'''Siberia''': Drýmða mik a drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
::/drʏy̯m.ðɐ mɪk ɐ drʏy̯m ɪi̯ nau̯t ʊm : sʏy̯.kɪ o̞u̯k dʏy̯.rɐn fø̞y̯d/
::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]


#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
Line 762: Line 870:
'''English''':
'''English''':
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
:literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur


===UDHR Article 1===
===UDHR Article 1===
Line 768: Line 877:


'''Hússnorsk''':
'''Hússnorsk''':
:'''Standard''': aldmaðą er brjálsporinn ok javn ǫðrum virðiggi ok réttum. meðą eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok meðą skulu gert aðran bróðurléki.
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
::/au̯d.ma.ðɐ er brjaːu̯s.po.rinː ok javn ɔð.rum vir.ðiɡ.ɡi ok reːt.tum me.ðɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ok su.vɛs.ti ok me.ðɐ sku.lu ɡert að.ran broː.ður.leː.ki/
::/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
:'''Novgorod''': ódmadą er brjǭsporinn ok javn ǫdrum virdiggi ok réttum. medą eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok medą skulu gert adran bródurléki.
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gørt anna bródurléki.
::/oːd.ma.dɐ er brjɔːːs.po.ritn ok jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi ok reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ok su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/
::/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
:'''Siberia''': ódmanna er brjósporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki.
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
::/o̞u̯d.mɐn.nɐ e̞r brjo̞ːs.po̞.rɪn o̞k jau̯n o̞n.nʊm ʋɪr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞k re̞i̯t.tʊm me̞n.nɐ e̞.rʊ xɐft je̞r.kɪ o̞k sʊ.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞k me̞n.nɐ skʊ.lʊ ɡe̞rt ɐn.nɐn bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ/
::[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lɐ ɡørt an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]


'''Literal translation''':
'''Literal translation''':
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"===
'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''':
:"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os."
::/ɪi̯ e̞n.nɐ.nʊm e̞r prɪ.ðɐ lo̞u̯.nɪ.nɐ θe̞i̯m es ko̞u̯s θɐt ɪi̯ lɪi̯.ʋɪ o̞k sko̞u̯t kʊn.nɐ bɐtʰ ɐt do̞u̯ð.rɪn sjo̞u̯ʋ knɐu̯ ʋe̞.rɐ o̞u̯.dʰɐu̯.nɐ.ðɐ  lɪi̯.tɐ ɐt θe̞i̯r ɡʊð e̞r se̞.ɡɪr θɪk ɡo̞u̯ð.kjo̞.rɪ.nʊ be̞tʰ.tʊm o̞s/
'''English (literal)''':
:"In the end is peace (a) reward to them, who chose it in life, and you should know best, that the dead even can be all-scorned. I trust, that your God will ever-guide you to the right choice, to the best to us."
'''English''':
:"In the end, peace is a reward to those who chose it in life, and '''you''' should know best that even the dead can be ever-scorned. I trust '''your''' God will guide '''you''' towards the right choice, for the best of us both."


==Lexical comparison==
==Lexical comparison==
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
!colspan=8|Leipzig-Jakarta List
!colspan=9|Leipzig-Jakarta List
|-
|-
! Rank
! Rank
! Meaning
! Meaning
! Old Norse
! Old West Norse
! Old East Norse
! Varhúsnorsk
! Varhúsnorsk
! Nygadsnorsk
! Nygadsnorsk
Line 805: Line 904:
|1||fire
|1||fire
| eldr
| eldr
| eldą
| eldʀ
| ǿdą
| eudj
| ǿda
| ǿdj
| ǿdj
| eldur
| eldur
| eld
| eld
|-
|-
|2||nose
|2||nose
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
Line 820: Line 921:
|-
|-
|3||to go
|3||to go
|
| ganga
|  
| ganga
|
| gagga
|
| gagga
| gagga
| ganga
| gånga
|-
|-
|4||water
|4||water
|
| vatn
|  
| watn
|
| watn, watū
|
| watn, watú
| vatn, vatū
| vatn
| vatten
|-
|-
|5||mouth
|5||mouth
|
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
|  
| (body) munðʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
|
| (body) munðj </br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
|
| (body) munðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) mūðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
| (body) mun</br>(river) mynne</br>(river) os
|-
|-
|6||tongue
|6||tongue
|
| tunga
|  
| tunga
|
| tugga
|
| tugga
| tugga
| tunga
| tunga
|-
|-
|7||blood
|7||blood
|
| blóð
|  
| blōþ
|
| blóð
|
| blód
| blóð
| blóð
| blod
|-
|-
|8||bone
|8||bone
|
| bein
|  
| bēn
|
| bén, bḗ
|
| bén, bē
| bén, bḗ
| bein
| ben
|-
|-
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun}} (you)
| þú
| þú
| þū
| þú
| þú
| tú
| tú
| þu#Húsnorsk|þú
| þú
| þú
| þú
| du
| du
Line 887: Line 1,007:
|
|
|-
|-
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun}} (I)
| ek
| ek
| ek
| ek
| ek
| iak
| jak
| jak
| jak
| ég
| ég
| jag
| jag
Line 933: Line 1,054:
|21||night (time of day)
|21||night (time of day)
| nátt
| nátt
| nátt
| nāt
| nátt
| nát
| nátt
| nát
| nát
| nátt
| nátt
| natt
| natt
Line 982: Line 1,104:
|-
|-
|29||to say
|29||to say
| tala
| tala
| tala
| spá¹
| spá¹
Line 1,019: Line 1,142:
|
|
|-
|-
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun}} (they)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| hann, kann (m)</br>hǫ́n, kǫ́n (f)</br>tat (n)
| hān (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þę́t (n)
| hann (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þat (n)
| hán, kán (m)</br>hón, kón (f)</br>tę́t (n)
| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þét (n)
|
|
|
|
Line 1,046: Line 1,170:
|-
|-
|39||this (pron.)
|39||this (pron.)
|
| sá
|  
| sa
|
| sa
|
| sa
| sa
| sá
| det
|-
|-
|40||fish
|40||fish
Line 1,148: Line 1,275:
|-
|-
|56||not (adj./adv.)
|56||not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
Line 1,223: Line 1,351:
|68||skin/hide
|68||skin/hide
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| fǿdą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húd, kúd (human)
| feudj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿda (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skín (general)</br>húdj, kúdj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn (general)</br>hud
| skinn (general)</br>hud
Line 1,375: Line 1,504:
|93||bird
|93||bird
| fugl, fogl
| fugl, fogl
| fugl(ą)
| fogl
| fuglą
| foglj
| fogla
| foglj
| foglj
| fugl
| fugl
| fågel, fogel
| fågel, fogel
Line 1,406: Line 1,536:
|-
|-
|98||in
|98||in
|
| í
|  
| í
|
| í
|
| í
| í
| í
| i
|-
|-
|99||hard (materially)
|99||hard (materially)
Line 1,428: Line 1,561:
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".


==References==
[[Category:Languages]]
(Genuine IRL note: Many of these "references" are purely fictional)
[[Category:Conlangs]]
<references />
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]

Latest revision as of 15:40, 27 March 2026


Húsnorsk
Húsanorska
Pronunciation[xuː.sa.nor.ska]
Created byMelinoë
DateFebruary 23rd, 2026
Native toHúsnorsk republic
Altai mountain region
EthnicityHúsnorsk
Native speakers(L1) 850,000 (2018)
(L2) 50,000-100,000
Early forms
Standard form
Varhúsnorsk
Dialects
Official status
Official language in
Húsnorsk republic, Russia
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byThe Húsnorsk Academy (Húsanorskakademī) (Unrecognized)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Húsnorsk (/husnorsk/; endonym: Húsanorska; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/)

While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically Common Húsnorsk) is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. As such, all three will be split into separate articles, this article will focus on Varhúsnorsk, with minimal coverage of the others.

History

Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)

The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See Onfim for an example of this from the same area).

"ek drep drǿgj" - no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" ("drǿgj") mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative.

The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See Novgorod's history), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, which, too, is well supported, seeing as how Húsnorsk is East Nordic.

Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auj" for Old East Norse "alʀ").

Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)

Common Húsnorsk (1600AD~1770AD)

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the Russian plague, these fleeing families would move east, into Siberia (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian Yugra). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a pejorative, and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

Modern Húsnorsk (1850AD~Today)

Modern Húsnorsk is still spoken around its historic homeland of Novgorod, as of the 1940's the region has been officially organized into the Húsnorsk republic, where Húsnorsk acts as the official language, with both Old Norse and Old Church Slavonic being treated as official liturgical languages.

As of 1973, Húsnorsk has been overseen by the largely unrecognized, though respected, Húsanorskakademī, who are attempting to gain more international recognition so they can work with the UN to offer Húsnorsk translations of many of the documents. They've also worked with both theologists and linguists to created modern translations of ancient Norse religious texts, as many of the Húsnorsk still follow Norse Heathenry, the most major among these is a translation of the Eddas and a translation of the Hávamál.

Húsnorsk is currently considered vulnerable by UNESCO, as resources for learning it are lacking at best. As can be gathered from the L2 population, Húsnorsk resources are generally sparse, poor quality, or difficult to parse, and almost all of the easily accessible and high quality resources for it are in Russian. Another issue that motivated this decision is the general lack of recognition Húsnorsk recieves, stating that:

Even within its homeland, Húsnorsk is rarely acknowledged, this may be influenced by the fact that Húsnorsk has a stable but relatively small native population, meaning both that they do not need to advocate for support nor does it recieve much attention from any circle except the Nordo-sphere. [emphasis added]

Development

Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.

The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized..

Varhúsnorsk

  • /ar/ to /ɐ/.
  • /xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
  • /ʀ/ to /j/
  • /Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains.
  • /mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/
  • Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)
  • /rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
  • /v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
  • /fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
  • Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.
  • /ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point)
  • ? /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
  • final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
  • -ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout
    • see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)
  • Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
  • /-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)
  • Past participle leveled to -ðj

Nygadsnorsk

  • coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (eg. /n:/ > /tn/)
  • Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
    • Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
  • /θ, ð/ to /t, d/
  • Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.
  • syllabic /l/ to /ul/
  • /sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
  • Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
  • /ɣ/ to /g/
  • /rː/ to /ʒ/
  • splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.

Phonology

Varhúsnorsk

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Fricative Unvoiced f θ s x
Voiced v ð
Approximant Unvoiced r̥, l̥
Voiced r, l j
Front Central Back
Unround Round
High i y u
Mid-High e ø o
Mid-Low ɛ ɔ
Low ɐ ɑ
  1. All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl, yːl/)

Nygadsnorsk

Labial Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b¹ d¹ g¹
Fricative Unvoiced f s x²
Voiced v³ ʒ
Affricate t͡s
Approximant Unvoiced r̥, l̥
Voiced r⁵, l j
  1. /b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
  2. It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
    1. Proper names form a major exception to this.
  3. /v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
  4. Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
  5. All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables), they are:
Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
Voiceless: "pp, tt, kk" /ʰp, ʰt, ʰk/
Voiced: "bb, dd, gg" /v, z, g/


Front Central Back
Unround Round
High i y u
Mid-High e ø o
Mid-Low ɛ ɔ
Low ɐ ɑ
  1. All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, and the round vowels (/u, o, ɔ, y, ø/) can be overlong.

Jugsnorsk

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Fricative Unvoiced f θ s x
Voiced ð
Approximant ʋ r², l j
  1. /b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
  2. Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
  3. All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)


Stressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High i ɪi̯ iː y ʏy̯ yː u ʊu̯ uː
Mid e e̞i̯ eː ø ø̞y̯ øː o o̞u̯ oː
Low a ɐu̯ aː
Unstressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High ɪ i iː ʏ y yː ʊ u uː
Mid ɛ e eː œ ø øː ɔ o oː
Low ɐ a aː

Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.

Orthography

Varhúsnorsk

Nygadsnorsk

Jugsnorsk

Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with both standing for overlongs.

Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:

"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
Long s is still used
Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
Extensive use of ligatures
Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")

Runic script

Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"

As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.

In all varieties, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/

Nygadsnorsk's overlongs should be written by doubling the long vowel diacritic (like a double acute, "ű").

Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")

This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written up the page, not down)

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a kind of nonconcatenative morphology defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.

All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.

The general rules for Nordic umlaut are decently simple, going as follows:

U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).
I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)
A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)

Some words exhibit both u-umlaut and i-umlaut, as with Proto-Germanic *garwijaną > Old Norse gøra.

Nouns

Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in Proto-Germanic, which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).

Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)

When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving it in all dialects.

Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.

The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better. The tables shall be listed in order as:

Varhúsnorsk
Nygadsnorsk
Jugsnorsk

Strong nouns

Common patterns

(Varhúsnorsk tables not yet updated)


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


Neuter patterns

(all outdated)

Verbs

Strong verbs

(everything except Jugsnorsk is outdated here)

Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.

An example of this is the verb "ljúga" ("lýga" in Jugsnorsk)

Template:Húsnorsk verbs s2

Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5

Template:Varhúsnorsk verbs s5 Template:Húsnorsk verbs s5

Class 6
Class 7

Weak verbs

Suppletive verbs

Húsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula, the first table presented here is Old Húsnorsk (or Proto-Húsnorsk), it is presented here as it changes the forms significantly from Old Norse, to the point the Norse forms cannot be relied upon as an ancestor.

Syntax

Húsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

mānpjǫudīn wą 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

árit 2000 wą mānpjǫudīn 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than árit.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:

Ari havi soutīn — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari havi soutīn? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

soutīn havi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:

Ari er sę́u — Ari is happy (Ari is always happy)
Ari havi sę́u — Ari is happy (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying Ari havi sę́u is the English "Ari is happy", but saying Ari havi sę́ud means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

Texts

Drømde mik en drøm i nat

The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.
The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.

Original (OEN):

Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl

Hússnorską:

Varhúsnorsk: drǿmða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud
/drøːm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ː iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/
Nygadsnorsk: drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
Jugsnorsk: ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
  1. "a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.

English:

I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur

UDHR Article 1

Original (English):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Hússnorsk:

Varhúsnorsk: audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
Nygadsnorsk: ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gørt anna bródurléki.
/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
Jugsnorsk: ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lɐ ɡørt an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]

Literal translation:

Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.

Lexical comparison

  1. Not cognate
"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
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