Western Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Outer Scots Norse
|name=Western Scots Norse
|nativename={{lang|snon|Veastèghsc}}
|nativename={{lang|snon|Veastèghsc}}
|pronunciation=ˌvɛst.ˈejʃc
|pronunciation=ˌvɛst.ˈejʃc
Line 38: Line 38:


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
A "standard" phonology is difficult to establish as the dialects tend to differ from each other in small but major ways, but it'd probably look like the following.
There is no unified form of the Western dialects, but they all share the following features:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
*Old Norse's front round vowels become back vowels, thus words like "systir" become {{lang|snon|{{term|siuest}}}}, as opposed to Eastern {{lang|snon|{{term|saiast}}}}.
|-
*The /ɪ/-/ɛ/ merger, always to /ɛ/ when stressed, and slender /ə/ when unstressed. (Slender /ə/ is thus spelt "i", while broad /ə/ is "a").
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
*loss of dental fricatives through merging variably with ⟨s, z⟩ or ⟨(c)h, gh⟩. (Always with ⟨(c)h, gh⟩ when slender)
! colspan=2 | labial
! colspan=2 | alveolar
! colspan=2 | velar
|-
! broad
! slender
! broad
! slender
! broad
! slender
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| mʲ
| n
| ɲ
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! Unvoiced
| p
| p͡f
| t
| t͡ʃ
| k
| c
|-
! Voiced
| b
| b͡v
| d
| d͡ʒ
| g
| ɟ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
| f
| fʲ
| s
| ʃ
| x
| ç
|-
! Voiced
| v
| vʲ
| z
| ʒ
| ɣ
| ʝ
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
|
|
| r, ɫ
| rʲ, ʎ
| colspan=2 | j
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Near-High
|
| ɤ
|-
! Mid
| e
| o
|-
! Low
| ɛ
| ɔ
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Nasals
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| iə̯
| uə̯
|-
! Near-High
|
| ɤə̯
|-
! Mid
| eə̯
| oə̯
|-
! Low
| ɛə̯
| ɔə̯
|-
|}
 
#/ə/ is the unstressed realization of /æ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)
 
All Outer dialects share the following features:
*front round vowels > a back vowel, thus words like "systir" become {{lang|snon|{{term|siuest}}}} in Outer.
*short i-e merger, always to /ɛ/.
*loss of dental fricatives through merging variably with ⟨t, d⟩ or ⟨(c)h, gh⟩. (Always with ⟨(c)h, gh⟩ when slender)
*denasalization of nasal vowels, giving varying values throughout the dialects.
*denasalization of nasal vowels, giving varying values throughout the dialects.
*merger of /r/ and /ɾ/.
*merger of the R's, /r/ and /ɾ/, to /ɾ/
*Broad A/À rather than the slender A and plain À of Inner dialects
*Broad A/À rather than the slender A and plain À of Inner dialects.
*no a-e merger, keeping ⟨a⟩ as /ə/, thus words like "hvelpr" and "hvalpa" become {{lang|snon|{{term|velp}}}} and {{lang|snon|{{term|valp}}}}, rather than merging to {{lang|snon|{{term|valp}}}} as in Inner.
*no a-e merger, keeping ⟨a⟩ as /ə/, thus words like "hvelpr" and "hvalpa" become {{lang|snon|{{term|velp}}}} and {{lang|snon|{{term|valp}}}}, rather than merging to {{lang|snon|{{term|valp}}}} as in Eastern.
*no à > /o/ shift, keeping ⟨à⟩ as /ɑ/. Thus /ˈɑv/ ({{lang|snon|{{term|àv}}}}) for Inner /ˈovʲ/ ({{lang|snon|{{term|àev}}}})
*no à > /o/ shift, keeping ⟨à⟩ as /ɑ/. Thus /ˈɑv/ ({{lang|snon|{{term|àv}}}}) for Eastern /ˈovʲ/ ({{lang|snon|{{term|àev}}}})
*⟨a⟩ for Old Norse ⟨ǫ⟩, where Inner has ⟨o⟩.
*⟨a⟩ for Old Norse ⟨ǫ⟩, where Inner has ⟨o⟩.
===Fadhaèghsc===
===Novestèghsc===
Fadhaèghsc, or High Scots Norse (Locative "high"), is spoken on {{lang|snon|{{term|Fadhaègh}}}}, or [[w:Lewis and Harris|Lewis and Harris]].
Novestèghsc, or Northwestern Scots Norse, is spoken on {{lang|snon|{{term|Leòdhas 's Hearadh}}}}, or [[w:Lewis and Harris|Lewis and Harris]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Line 222: Line 107:
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
! colspan=2 | Approximant
| w
|  
|  
|
| ɾ
| ɾ, ɫ
| ɾʲ
| ɾʲ
| colspan=2 | j
| colspan=2 | j
Line 231: Line 116:


#The dental fricatives merge with /x, ɣ/
#The dental fricatives merge with /x, ɣ/
#/ʎ/ becomes /j/
#The lateral approximants vocalize to /j, w/


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Line 285: Line 170:
#/əɪ̯̈/ is the unstressed realization of /ɜˑ, ɞˑ/. (differing by slender vs broad)
#/əɪ̯̈/ is the unstressed realization of /ɜˑ, ɞˑ/. (differing by slender vs broad)


===Ìvistèghsc===
===Suvestèghsc===
Ìvistèghsc, or Uist Norse, is spoken on the islands of {{lang|snon|{{term|Ìvist}}}}, or [[w:Uist|Uist]].
{{lang|snon|{{term|Suveastèghsc}}}}, or Southwestern Scots Norse, is spoken on the islands of {{lang|snon|{{term|Ìvist 's Baraegh}}}}, or Uist and Barra.
====Ìvistèghsc====
Ìvistèghsc, or Uist Scots Norse, is spoken on the islands of {{lang|snon|{{term|Ìvist}}}}, or [[w:Uist|Uist]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Line 399: Line 286:
|}
|}
#/əˑ/ is the unstressed realization of /ɜˑ, ɞˑ/. (differing by slender vs broad)
#/əˑ/ is the unstressed realization of /ɜˑ, ɞˑ/. (differing by slender vs broad)
===Prosody===
The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.
:Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhraèir'' is stressed on "aèi")


===Mutation===
===Mutation===
Since Old Norse, initial [[w:consonant mutation|consonant mutation]] has developed. Scots Norse has three forms:
:radical (basic)
:radical (basic)
:lenition
:lenition
:eclipsis
:eclipsis


these can be shown quite well through pronoun + verb, as a pronoun exists that causes both, the word order for these will be slightly odd.
:''{{lang|snon|mec tàlir}}'' /ˈmʲɛc ˈtɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "I speak"
 
:''{{lang|snon|ha dàlir}}'' /ˈxə ˈdɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "he speaks"
The following gives an example using "mic" ("I, me"), "ha" ("he, him"), and "ic" ("we, us", emphatic):
:''{{lang|snon|ec thàlir}}'' /ˈɛc ˈxɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"
:''{{lang|snon|mic tàlarr}}'' /ˈmʲɪc ˈto.ʎərʲ/ — "I speak"
:''{{lang|snon|ha dtàlarr}}'' /ˈçæ ˈdo.ʎərʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''{{lang|snon|ic thàlarr}}'' /ˈɪc ˈθo.ʎərʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Line 819: Line 698:
|}
|}


==Morphology==
==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{{snon-pronouns}}
{{snon-pronouns}}
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained when paired with the article ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hin}}}}''.
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the gender distinction only really maintained when paired with the article ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hin}}}}''.
 
Nouns are categorized under gender and class. There are two genders, being masculine and feminine, and three classes, being radical, lenite, and eclipse. The classes are based on the mutation the singular form causes on the following word. The gender distinction is murky at best, and it has been well observed that it gets confused often, to the point it likely does not hold any actual bearing on the language, rather being more a semantic distinction, see {{lang|snon|{{term|asc}}}} for a word where the gender is often confused.


The plural is always formed with -arr, while the singular has roughly two methods that apply to both genders, those being "e-ᶫ" and "-" (note that the "e-" represents slenderization of the preceding consonant).
In colloquial dialects, grammatical gender as a whole is preserved very poorly in its original state, with it often being replaced based on semantics, and thus new rules for gender have arisen.
:A noun is feminine when it:
:*is a place name
:*is a language
:*is the name of a people (eg. an ethnicity, race, tribe, etc.)
:*is semantically feminine (eg. "woman" or "doe")
:*is a technology, especially means of transportation (eg. a car or boat)
:*(list to be expanded)
:A noun is masculine in all other circumstances.


''All'' nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.
Nouns typically only have at most two forms, distinguishing singular and plural, but many nouns, especially animate nouns, gain distinct feminine forms formed with ''{{lang|snon|{{term|-al}}}}'', as in {{lang|snon|{{term|scòthal}}}} ("female Scot").
{{snon-decl|a|ld|g=m|l=y}}
 
{{snon-decl|h|àt|àet|g=m|l=y}}
The plural is very consistently formed with the suffix {{lang|snon|{{term|-ar}}}}. There is no concrete evidence for the existence of any irregular plurals in the standard language, but within Western Scots Norse many have been observed, the most notable being "man"-"men" as in English, the lack of this in Standard Scots Norse is likely from the a-e merger of Eastern Sudrey Norse.
{{snon-decl|h|àmar|4=àmr|g=m|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|b|èdh|g=m|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|b|ògh|òegh|g=m|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|m|àl|àel|g=m}}
{{snon-decl|p|ost|oest|g=m}}
{{snon-decl|a|rrv|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|b|èt}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it is instead {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").
Adjectives have long lost all declension, with the gender distinction through mutation having been leveled off.
 
In modern Scots Norse, adjectives have at most three forms, 2 singulars and a plural. Only the singular changes for gender, where the distinction is through mutation, the masculine causing lenition while the feminine doesn't cause mutation.


{{snon-decl-adj|a|ld}}
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
!1
!1
|{{lang|snon|{{term|èn}}}}
|{{lang|snon|{{term|è}}}}
|-
|-
!2
!2
|{{lang|snon|{{term|tfèrr}}}}
|{{lang|snon|{{term|thèr}}}}
|-
|-
!3
!3
|{{lang|snon|{{term|trìrr}}}}
|{{lang|snon|{{term|trìr}}}}
|-
|-
!4
!4
|{{lang|snon|{{term|fiòrarr}}}}
|{{lang|snon|{{term|fiòr}}}}
|-
|-
!5
!5
Line 862: Line 741:
|-
|-
!6
!6
|{{lang|snon|{{term|sac}}}}
|{{lang|snon|{{term|siacs}}}}
|-
|-
!7
!7
Line 868: Line 747:
|-
|-
!8
!8
|{{lang|snon|{{term|àet}}}}
|{{lang|snon|{{term|àth}}}}
|-
|-
!9
!9
|{{lang|snon|{{term|naì}}}}
|{{lang|snon|{{term|niù}}}}
|-
|-
!10
!10
|{{lang|snon|{{term|taì}}}}
|{{lang|snon|{{term|tiù}}}}
|-
|-
!11
!11
|{{lang|snon|{{term|aliov}}}}
|{{lang|snon|{{term|eliov}}}}
|-
|-
!12
!12
Line 899: Line 778:
The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.
The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.


The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|elsc}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hinnar}}}}
The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|elsc}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hennar}}}}


Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.


{{snon-conj|t|àl|àel}}
{{snon-out-conj|t|àl|àel}}




{{snon-conj|m|èl}}
{{snon-out-conj|m|èl}}




{{snon-conj|à|gh|egh}}
{{snon-out-conj|à|gh|egh}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
Line 918: Line 797:
Another suppletive verb is that of {{lang|snon|{{term|elsc}}}}, which has a suppletive reciprocal from the Old Norse verb "unna" (Scots Norse "uen")
Another suppletive verb is that of {{lang|snon|{{term|elsc}}}}, which has a suppletive reciprocal from the Old Norse verb "unna" (Scots Norse "uen")


{{snon-conj|e|lsc}}
{{snon-out-conj|e|lsc}}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 02:58, 4 May 2026


Western Scots Norse
Veastèghsc
Pronunciation[ˌvɛst.ˈejʃc]
Created byMelinoë
Native toSiarègh
EthnicityNorse Scots
Native speakers(L1) 900 (2020)
(L2) < 20,000
Early forms
Dialects
  • Fadhèghsc
  • Ìvistèghsc
  • Barèghsc
Official status
Official language in
Scotland
Scots Norse is classified as critically endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Western Scots Norse (endonym: Veastèghsc; /ˌvɛst.ˈejʃc/) is spoken throughout the Veastèghiar, or the Outer Hebrides. It has the heavier influence of the two dialect groups from Gàidhlig.

Western Scots Norse is one of two main dialect groups, the other being Inner Scots Norse, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides. Western Scots Norse is further divided into Fadhèghsc (Lewis and Harris), Ìvistèghsc (Uist), and Barèghsc (Barra). Ìvistèghsc and Barèghsc tend to be more similar than Fadhèghsc, which often leads to them being paired as Sudhveastèghsc.

Phonology

There is no unified form of the Western dialects, but they all share the following features:

  • Old Norse's front round vowels become back vowels, thus words like "systir" become siuest, as opposed to Eastern saiast.
  • The /ɪ/-/ɛ/ merger, always to /ɛ/ when stressed, and slender /ə/ when unstressed. (Slender /ə/ is thus spelt "i", while broad /ə/ is "a").
  • loss of dental fricatives through merging variably with ⟨s, z⟩ or ⟨(c)h, gh⟩. (Always with ⟨(c)h, gh⟩ when slender)
  • denasalization of nasal vowels, giving varying values throughout the dialects.
  • merger of the R's, /r/ and /ɾ/, to /ɾ/
  • Broad A/À rather than the slender A and plain À of Inner dialects.
  • no a-e merger, keeping ⟨a⟩ as /ə/, thus words like "hvelpr" and "hvalpa" become velp and valp, rather than merging to valp as in Eastern.
  • no à > /o/ shift, keeping ⟨à⟩ as /ɑ/. Thus /ˈɑv/ (àv) for Eastern /ˈovʲ/ (àev)
  • ⟨a⟩ for Old Norse ⟨ǫ⟩, where Inner has ⟨o⟩.

Novestèghsc

Novestèghsc, or Northwestern Scots Norse, is spoken on Leòdhas 's Hearadh, or Lewis and Harris.

labial alveolar velar
broad slender broad slender broad slender
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ
Stop Unvoiced p p͡f t t͡ʃ k c
Voiced b b͡v d d͡ʒ g ɟ
Fricative Unvoiced f f(j)~ç s ʃ x ç
Voiced v v(j)~ʝ z ʒ ɣ ʝ
Approximant w ɾ ɾʲ j
  1. The dental fricatives merge with /x, ɣ/
  2. The lateral approximants vocalize to /j, w/
Front Back
High i u
Near-High ɤ
Mid e o
Low ɛ ɔ~ɒ
  1. /ə/ is the unstressed realization of /ɛ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

"Nasal" vowels are typically realized as centering diphthongs.

Front Back
High iɪ̯̈ uʊ̯̈
Near-High ɤʊ̯̈~ʊ̈ː
Mid eɪ̯̈ oʊ̯̈
Low ɛɪ̯̈ ɔʊ̯̈
  1. /əɪ̯̈/ is the unstressed realization of /ɜˑ, ɞˑ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

Suvestèghsc

Suveastèghsc, or Southwestern Scots Norse, is spoken on the islands of Ìvist 's Baraegh, or Uist and Barra.

Ìvistèghsc

Ìvistèghsc, or Uist Scots Norse, is spoken on the islands of Ìvist, or Uist.

labial alveolar velar
broad slender broad slender broad slender
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ
Stop Unvoiced p p͡f t t͡ʃ k c
Voiced b b͡v d d͡ʒ g ɟ
Fricative Unvoiced f f(j) s ʃ x ç
Voiced v v(j) z ʒ ɣ ʝ
Approximant r, ɫ rʲ, ʎ j
Front Back
High i u
Near-High ɤ
Mid e o
Low ɛ ɔ~ɒ
  1. /ə/ is the unstressed realization of /ɛ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

"Nasal" vowels in Uist Norse are typically realized slightly centralized and longer.

Front Back
High ɪ̈ˑ ʊ̈ˑ
Mid ɘˑ ɵˑ
Low ɜˑ ɞˑ
  1. /əˑ/ is the unstressed realization of /ɜˑ, ɞˑ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

Mutation

radical (basic)
lenition
eclipsis
mec tàlir /ˈmʲɛc ˈtɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "I speak"
ha dàlir /ˈxə ˈdɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "he speaks"
ec thàlir /ˈɛc ˈxɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"

Orthography

(updated up to "bh")

Grammar

Pronouns

Scots Norse personal pronouns
simple emphatic
singular plural singular plural
1st mic vit mèrr oecᶫ
2nd tic tit tèrr icᶫ
3rd masc haᶰ tèrr hanuᶰ tèᶰ
fem hoᶰ henᶫ, honuᶰ
reflexive sic, -sc sèrr, -sc

Nouns

Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the gender distinction only really maintained when paired with the article hin.

Nouns are categorized under gender and class. There are two genders, being masculine and feminine, and three classes, being radical, lenite, and eclipse. The classes are based on the mutation the singular form causes on the following word. The gender distinction is murky at best, and it has been well observed that it gets confused often, to the point it likely does not hold any actual bearing on the language, rather being more a semantic distinction, see asc for a word where the gender is often confused.

In colloquial dialects, grammatical gender as a whole is preserved very poorly in its original state, with it often being replaced based on semantics, and thus new rules for gender have arisen.

A noun is feminine when it:
  • is a place name
  • is a language
  • is the name of a people (eg. an ethnicity, race, tribe, etc.)
  • is semantically feminine (eg. "woman" or "doe")
  • is a technology, especially means of transportation (eg. a car or boat)
  • (list to be expanded)
A noun is masculine in all other circumstances.

Nouns typically only have at most two forms, distinguishing singular and plural, but many nouns, especially animate nouns, gain distinct feminine forms formed with -al, as in scòthal ("female Scot").

The plural is very consistently formed with the suffix -ar. There is no concrete evidence for the existence of any irregular plurals in the standard language, but within Western Scots Norse many have been observed, the most notable being "man"-"men" as in English, the lack of this in Standard Scots Norse is likely from the a-e merger of Eastern Sudrey Norse.

Adjectives

Adjectives have long lost all declension, with the gender distinction through mutation having been leveled off.

Numerals

1 è
2 thèr
3 trìr
4 fiòr
5 fi
6 siacs
7 siò
8 àth
9 niù
10 tiù
11 eliov
12 tòlv

Prepositions

Scots Norse has a very, very simple system of inflected prepositions, only inflecting for person and number.

A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.

Inflection of i
1st 2nd 3rd
singular ig idac inhᶰ
plural iogh igh idà

ᶰ: causes nasal


Inflection of til
1st 2nd 3rd
singular tilg tiltac tilhᶰ
plural tiolch tilch tiltà

ᶰ: causes nasal

Verbs

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.

The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.

The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like [Term?] ("to fight"), slà ("to hit"), [Term?] ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as elsc ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by hennar

Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.

Conjugation of tàel (regular)
present past
infinitive tàel —
participle tàlinn tàla
singular plural impersonal
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
pos. pres. tàlar mec tàlar tec tàlar ha tàlar vet tàlar tet tàlar tèr tàlart
past tàlair mec tàlair tec tàlair ha tàlair vet tàlair tet tàlair tèr tàlairt
fut. tàlist mec tàlist tec tàlist ha tàlist vet tàlist tet tàlist tèr tàlista
stat. tàlaist mec tàlaist tec tàlaist ha tàlaist vet tàlaist tet tàlaist tèr tàlaista
neg. pres. è thàlar mec è thàlar tec è thàlar ha è thàlar vet è thàlar tet è thàlar tèr è thàlart
past è thàlair mec è thàlair tec è thàlair ha è thàlair vet è thàlair tet è thàlair tèr è thàlairt
fut. è thàlist mec è thàlist tec è thàlist ha è thàlist vet è thàlist tet è thàlist tèr è thàlista
stat. è thàlaist mec è thàlaist tec è thàlaist ha è thàlaist vet è thàlaist tet è thàlaist tèr è thàlaista
continuative tàlinn'ir u mec tàlinn'ir u dec tàlinn'ir u gha tàlinn'ir u bet tàlinn'ir u det tàlinn'ir u dèr tàlinn'irt h'u
perf. pres. tàla'ir u mec tàla'ir u dec tàla'ir u gha tàla'ir u bet tàla'ir u det tàla'ir u dèr tàla'irt h'u
past tàla'air u mec tàla'air u dec tàla'air u gha tàla'air u bet tàla'air u det tàla'air u dèr tàla'airt h'u
fut. tàla'ist u mec tàla'ist u dec tàla'ist u gha tàla'ist u bet tàla'ist u det tàla'ist u dèr tàla'ista h'u
stat. tàla'aist u mec tàla'aist u dec tàla'aist u gha tàla'aist u bet tàla'aist u det tàla'aist u dèr tàla'aista h'u
neg. perf. pres. è thàla'ir u mec è thàla'ir u dec è thàla'ir u gha è thàla'ir u bet è thàla'ir u det è thàla'ir u dèr è thàla'irt h'u
past è thàla'air u mec è thàla'air u dec è thàla'air u gha è thàla'air u bet è thàla'air u det è thàla'air u dèr è thàla'airt h'u
fut. è thàla'ist u mec è thàla'ist u dec è thàla'ist u gha è thàla'ist u bet è thàla'ist u det è thàla'ist u dèr è thàla'ista u
stat. è thàla'aist u mec è thàla'aist u dec è thàla'aist u gha è thàla'aist u bet è thàla'aist u det è thàla'aist u dèr è thàla'aista h'u


Conjugation of mèl (regular)
present past
infinitive mèl —
participle mèlinn mèla
singular plural impersonal
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
pos. pres. mèlar mec mèlar tec mèlar ha mèlar vet mèlar tet mèlar tèr mèlart
past mèlair mec mèlair tec mèlair ha mèlair vet mèlair tet mèlair tèr mèlairt
fut. mèlist mec mèlist tec mèlist ha mèlist vet mèlist tet mèlist tèr mèlista
stat. mèlaist mec mèlaist tec mèlaist ha mèlaist vet mèlaist tet mèlaist tèr mèlaista
neg. pres. è mhèlar mec è mhèlar tec è mhèlar ha è mhèlar vet è mhèlar tet è mhèlar tèr è mhèlart
past è mhèlair mec è mhèlair tec è mhèlair ha è mhèlair vet è mhèlair tet è mhèlair tèr è mhèlairt
fut. è mhèlist mec è mhèlist tec è mhèlist ha è mhèlist vet è mhèlist tet è mhèlist tèr è mhèlista
stat. è mhèlaist mec è mhèlaist tec è mhèlaist ha è mhèlaist vet è mhèlaist tet è mhèlaist tèr è mhèlaista
continuative mèlinn'ir u mec mèlinn'ir u dec mèlinn'ir u gha mèlinn'ir u bet mèlinn'ir u det mèlinn'ir u dèr mèlinn'irt h'u
perf. pres. mèla'ir u mec mèla'ir u dec mèla'ir u gha mèla'ir u bet mèla'ir u det mèla'ir u dèr mèla'irt h'u
past mèla'air u mec mèla'air u dec mèla'air u gha mèla'air u bet mèla'air u det mèla'air u dèr mèla'airt h'u
fut. mèla'ist u mec mèla'ist u dec mèla'ist u gha mèla'ist u bet mèla'ist u det mèla'ist u dèr mèla'ista h'u
stat. mèla'aist u mec mèla'aist u dec mèla'aist u gha mèla'aist u bet mèla'aist u det mèla'aist u dèr mèla'aista h'u
neg. perf. pres. è mhèla'ir u mec è mhèla'ir u dec è mhèla'ir u gha è mhèla'ir u bet è mhèla'ir u det è mhèla'ir u dèr è mhèla'irt h'u
past è mhèla'air u mec è mhèla'air u dec è mhèla'air u gha è mhèla'air u bet è mhèla'air u det è mhèla'air u dèr è mhèla'airt h'u
fut. è mhèla'ist u mec è mhèla'ist u dec è mhèla'ist u gha è mhèla'ist u bet è mhèla'ist u det è mhèla'ist u dèr è mhèla'ista u
stat. è mhèla'aist u mec è mhèla'aist u dec è mhèla'aist u gha è mhèla'aist u bet è mhèla'aist u det è mhèla'aist u dèr è mhèla'aista h'u


Conjugation of àegh (regular)
present past
infinitive àegh —
participle àghinn àgha
singular plural impersonal
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
pos. pres. àghar mec àghar tec àghar ha àghar vet àghar tet àghar tèr àghart
past àghair mec àghair tec àghair ha àghair vet àghair tet àghair tèr àghairt
fut. àghist mec àghist tec àghist ha àghist vet àghist tet àghist tèr àghista
stat. àghaist mec àghaist tec àghaist ha àghaist vet àghaist tet àghaist tèr àghaista
neg. pres. è h'àghar mec è h'àghar tec è h'àghar ha è h'àghar vet è h'àghar tet è h'àghar tèr è h'àghart
past è h'àghair mec è h'àghair tec è h'àghair ha è h'àghair vet è h'àghair tet è h'àghair tèr è h'àghairt
fut. è h'àghist mec è h'àghist tec è h'àghist ha è h'àghist vet è h'àghist tet è h'àghist tèr è h'àghista
stat. è h'àghaist mec è h'àghaist tec è h'àghaist ha è h'àghaist vet è h'àghaist tet è h'àghaist tèr è h'àghaista
continuative àghinn'ir u mec àghinn'ir u dec àghinn'ir u gha àghinn'ir u bet àghinn'ir u det àghinn'ir u dèr àghinn'irt h'u
perf. pres. àgha'ir u mec àgha'ir u dec àgha'ir u gha àgha'ir u bet àgha'ir u det àgha'ir u dèr àgha'irt h'u
past àgha'air u mec àgha'air u dec àgha'air u gha àgha'air u bet àgha'air u det àgha'air u dèr àgha'airt h'u
fut. àgha'ist u mec àgha'ist u dec àgha'ist u gha àgha'ist u bet àgha'ist u det àgha'ist u dèr àgha'ista h'u
stat. àgha'aist u mec àgha'aist u dec àgha'aist u gha àgha'aist u bet àgha'aist u det àgha'aist u dèr àgha'aista h'u
neg. perf. pres. è h'àgha'ir u mec è h'àgha'ir u dec è h'àgha'ir u gha è h'àgha'ir u bet è h'àgha'ir u det è h'àgha'ir u dèr è h'àgha'irt h'u
past è h'àgha'air u mec è h'àgha'air u dec è h'àgha'air u gha è h'àgha'air u bet è h'àgha'air u det è h'àgha'air u dèr è h'àgha'airt h'u
fut. è h'àgha'ist u mec è h'àgha'ist u dec è h'àgha'ist u gha è h'àgha'ist u bet è h'àgha'ist u det è h'àgha'ist u dèr è h'àgha'ista u
stat. è h'àgha'aist u mec è h'àgha'aist u dec è h'àgha'aist u gha è h'àgha'aist u bet è h'àgha'aist u det è h'àgha'aist u dèr è h'àgha'aista h'u

Suppletive verbs

There are very few known suppletive verbs in Scots Norse, the main one being the copula vèr, and even it has been leveled by many speakers.

Conjugation of vèr (suppletive)
present past
infinitive vèr —
participle vèrann vèradh
singular plural impersonal
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
pos. pres. arr mic arr tic arr ha arr vit arr tit arr tèrr arrt
past varr mic varr tic varr ha varr vit varr tit varr tèrr varrt
fut. vèrist mic vèrist tic vèrist ha vèrist vit vèrist tit vèrist tèrr vèrista
stat. vèradhst mic vèradhst tic vèradhst ha vèradhst vit vèradhst tit vèradhst tèrr vèradhsta
neg. pres. è h'arr mic è h'arr tic è h'arr ha è h'arr vit è h'arr tit è h'arr tèrr è h'arrt
past è vharr mic è vharr tic è vharr ha è vharr vit è vharr tit è vharr tèrr è vharrt
fut. è vhèrist mic è vhèrist tic è vhèrist ha è vhèrist vit è vhèrist tit è vhèrist tèrr è vhèrista
stat. è vhèradhst mic è vhèradhst tic è vhèradhst ha è vhèradhst vit è vhèradhst tit è vhèradhst tèrr è vhèradhsta
continuative vèrann'arr u mic vèrann'arr u dic vèrann'arr u gha vèrann'arr u bit vèrann'arr u dit vèrann'arr u dèrr vèrann'arrt h'u
perf. pres. vèradh'arr u mic vèradh'arr u dic vèradh'arr u gha vèradh'arr u bit vèradh'arr u dit vèradh'arr u dèrr vèradh'arrt h'u
past vèradh'adharr u mic vèradh'adharr u dic vèradh'adharr u gha vèradh'adharr u bit vèradh'adharr u dit vèradh'adharr u dèrr vèradh'adharrt h'u
fut. vèradh'ist u mic vèradh'ist u dic vèradh'ist u gha vèradh'ist u bit vèradh'ist u dit vèradh'ist u dèrr vèradh'ista h'u
stat. vèradh'adhist u mic vèradh'adhist u dic vèradh'adhist u gha vèradh'adhist u bit vèradh'adhist u dit vèradh'adhist u dèrr vèradh'adhista h'u
neg. perf. pres. è vhèradh'arr u mic è vhèradh'arr u dic è vhèradh'arr u gha è vhèradh'arr u bit è vhèradh'arr u dit è vhèradh'arr u dèrr è vhèradh'arrt h'u
past è vhèradh'adharr u mic è vhèradh'adharr u dic è vhèradh'adharr u gha è vhèradh'adharr u bit è vhèradh'adharr u dit è vhèradh'adharr u dèrr è vhèradh'adharrt h'u
fut. è vhèradh'ist u mic è vhèradh'ist u dic è vhèradh'ist u gha è vhèradh'ist u bit è vhèradh'ist u dit è vhèradh'ist u dèrr è vhèradh'ista h'u
stat. è vhèradh'adhist u mic è vhèradh'adhist u dic è vhèradh'adhist u gha è vhèradh'adhist u bit è vhèradh'adhist u dit è vhèradh'adhist u dèrr è vhèradh'adhista h'u

"arr" and "varr" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrarr" and "vèradharr" are also rather common.

Another suppletive verb is that of elsc, which has a suppletive reciprocal from the Old Norse verb "unna" (Scots Norse "uen")

Conjugation of elsc (regular)
present past
infinitive elsc —
participle elscinn elsca
singular plural impersonal
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
pos. pres. elscar mec elscar tec elscar ha elscar vet elscar tet elscar tèr elscart
past elscair mec elscair tec elscair ha elscair vet elscair tet elscair tèr elscairt
fut. elscist mec elscist tec elscist ha elscist vet elscist tet elscist tèr elscista
stat. elscaist mec elscaist tec elscaist ha elscaist vet elscaist tet elscaist tèr elscaista
neg. pres. è h'elscar mec è h'elscar tec è h'elscar ha è h'elscar vet è h'elscar tet è h'elscar tèr è h'elscart
past è h'elscair mec è h'elscair tec è h'elscair ha è h'elscair vet è h'elscair tet è h'elscair tèr è h'elscairt
fut. è h'elscist mec è h'elscist tec è h'elscist ha è h'elscist vet è h'elscist tet è h'elscist tèr è h'elscista
stat. è h'elscaist mec è h'elscaist tec è h'elscaist ha è h'elscaist vet è h'elscaist tet è h'elscaist tèr è h'elscaista
continuative elscinn'ir u mec elscinn'ir u dec elscinn'ir u gha elscinn'ir u bet elscinn'ir u det elscinn'ir u dèr elscinn'irt h'u
perf. pres. elsca'ir u mec elsca'ir u dec elsca'ir u gha elsca'ir u bet elsca'ir u det elsca'ir u dèr elsca'irt h'u
past elsca'air u mec elsca'air u dec elsca'air u gha elsca'air u bet elsca'air u det elsca'air u dèr elsca'airt h'u
fut. elsca'ist u mec elsca'ist u dec elsca'ist u gha elsca'ist u bet elsca'ist u det elsca'ist u dèr elsca'ista h'u
stat. elsca'aist u mec elsca'aist u dec elsca'aist u gha elsca'aist u bet elsca'aist u det elsca'aist u dèr elsca'aista h'u
neg. perf. pres. è h'elsca'ir u mec è h'elsca'ir u dec è h'elsca'ir u gha è h'elsca'ir u bet è h'elsca'ir u det è h'elsca'ir u dèr è h'elsca'irt h'u
past è h'elsca'air u mec è h'elsca'air u dec è h'elsca'air u gha è h'elsca'air u bet è h'elsca'air u det è h'elsca'air u dèr è h'elsca'airt h'u
fut. è h'elsca'ist u mec è h'elsca'ist u dec è h'elsca'ist u gha è h'elsca'ist u bet è h'elsca'ist u det è h'elsca'ist u dèr è h'elsca'ista u
stat. è h'elsca'aist u mec è h'elsca'aist u dec è h'elsca'aist u gha è h'elsca'aist u bet è h'elsca'aist u det è h'elsca'aist u dèr è h'elsca'aista h'u

Syntax

Texts

UDHR Article 1

Original (English)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Old Norse (modern translation)

Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.

Scots Norse

arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.
arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.

English translation
lit: "all men are born free and equal, being dignity and rights at them. being reason and conscience at them, and should act to brotherhood at each other"
"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"

Deor

Old English

Welund him be wurman
wræces cunnade,
anhydig eorl
earfoþa dreag,
hæfde him to gesiþþe
sorge and longaþ,
wintercealde wræce,
wean oft onfond
siþþan hine Niðhad on
nede legde,
swoncre seonobende
on syllan monn.
Þæs ofereode,
þisses swa mæg.

Scots Norse

Vòluenn shi, thur ròvnirr
cvàlarr cenn,
ànar iall
arrvidh thoeld,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ta h-oevgangtirr,
tash thil mègh.

(lines with "-" are yet to be translated)

Lexical comparison

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