Pre-Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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|ancestor=Proto-Norse
|ancestor=Proto-Norse
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|creator=Melinoë
|creator=[[user:Melinoë|Melinoë]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|iso3=phus
|iso3=phus
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==History==
==History==
===Name===
===Name===
''"Húsnorsk"'' is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as ''*hósanorzka'' (note the "hús" is from Old Norse, not Húsnorsk), a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 1000AD-1400AD, around the same period as Old Norwegian), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.
''"Húsnorsk"'' is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as ''*hōsanorzka'' (note the "hús" is from Old Norse, not Húsnorsk), a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 1000AD-1400AD, around the same period as Old Norwegian), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.


===Development===
===Development===
Line 117: Line 117:
#it's not clear if this exists or not, it may have merged with */ø/
#it's not clear if this exists or not, it may have merged with */ø/
==Orthography==
==Orthography==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=21 | Latin orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
! Phoneme
| /i/
| /iː/
| /e/
| /eː/
| /ɛ/
| /ɛː/
| /y/
| /yː/
| /ø/
| /øː/
| /u/
| /uː/
| /o/
| /oː/
| /ɔ/
| /ɔː/
| /a/
| /aː/
| /øy/
| /ɛi/
|-
! Letter
| i
| ī
| e
| ē
| æ
| ǣ
| y
| ȳ
| ø
| ø̄
| u
| ū
| o
| ō
| ǫ
| ǭ
| a
| ā
| øy
| æi
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
! Phoneme
| /p/
| /b/
| /m/
| /f/
| /θ/
| /t/
| /d/
| /n/
| /l/
| /s/
| /r/
| /ʝ/
| /j/
| /w/
| /k/
| /ɡ/
| /x/
| [ts]
| /Cː/
|-
! Letter
| p
| b
| m
| f
| þ
| t
| d
| n
| l
| s
| r
| ʀ
| j
| w
| k
| g
| h
| z
| CC
|-
|}
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Umlaut===
===Umlaut===
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mál'' and ''mál''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown.
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been largely analogized out (it remains in some words where the u-umlaut occurred through enough forms for the umlauted root to be used rather than the basic one), this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mál'' and ''mál''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown.


The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.
The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).
Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).
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The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.
The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.


Near the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk, the vocative begins appearing, this is one of the first major cracks in the phonemic spelling system to show up (the retention of root spellings in verbs is considered inconsequential)
====Common patterns====
====Common patterns====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|avl}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-a|abl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|úv|1l=ú}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-a|ulf}}




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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs. ''-at'' appears as ''-t'' after vowels.
Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as ''-t''.
 
The plural imperative is usually ''-ið'', but it's occasionally seen as ''-að'', the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.
 
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. The different classes exist as each has a different characteristic ablaut pattern.




=====Class 1=====
=====Class 1=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
Class 1 is characterized by ''-ē-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=grēpa|type=1|grēp|grip}}
 
=====Class 2=====
=====Class 2=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
Class 2 is characterized by ''-jō-'' in the present and ''-u-'' in the past.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=ljōga|type=2|ljōg|lug}}
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 3=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have ''-u-'' in the indicative past and ''-y-'' in the subjunctive past.
======Class 3-e======
Characterized by ''-e-'' in the present. This ''-e-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-i-'', the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=wedda|type=3-e|wedd|udd|ydd}}
======Class 3-æ======
Characterized by ''-æ-'' in the present.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=wænna|type=3-æ|wænn|unn|ynn}}
 
Old Norse ''-ja-'' is also under 3-æ, such as ''bærga'' (Old Norse ''bjarga'')
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=bærga|type=3-æ|bærg|burg|byrg}}
 
======Class 3-ø======
Characterized by ''-ø-'' in the present. ''-ø-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-ø-'' and ''-y-''.
 
This first verb is cognate to Old Norse ''þryngva''.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=þrøgga|type=3-ø|þrøgg|þrugg|þrygg}}
 
This next verb is cognate with Old Norse ''søkkva''.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=søkka|type=3-ø|søkk|sukk|sykk}}
 
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gæta|paspar=t|type=5|gæt|gāt}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gægg|1i=gægg}}
the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.


====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
Weak verbs are defined by a ''-þ-'' in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}


This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bøygja'', is a j-weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|hav}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=bøygja|bøyg|bøygþ|1j=bøygj|2s=bøygts}}
 
This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=hafa|haf|hafþ}}
 
 
In Late Pre-Húsnorsk, the conjugations begin shifting further. The most major shift is the collapse of person in the positive active plural.
{{Late Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=-a|-|-þ|2t=-t|2s=-z}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
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This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa}}
The regularized ''wæs-'' root was generally rare till late Pre-Húsnorsk, where it starts becoming the dominant forms (with ''wāʀ-'' retained for the past)


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
The following table will present the cardinal 1-10, providing the Nygadsnorsk cognate and the Pre-Húsnorsk ancestor.
The following table will present the cardinal 1-10.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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| eldr
| eldr
| eldʀ
| eldʀ
| eudăʀ
| eldăʀ
|-
|-
|2
|2
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| mouth
| mouth
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munðʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munþʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ōss
| (body) munðăʀ</br>(river) mynði</br>(river) ósăʀ
| (body) munþăʀ</br>(river) mynþi</br>(river) ōsăʀ
|-
|-
|6
|6
Line 348: Line 472:
| blóð
| blóð
| blōþ
| blōþ
| blōð
| blōþ
|-
|-
|8
|8
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|10
|10
| root
| root
|  
| rót
|  
| rōt
|  
| rōt
|-
|-
|11
|11
| to come (move)
| to come (move)
|  
| kuma, koma
|  
| koma, kuma
|  
| koma
|-
|-
|12
|12
| breast
| breast
|  
| brjóst
|  
| brjōst?
|  
| brjost
|-
|-
|13
|13
| rain
| rain
|  
| regn
|  
| rægn
|  
| rægn
|-
|-
|14
|14
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| nafn
| nafn
| nafn (naβn?)
| nafn (naβn?)
| nafn
| namn
|-
|-
|16
|16
Line 503: Line 627:
| one (number)
| one (number)
| einn
| einn
| én(?)
| ēn(?)
| æin
| æin
|-
|-
Line 641: Line 765:
| not (adj./adv.)
| not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ēgi</br>(verbal) -at
| æigi, æi</br>(verbal) -(a)t
| æigi, æi</br>(verbal) -(a)t
|-
|-
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|58
|58
| to know
| to know
|  
| kunna</br>(a person) kenna
|  
| kunna</br>(a person) kænna
|  
| konna</br>(a person) kænna
|-
|-
|59
|59
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|63
|63
| soil
| soil
|n
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 714: Line 838:
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skin(n) (general)</br>hūþ
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skin(n) (general)</br>hūþ
| feldăʀ (animal)</br> skinð³ (general)</br>hūðăʀ (human)
| feldăʀ (animal)</br> skenþ³ (general)</br>hūþăʀ (human)
|-
|-
|69
|69
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|75
|75
| to eat
| to eat
|  
| eta
|  
| æta
|  
| æta
|-
|-
|76
|76

Latest revision as of 20:16, 31 March 2026


(still adjusting from the copied Jugsnorsk article)

Pre-Húsnorsk
*hōsanorzka
Created byMelinoë
Native toNorthern Kievan Rus
Indo-European
  • Germanic
    • North Germanic
      • Pre-Húsnorsk
Early form
Proto-Norse
Language codes
ISO 639-3phus
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Pre-Húsnorsk was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in all positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in *foglăʀ, vs. Old Norse fogl. (note that "ă" was historically written without the diacritic, and signifies a syllabic consonant. Also note that ʀ was historically written z, though the sound is reconstructed as *[ʝ].)

History

Name

"Húsnorsk" is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as *hōsanorzka (note the "hús" is from Old Norse, not Húsnorsk), a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 1000AD-1400AD, around the same period as Old Norwegian), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.

Development

The development of Pre-Húsnorsk is poorly understood at best, it seems to follow Old Norse for the most part, but misses some of the vital shifts that define Old Norse.

Phonology

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Fricative Unvoiced f~v θ~ð s x
Voiced ʀ¹
Approximant Unvoiced ʍ² r̥, l̥
Voiced w r, l³ j
  1. probably [ʝ].
  2. exact value unknown.
  3. likely [ʟ] in coda position.
Front Back
Unround Round
High i y u
Mid-High e ø o
Mid-Low ɛ œ¹ ɔ
Low a
  1. it's not clear if this exists or not, it may have merged with */ø/

Orthography

Latin orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk
Phoneme /i/ /iː/ /e/ /eː/ /ɛ/ /ɛː/ /y/ /yː/ /ø/ /øː/ /u/ /uː/ /o/ /oː/ /ɔ/ /ɔː/ /a/ /aː/ /øy/ /ɛi/
Letter i ī e ē æ ǣ y ȳ ø ø̄ u ū o ō ǫ ǭ a ā øy æi
Phoneme /p/ /b/ /m/ /f/ /θ/ /t/ /d/ /n/ /l/ /s/ /r/ /ʝ/ /j/ /w/ /k/ /ɡ/ /x/ [ts] /Cː/
Letter p b m f þ t d n l s r ʀ j w k g h z CC

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been largely analogized out (it remains in some words where the u-umlaut occurred through enough forms for the umlauted root to be used rather than the basic one), this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. mál and mál). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is i, when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. i > y), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.

Nouns

Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).

The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.

Near the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk, the vocative begins appearing, this is one of the first major cracks in the phonemic spelling system to show up (the retention of root spellings in verbs is considered inconsequential)

Common patterns

Inflection of ablăʀ (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ablăʀ ablăʀin ablaʀ ablaʀniʀ
accusative abl ablin abla ablana
vocative¹ j'abl j'ablin j'abla j'ablana
dative abli ablinum ablum ablunum
genitive abls ablsins abla ablanna

1: Late Pre-Húsnorsk.

Inflection of ulfăʀ (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ulfăʀ ulfăʀin ulfaʀ ulfaʀniʀ
accusative ulf ulfin ulfa ulfana
vocative¹ j'ulf j'ulfin j'ulfa j'ulfana
dative ulfi ulfinum ulfum ulfunum
genitive ulfs ulfsins ulfa ulfanna

1: Late Pre-Húsnorsk.


Inflection of ǿ (common i-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ǿ ójī alí alíní
accusative ó alī ali alina
vocative j'ó j'alī j'ali j'alina
dative ali alinū alū alunū
genitive alis alinūs alūs alunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ósj ósjī ósí ósíní
accusative ós ósī ósi ósina
vocative j'ós j'ósī j'ósi j'ósina
dative ósi ósinū ósū ósunū
genitive ósis ósinūs ósūs ósunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ógj ógjī ógí ógíní
accusative óg ógī ógi ógina
vocative j'óg j'ógī j'ógi j'ógina
dative ógi óginū ógū ógunū
genitive ógis óginūs ógūs ógunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ásj (common u-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ásj ásjī æsí æsíní
accusative ás ásī ási ásina
vocative j'ás j'ásī j'ási j'ásina
dative ási ásinū ásū ásunū
genitive ásis ásinūs ásūs ásunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ássj ássjī æssí æssíní
accusative áss ássī ássi ássina
vocative j'áss j'ássī j'ássi j'ássina
dative ássi ássinū ássū ássunū
genitive ássis ássinūs ássūs ássunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative áskj áskjī æskí æskíní
accusative ásk áskī áski áskina
vocative j'ásk j'áskī j'áski j'áskina
dative áski áskinū áskū áskunū
genitive áskis áskinūs áskūs áskunūs

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.


Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlj najljī najl najliní
accusative najl najlī najl najlina
vocative j'najl j'najlī j'najl j'najlina
dative najli najlinū najlū najlunū
genitive najlis najlinūs najlūs najlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlsj najlsjī najls najlsiní
accusative najls najlsī najls najlsina
vocative j'najls j'najlsī j'najls j'najlsina
dative najlsi najlsinū najlsū najlsunū
genitive najlsis najlsinūs najlsūs najlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlgj najlgjī najlg najlginí
accusative najlg najlgī najlg najlgina
vocative j'najlg j'najlgī j'najlg j'najlgina
dative najlgi najlginū najlgū najlgunū
genitive najlgis najlginūs najlgūs najlgunūs

In najlj, you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Inflection of figgj (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgj figgjī fygg fygginí
accusative figg figgī fygg fyggina
vocative j'figg j'figgī j'fygg j'fyggina
dative figgi figginū figgū figgunū
genitive figgis figginūs figgūs figgunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgsj figgsjī fyggs fyggsiní
accusative figgs figgsī fyggs fyggsina
vocative j'figgs j'figgsī j'fyggs j'fyggsina
dative figgsi figgsinū figgsū figgsunū
genitive figgsis figgsinūs figgsūs figgsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgj figgjjī fyggj fyggjiní
accusative figgj figgjī fyggj fyggjina
vocative j'figgj j'figgjī j'fyggj j'fyggjina
dative figgji figgjinū figgjū figgjunū
genitive figgjis figgjinūs figgjūs figgjunūs

Here in figgj you see how i-umlauted i becomes y, instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasj (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nasj nasjī nasé naséní
accusative nas nasī nasa nasana
vocative j'nas j'nasī j'nasa j'nasana
dative nasi nasinū nasū nasunū
genitive nasis nasinūs nasūs nasunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nassj nassjī nassé nasséní
accusative nass nassī nassa nassana
vocative j'nass j'nassī j'nassa j'nassana
dative nassi nassinū nassū nassunū
genitive nassis nassinūs nassūs nassunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative naskj naskjī naské naskéní
accusative nask naskī naska naskana
vocative j'nask j'naskī j'naska j'naskana
dative naski naskinū naskū naskunū
genitive naskis naskinūs naskūs naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akka akkā akký akkýní
accusative akku akkū akký akkýna
vocative j'akku j'akkū j'akký j'akkýna
dative akki akkinū akkū akkunū
genitive akkis akkinūs akkūs akkunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akksa akksā akksý akksýní
accusative akksu akksū akksý akksýna
vocative j'akksu j'akksū j'akksý j'akksýna
dative akksi akksinū akksū akksunū
genitive akksis akksinūs akksūs akksunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akkja akkjā akkjý akkjýní
accusative akkju akkjū akkjý akkjýna
vocative j'akkju j'akkjū j'akkjý j'akkjýna
dative akkji akkjinū akkjū akkjunū
genitive akkjis akkjinūs akkjūs akkjunūs

Neuter patterns

Inflection of mó (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mó málit mó málī
accusative mó málit mó málī
vocative j'mó j'málit j'mó j'málī
dative máli málinū málū málunū
genitive mális málinūs málūs málunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mós mósit mós mósī
accusative mós mósit mós mósī
vocative j'mós j'mósit j'mós j'mósī
dative mósi mósinū mósū mósunū
genitive mósis mósinūs mósūs mósunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative móg mógit móg mógī
accusative móg mógit móg mógī
vocative j'móg j'mógit j'móg j'mógī
dative mógi móginū mógū mógunū
genitive mógis móginūs mógūs mógunūs
Inflection of ísladd (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
accusative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
vocative j'ísladd j'ísladdit j'ísladd j'ísladdī
dative ísladdi ísladdinū ísladdū ísladdunū
genitive ísladdis ísladdinūs ísladdūs ísladdunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
accusative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
vocative j'ísladds j'ísladdsit j'ísladds j'ísladdsī
dative ísladdsi ísladdsinū ísladdsū ísladdsunū
genitive ísladdsis ísladdsinūs ísladdsūs ísladdsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
accusative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
vocative j'ísladdg j'ísladdgit j'ísladdg j'ísladdgī
dative ísladdgi ísladdginū ísladdgū ísladdgunū
genitive ísladdgis ísladdginūs ísladdgūs ísladdgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sý sǿt sélí sǿ
accusative sélā sǿt séla sǿ
dative séli séli sélū sélū
genitive sélis sélis sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sǿjī sǿtit sélíní sélī
accusative sélī sǿtit sélana sélī
dative sélinū sélinū sélunū sélunū
genitive sélinūs sélinūs sélunūs sélunūs
Comparative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélé sélat sélarí séla
accusative sélarā sélat sélara séla
dative sélari sélari sélū sélū
genitive sélaris sélaris sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélajī sélatit sélaríní sélarī
accusative sélarī sélatit sélarana sélarī
dative sélarinū sélarinū sélarunū sélarunū
genitive sélarinūs sélarinūs sélarunūs sélarunūs
Superlative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastj sélast sélastí sélast
accusative sélastā sélast sélasta sélast
dative sélasti sélasti sélustū sélustū
genitive sélastis sélastis sélustūs sélustūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastjī sélastit sélastíní sélastī
accusative sélastī sélastit sélastana sélastī
dative sélastinū sélastinū sélustunū sélustunū
genitive sélastinūs sélastinūs sélustunūs sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns
singular 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ak, a(h)¹, k', a' þú, þ', u' — hán þat, þan²
accusative mik, mi(h)¹ þik, þi(h)¹ sik, si(h)¹
dative mí þí sí háni þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive mínj þínj sínj hánj þatj, þanj¹
plural 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ví, ý í — þí þò
accusative os i, í sik, si(h)¹ þé, þí
dative osj í sí þè
genitive ork ivé sinj þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as -t.

The plural imperative is usually -ið, but it's occasionally seen as -að, the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. The different classes exist as each has a different characteristic ablaut pattern.


Class 1

Class 1 is characterized by -ē- in the present and -i- in the past.

Positive conjugation of grēpa — (strong class 1)
present past
infinitive grēpa gripa
participle grēpaddi gripþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular grēpuʀ grēpiʀ grēp gripu gripi grip
wīʀ grēpum grēpim grēpiþ, -aþ gripum gripim gripiþ, -aþ
īʀ grēpuþ grēpiþ gripuþ gripiþ
þæiʀ grēpun grēpin gripun gripin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular grēpusk grēpisk grēpsk gripusk gripisk gripsk
plural grēpuzk grēpizk grēpizk, -azk gripuzk gripizk gripizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of grēpa — (strong class 1)
present past
infinitive grēpat gripat
participle grēpaddit gripzt
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular grēpust grēpist grēpt griput gripit gript
plural grēputt grēpitt grēpitt, -att griputt gripitt gripitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular grēpuszk grēpiszk grēpzk gripuzk gripizk gripzk
plural grēputzk grēpitzk grēpitzk, -atzk griputzk gripitzk gripitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 2

Class 2 is characterized by -jō- in the present and -u- in the past.

Positive conjugation of ljōga — (strong class 2)
present past
infinitive ljōga luga
participle ljōgaddi lugþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular ljōguʀ ljōgiʀ ljōg lugu lugi lug
wīʀ ljōgum ljōgim ljōgiþ, -aþ lugum lugim lugiþ, -aþ
īʀ ljōguþ ljōgiþ luguþ lugiþ
þæiʀ ljōgun ljōgin lugun lugin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular ljōgusk ljōgisk ljōgsk lugusk lugisk lugsk
plural ljōguzk ljōgizk ljōgizk, -azk luguzk lugizk lugizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of ljōga — (strong class 2)
present past
infinitive ljōgat lugat
participle ljōgaddit lugzt
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular ljōgust ljōgist ljōgt lugut lugit lugt
plural ljōgutt ljōgitt ljōgitt, -att lugutt lugitt lugitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular ljōguszk ljōgiszk ljōgzk luguzk lugizk lugzk
plural ljōgutzk ljōgitzk ljōgitzk, -atzk lugutzk lugitzk lugitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3

Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.

Class 3-e

Characterized by -e- in the present. This -e- is cognate to Old Norse -i-, the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.

Positive conjugation of wedda — (strong class 3-e)
present past
infinitive wedda udda
participle weddaddi uddþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular wedduʀ weddiʀ wedd uddu yddi udd
wīʀ weddum weddim weddiþ, -aþ uddum yddim uddiþ, -aþ
īʀ wedduþ weddiþ udduþ yddiþ
þæiʀ weddun weddin uddun yddin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular weddusk weddisk weddsk uddusk yddisk uddsk
plural wedduzk weddizk weddizk, -azk udduzk yddizk uddizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of wedda — (strong class 3-e)
present past
infinitive weddat uddat
participle weddaddit uddzt
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular weddust weddist weddt uddut yddit uddt
plural weddutt wedditt wedditt, -att uddutt ydditt udditt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular wedduszk weddiszk weddzk udduzk yddizk uddzk
plural weddutzk wedditzk wedditzk, -atzk uddutzk ydditzk udditzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3-æ

Characterized by -æ- in the present.

Positive conjugation of wænna — (strong class 3-æ)
present past
infinitive wænna unna
participle wænnaddi unnþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular wænnuʀ wænniʀ wænn unnu ynni unn
wīʀ wænnum wænnim wænniþ, -aþ unnum ynnim unniþ, -aþ
īʀ wænnuþ wænniþ unnuþ ynniþ
þæiʀ wænnun wænnin unnun ynnin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular wænnusk wænnisk wænnsk unnusk ynnisk unnsk
plural wænnuzk wænnizk wænnizk, -azk unnuzk ynnizk unnizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of wænna — (strong class 3-æ)
present past
infinitive wænnat unnat
participle wænnaddit unnzt
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular wænnust wænnist wænnt unnut ynnit unnt
plural wænnutt wænnitt wænnitt, -att unnutt ynnitt unnitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular wænnuszk wænniszk wænnzk unnuzk ynnizk unnzk
plural wænnutzk wænnitzk wænnitzk, -atzk unnutzk ynnitzk unnitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Old Norse -ja- is also under 3-æ, such as bærga (Old Norse bjarga)

Positive conjugation of bærga — (strong class 3-æ)
present past
infinitive bærga burga
participle bærgaddi burgþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular bærguʀ bærgiʀ bærg burgu byrgi burg
wīʀ bærgum bærgim bærgiþ, -aþ burgum byrgim burgiþ, -aþ
īʀ bærguþ bærgiþ burguþ byrgiþ
þæiʀ bærgun bærgin burgun byrgin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular bærgusk bærgisk bærgsk burgusk byrgisk burgsk
plural bærguzk bærgizk bærgizk, -azk burguzk byrgizk burgizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of bærga — (strong class 3-æ)
present past
infinitive bærgat burgat
participle bærgaddit burgzt
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular bærgust bærgist bærgt burgut byrgit burgt
plural bærgutt bærgitt bærgitt, -att burgutt byrgitt burgitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular bærguszk bærgiszk bærgzk burguzk byrgizk burgzk
plural bærgutzk bærgitzk bærgitzk, -atzk burgutzk byrgitzk burgitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3-ø

Characterized by -ø- in the present. -ø- is cognate to Old Norse -ø- and -y-.

This first verb is cognate to Old Norse þryngva.

Positive conjugation of þrøgga — (strong class 3-ø)
present past
infinitive þrøgga þrugga
participle þrøggaddi þruggþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular þrøgguʀ þrøggiʀ þrøgg þruggu þryggi þrugg
wīʀ þrøggum þrøggim þrøggiþ, -aþ þruggum þryggim þruggiþ, -aþ
īʀ þrøgguþ þrøggiþ þrugguþ þryggiþ
þæiʀ þrøggun þrøggin þruggun þryggin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular þrøggusk þrøggisk þrøggsk þruggusk þryggisk þruggsk
plural þrøgguzk þrøggizk þrøggizk, -azk þrugguzk þryggizk þruggizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of þrøgga — (strong class 3-ø)
present past
infinitive þrøggat þruggat
participle þrøggaddit þruggzt
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular þrøggust þrøggist þrøggt þruggut þryggit þruggt
plural þrøggutt þrøggitt þrøggitt, -att þruggutt þryggitt þruggitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular þrøgguszk þrøggiszk þrøggzk þrugguzk þryggizk þruggzk
plural þrøggutzk þrøggitzk þrøggitzk, -atzk þruggutzk þryggitzk þruggitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

This next verb is cognate with Old Norse søkkva.

Positive conjugation of søkka — (strong class 3-ø)
present past
infinitive søkka sukka
participle søkkaddi sukkþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular søkkuʀ søkkiʀ søkk sukku sykki sukk
wīʀ søkkum søkkim søkkiþ, -aþ sukkum sykkim sukkiþ, -aþ
īʀ søkkuþ søkkiþ sukkuþ sykkiþ
þæiʀ søkkun søkkin sukkun sykkin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular søkkusk søkkisk søkksk sukkusk sykkisk sukksk
plural søkkuzk søkkizk søkkizk, -azk sukkuzk sykkizk sukkizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of søkka — (strong class 3-ø)
present past
infinitive søkkat sukkat
participle søkkaddit sukkzt
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular søkkust søkkist søkkt sukkut sykkit sukkt
plural søkkutt søkkitt søkkitt, -att sukkutt sykkitt sukkitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular søkkuszk søkkiszk søkkzk sukkuzk sykkizk sukkzk
plural søkkutzk søkkitzk søkkitzk, -atzk sukkutzk sykkitzk sukkitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 4
Class 5
Positive conjugation of gæta — (strong class 5)
present past
infinitive gæta gāta
participle gætaddi gāttăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular gætuʀ gætiʀ gæt gātu gāti gāt
wīʀ gætum gætim gætiþ, -aþ gātum gātim gātiþ, -aþ
īʀ gætuþ gætiþ gātuþ gātiþ
þæiʀ gætun gætin gātun gātin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular gætusk gætisk gætsk gātusk gātisk gātsk
plural gætuzk gætizk gætizk, -azk gātuzk gātizk gātizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of gæta — (strong class 5)
present past
infinitive gætat gātat
participle gætaddit gātzt
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular gætust gætist gætt gātut gātit gātt
plural gætutt gætitt gætitt, -att gātutt gātitt gātitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular gætuszk gætiszk gætzk gātuzk gātizk gātzk
plural gætutzk gætitzk gætitzk, -atzk gātutzk gātitzk gātitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 6
Class 7
Positive conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)
present past
infinitive gagga gægga
participle gaggaddi gæggþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular gægguʀ gaggiʀ gagg gæggu gæggi gægg
wīʀ gaggum gaggim gaggiþ, -aþ gæggum gæggim gæggiþ, -aþ
īʀ gagguþ gaggiþ gægguþ gæggiþ
þæiʀ gaggun gaggin gæggun gæggin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular gaggusk gaggisk gaggsk gæggusk gæggisk gæggsk
plural gagguzk gaggizk gaggizk, -azk gægguzk gæggizk gæggizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)
present past
infinitive gaggat gæggat
participle gaggaddit gæggzt
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular gæggust gaggist gaggt gæggut gæggit gæggt
plural gaggutt gaggitt gaggitt, -att gæggutt gæggitt gæggitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular gagguszk gaggiszk gaggzk gægguzk gæggizk gæggzk
plural gaggutzk gaggitzk gaggitzk, -atzk gæggutzk gæggitzk gæggitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Weak verbs

Weak verbs are defined by a -þ- in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.

weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bøygja, is a j-weak.

Positive conjugation of bøygja — (j-weak)
present past
infinitive bøygja bøygja
participle bøygjaddi bøygþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular bøygjuʀ bøygiʀ bøyg bøygþu bøygþi bøygþ
wīʀ bøygjum bøygim bøygiþ, -aþ bøygþum bøygþim bøygþiþ, -aþ
īʀ bøygjuþ bøygiþ bøygþuþ bøygþiþ
þæiʀ bøygjun bøygin bøygþun bøygþin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular bøygjusk bøygisk bøygsk bøygþusk bøygþisk bøygtsk
plural bøygjuzk bøygizk bøygizk, -azk bøygþuzk bøygþizk bøygþizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of bøygja — (j-weak)
present past
infinitive bøygjat bøygjat
participle bøygjaddit bøygþst
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular bøygjust bøygist bøygt bøygþut bøygþit bøygþt
plural bøygjutt bøygitt bøygitt, -att bøygþutt bøygþitt bøygþitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular bøygjuszk bøygiszk bøygzk bøygþuzk bøygþizk bøygþzk
plural bøygjutzk bøygitzk bøygitzk, -atzk bøygþutzk bøygþitzk bøygþitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

This next verb, hafa, is a plain weak.

Positive conjugation of hafa — (weak)
present past
infinitive hafa hafþa
participle hafaddi hafþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular hafuʀ hafiʀ haf hafþu hafþi hafþ
wīʀ hafum hafim hafiþ, -aþ hafþum hafþim hafþiþ, -aþ
īʀ hafuþ hafiþ hafþuþ hafþiþ
þæiʀ hafun hafin hafþun hafþin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular hafusk hafisk hafsk hafþusk hafþisk hafþsk
plural hafuzk hafizk hafizk, -azk hafþuzk hafþizk hafþizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of hafa — (weak)
present past
infinitive hafat hafþat
participle hafaddit hafþst
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular hafust hafist haft hafþut hafþit hafþt
plural hafutt hafitt hafitt, -att hafþutt hafþitt hafþitt, -att
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular hafuszk hafiszk hafzk hafþuzk hafþizk hafþzk
plural hafutzk hafitzk hafitzk, -atzk hafþutzk hafþitzk hafþitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare


In Late Pre-Húsnorsk, the conjugations begin shifting further. The most major shift is the collapse of person in the positive active plural.

Positive conjugation of -a — (weak)
present past
infinitive -a -þa
participle -addi -þăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular -uʀ -iʀ - -þu -þi -þ
wīʀ -uþ -iþ -aþ -þuþ -þiþ -þaþ
īʀ -uþ -iþ -þuþ -þiþ
þæiʀ -uþ -iþ -þuþ -þiþ
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular -usk -isk -sk -þusk -þisk -zk
plural -uþk -iþk -aþk -þuþk -þiþk -þaþk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of -a — (weak)
present past
infinitive -at -þat
participle -addit -þst
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular -ust -ist -t -þut -þit -tt
plural -utt -itt -att -þutt -þitt -þatt
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular -usk -isk -þk -þuþk -þiþk -zk
plural -uzk -izk -azk -þuzk -þizk -þazk

1: past imperative is rare

Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Positive conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)
present past
infinitive wæsa wāʀa, wāsa⁴
participle wæsaddi wāʀtăʀ, wāstăʀ⁴
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular {{{ind_sg}}} {{{sub_sg}}} wæs {{{pa_ind_sg}}} {{{pa_sub_sg}}} wāʀ
wīʀ (w)æsum³ wæsim wæsiþ, -aþ wāʀum wāʀim wāʀiþ, -aþ
īʀ (w)æsuþ³ wæsiþ wāʀuþ wāʀiþ
þæiʀ (w)æsun³ wæsin wāʀun wāʀin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular — — — — — —
plural — — — — — —

1: past imperative is rare
2: regularized to the root wæs-, decently rare
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

Negative conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)
present past
infinitive {{{neg_inf}}} {{{neg_pa_inf}}}
participle {{{neg_part}}} {{{neg_pa_part}}}
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular {{{neg_ind_sg}}} {{{neg_sub_sg}}} {{{neg_imp_sg}}} {{{neg_pa_ind_sg}}} {{{neg_pa_sub_sg}}} {{{neg_pa_imp_sg}}}
plural {{{neg_ind_pl}}} {{{neg_sub_pl}}} {{{neg_imp_pl}}} {{{neg_pa_ind_pl}}} {{{neg_pa_sub_pl}}} {{{neg_pa_imp_pl}}}
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
singular — — — — — —
plural — — — — — —

1: past imperative is rare
2: regularized to the root wæs-, decently rare
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

The regularized wæs- root was generally rare till late Pre-Húsnorsk, where it starts becoming the dominant forms (with wāʀ- retained for the past)

Numerals

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10.

Number Pre-Húsnorsk
1 æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
2 twæi(ʀ)
3 þrīʀ
4 fæþwiʀ
5 *fæmf
6 sæks
7 *sævu(n)
8 *āhtu(n)?
9 *n(j)u(n)
10 *t(j)u(n)
Positive inflection of énj
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative énj étt éní én
accusative énā étt éna én
dative éni éni énū énū
genitive énis énis énūs énūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative — — — —
accusative — — — —
dative — — — —
genitive — — — —

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

Number Pre-Húsnorsk
1 æinþi
2 twæiþi
3 þrīþi
4 fæþþi (< *fæþwiþi)
5 fæddi (< *fæmdi)
6 sæhti
7 *sæfti
8 atti (/ātti/), *āhti?
9 *ny(n)þi
10 *ty(n)þi

Syntax

Pre-Húsnorsk syntax is relatively the same as Old Norse, and incredibly well preserved by Jugsnorsk, having relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

maðpjoldin wāʀ 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

ārit 2000 wāʀ maðpjoldin 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than ārit.

V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:

Ari wæsi soltin — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari wæsi soltin? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

soltin wæsi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Lexical comparison

  1. cognate to Old Norse "spá" ("to foretell")
  2. a form with a-umlaut.
  3. a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.
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