Middle Tevvic: Difference between revisions

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===Middle proper===
===Middle proper===
*final /ɑ, ə, ɛ, ɔ/ lost, long variants shorten to /ə/, /e, o, i, o/ > /ɛ, ɔ, e, o/
*final /ɑ, ə, ɛ, ɔ/ lost, long variants shorten to /ə/, /e, o, i, u/ > /ɛ, ɔ, e, o/
*final /h/ lost
*final /h/ lost
*loss of nasals after oral stops, as in Ancient Tevvic "{{lang|mtev|phḗthmạh}}" > Middle Tevvic "{{lang|mtev|phēthe}}".
*loss of nasals after oral stops, as in Ancient Tevvic "{{lang|mtev|phḗthmạh}}" > Middle Tevvic "{{lang|mtev|phēthe}}".
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====Nouns====
====Nouns====
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Possessive endings|tall=yes}}
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Possessive endings|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! class=outer |
! singular
! singular
! plural
! plural
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | 1st
! 1st
| {{l|mtev|-मै|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-मै)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-म|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-म)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-अंः|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-अंः)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-ष|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-ष)}}</small></span>}}
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
! 2nd
| {{l|mtev|-तै|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-तै)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-थ|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-थ)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-ऑः|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-ऑः)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-ष्व|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-ष्व)}}</small></span>}}
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | 3rd
! 3rd
! class=secondary | masc./neut.
| {{l|mtev|-ण|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-ण)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-णंः|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-णंः)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-नैस|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-नैस)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-नैसां|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-नैसां)}}</small></span>}}


|-
! class=secondary rowspan=2 | fem.
| {{l|mtev|-णंष्याः|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-णंष्याः)}}</small></span>}}
| {{l|mtev|-नीसां|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|mtev|(-नीसां)}}</small></span>}}
|-
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=}}
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=}}
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===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs have undergone an extreme amount of change, the most major being the loss of the passive followed by the subsequent development of a new mediopassive.
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|mtev|फै॑थ्ण}} (class 1 strong)|tall=y|palette=blue}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|title=Classical conjugation of {{l|mtev|फै॑थ्ण}} (class 1 strong)|tall=y|palette=blue}}
! colspan=2 rowspan=3 |  
! colspan=2 rowspan=3 |  
! colspan=6 | active
! colspan=6 | active
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|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | singular
! rowspan=3 | singular
! 1st
| {{lang|mtev|फै॑थॉ}}
| {{lang|mtev|फंभै॑थ्}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैधं॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फै॑थ्यॉ}}
| {{lang|mtev|फंफॅध्यां॑}}
| style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
! 2nd
| {{lang|mtev|फै॑थॅः}}
| {{lang|mtev|फंभै॑स्त्}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैधॅः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फै॑थैः}}
| {{lang|mtev|फंफॅध्यॅः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फै॑थ्}}
|-
! 3rd
| {{lang|mtev|फै॑थॅथ्}}
| {{lang|mtev|फंभै॑थ्}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैधॅ॑स्च्}}
| {{lang|mtev|फै॑थैथ्}}
| {{lang|mtev|फंफॅध्यॅ॑थ्}}
| {{lang|mtev|फै॑थ्थॉ}}
|-
! rowspan=3 | plural
! 1st
! 1st
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
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| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
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| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
|-
|-
! colspan=8 | passive
! rowspan=3 | plural
|-
! rowspan=3 | singular
! 1st
! 1st
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
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| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
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| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | plural
! colspan=8 | passive
|-
! rowspan=3 | singular
! 1st
! 1st
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
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| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |
! rowspan=3 | plural
! colspan=3 | active
! colspan=3 | passive
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| colspan=3 | {{lang|mtev|फै॑थ्ण}}
| colspan=3 | {{lang|mtev|}}
|-
! colspan=2 | present participle
| colspan=3 | {{lang|mtev|}}
| colspan=3 |{{lang|mtev|}}
|-
! colspan=2 | past participle
| colspan=3 | {{lang|mtev|}}
| colspan=3 | {{lang|mtev|}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|title=Late conjugation of {{l|mtev|फै॑थ्ण}} (class 1 strong)|tall=y|palette=blue}}
! colspan=2 rowspan=3 |
! colspan=6 | active
|-
! colspan=3 | indicative
! colspan=2 | subjunctive
! rowspan=2 | imperative
|-
! present
! past
! future
! present
! past
|-
! rowspan=2 | singular
! 1st
| {{lang|mtev|फैथॉ॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|भैः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैधं॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैथॉ॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फॅधां॑}}
| style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
! 2nd/3rd
| {{lang|mtev|फैथॅः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|भैः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैधॅः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैथैः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फॅधॅः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैः॑}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | plural
! 1st
| {{lang|mtev|फैथ्मंः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|भिंथ॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैध॑मंः}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैथां॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फॅधुं॑}}
| style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
! 2nd/3rd
| {{lang|mtev|फैः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|भिः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैधः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैथैः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फॅधिः॑}}
| {{lang|mtev|फैः॑}}
|-
! colspan=8 | passive
|-
! rowspan=2 | singular
! 1st
! 1st
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
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| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
|-
|-
! 2nd/3rd
! 2nd
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
Line 604: Line 504:
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | plural
! 3rd
! 1st
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
|-
! 2nd/3rd
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
| {{lang|mtev|}}
Line 626: Line 517:
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| colspan=3 | {{lang|mtev|फै॑थ्ण}}
| colspan=3 | {{lang|mtev|}}
| colspan=3 | {{lang|mtev|}}
| colspan=3 | {{lang|mtev|}}
|-
|-

Latest revision as of 15:58, 4 June 2026


Ancient Tevvic
चैवैताण् (cēvētāṇ)
Pronunciation[t͡ɕɛː.ʋɛː.ˈtɑːɳ]
Created byMelinoë
DateMay, 2026
Native toUttarakhand
EthnicityTevvics
EraSpoken from the mid 12th to the late 17th centuries, developed into Modern Tevvic by 1700.
Indo-European
  • Para-Germanic
    • Chlesamnic
      • Tevvic
        • Ancient Tevvic
Early form
Proto-Chlesamnic
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Middle Tevvic (Autonym: चैवैताण्, /t͡ɕɛː.ʋɛː.ˈtɑːɳ/) was a language spoken in northern India, largely around the modern state of Uttarakhand. It is the direct descendant of Ancient Tevvic, though it is not intelligible with it in the slightest.

History

Development

Early Middle

Also called "Late Ancient"

  • /ʎ/ > /ɕ/
  • word final /Cʰ/ > /h/
  • voiced aspirates to voiced, developing a minor tonal distinction
  • beginning of stress shift to mesostatic throughout
  • geminated aspirates to short

Middle proper

  • final /ɑ, ə, ɛ, ɔ/ lost, long variants shorten to /ə/, /e, o, i, u/ > /ɛ, ɔ, e, o/
  • final /h/ lost
  • loss of nasals after oral stops, as in Ancient Tevvic "phḗthmạh" > Middle Tevvic "phēthe".
  • voiceless aspirates to voiceless, imparting a high tone on the vowel
  • /ə/ > /ɛ/

Phonology

Vowels

This first table is the set of "primary" vowels.

independent transliteration IPA dependent Independent transliteration IPA dependent
अ a [ɑ] प आ ā [ɑː] पा
इ i [i] पि ई ī [iː] पी
उ u [u] पु ऊ ū [uː] पू
ऍ e [ɛ] पॅ ऐ ē [ɛː] पै
ऎ ei [e] पॆ ए ēi [eː] पे
ऑ o [ɔ] पॉ औ ō [ɔː] पौ
ऒ ou [o] पॊ ओ ōu [oː] पो


This second table is the set of "altered" vowels, containing the front rounds and central vowels. These repurpose the anusvara as a quality modifier.

independent transliteration IPA dependent Independent transliteration IPA dependent
इं ị [y] पिं ईं ị̄ [yː] पीं
उं ụ [ɨ] पुं ऊं ụ̄ [ɨː] पूं
ऍं ẹ [œ] पॅं ऐं ẹ̄ [œː] पैं
ऎं ẹi [ø] पॆं एं ẹ̄i [øː] पें


Stress is marked through the udatta, such as प॑ (pá), though the anudatta is common for tall symbols (as in "पे॒" ("pḗi"))

Consonants

Phonetics → Occlusive Nasal Approximant Fricative
Voicing → voiceless voiced voiceless voiced
Aspiration → unaspirated aspirated unaspirated aspirated unaspirated
Velar क ka
[k] 		ख kha
[k] 		ग ga
[ɡ] 		घ gha
[ɡ] 		ह ha
[h]
Palatal च ca
[tɕ] 		छ cha
[tɕ] 		ज ja
[dʑ] 		झ jha
[dʑ] 		ञ ña
[ɲ] 		य ya
[j] 		श śa
[ɕ] 		झ़ źa
[ʑ]
Retroflex ट ṭa
[ʈ] 		ठ ṭha
[ʈ] 		ड ḍa
[ɖ] 		ढ ḍha
[ɖ] 		ण ṇa
[ɳ] 		र ra
[ɻ] 		ष ṣa
[ʂ] 		ढ़ ẓa
[ʐ]
Dental त ta
[t̪] 		थ tha
[t̪] 		द da
[d̪] 		ध dha
[d̪] 		न na
[n̪] 		ल la
[l] 		स sa
[s] 		ज़ za
[z]
Labial प pa
[p] 		फ pha
[p] 		ब ba
[b] 		भ bha
[b] 		म ma
[m] 		व va
[ʋ]

Prosody

Orthography

Morphology

All inflectable terms follow one of three stress patterns, acrostatic (initial stress), mesostatic (stressed ending), or kinetic. kinetic stress originally entailed a moving stress, where it was acrostatic in some forms, but mesostatic in others, this "moving" stress has been leveled out, but the phonological effects remain, as in मंहः॑ (mạháh) but मंगः॑ (mạgáh).

Nominals

Nominals decline based on roughly 4 categories, those being number, case, gender (adjectives), and possessor (nouns). Noun roots may be derived for different genders, often for a semantic change.

Nouns

Possessive endings
singular plural
1st -म ((-ma)) -ष ((-ṣa))
2nd -थ ((-tha)) -ष्व ((-ṣva))
3rd -ण ((-ṇa)) -नैस ((-nēsa))
Masculines
a-stem
a-stem masculine nouns (acrostatic)
उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh) फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh) [Term?]
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh) उ॑ल्फॉः (úlphoh) फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh) फ॑ह्रॉः (pháhroh) () ()
vocative उ॑ल्फ् (úlph) उ॑ल्फॉः (úlphoh) फ॑ह्र् (pháhr) फ॑ह्रॉः (pháhroh) () ()
accusative उ॑ल्फ (úlpha) उ॑ल्फः (úlphah) फ॑ह्र (pháhra) फ॑ह्रः (pháhrah) () ()
allative उ॑ल्फौर् (úlphōr) उ॑ल्फह्र्(úlphahr) फ॑ह्रौर् (pháhrōr) फ॑ह्रह्र् (pháhrahr) () ()
genitive उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh) उ॑ल्फां (úlphạ̄) फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh) फ॑ह्रां (pháhrạ̄) () ()
ablative उ॑ल्फॅच् (úlphec) उ॑ल्फः (úlphah) फ॑ह्रॅच् (pháhrec) फ॑ह्रः (pháhrah) () ()
dative उ॑ल्फै (úlphē) उ॑ल्फैसॉ (úlphēso) फ॑ह्रै (pháhrē) फ॑ह्रैसॉ (pháhrēso) () ()
instrumental उ॑ल्फॉ (úlpho) उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh) फ॑ह्रॉ (pháhro) फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh) () ()

Adjectives

Pronouns

Prepositions

Verbs

Conjugation of फै॑थ्ण (phḗthṇa) (class 1 strong)
active
indicative subjunctive imperative
present past future present past
singular 1st
2nd
3rd
plural 1st
2nd
3rd
passive
singular 1st
2nd
3rd
plural 1st
2nd
3rd
active passive
infinitive
present participle
past participle

Syntax

Word order

Questions and answers

"To be"

Texts

UDHR Article 1

Original (English)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Vocabulary

Phrasebook


Numerals

1 ऐ॑णंः (ḗṇạh)
2 थ्वॅः॑ (thvéh)
3 ठाः॑ (ṭhā́h)
4 ष्ट्वा॑र् (ṣṭvā́r)
5 प॑च् (pác)
6 स॑ख्श् (sákhś)
7 ष॑वॉथ् (ṣávoth)
8 अ॑ढ़्दॉथ् (áẓdoth)
9 न॑वॉथ् (návoth)
10 च॑हॉथ् (cáhoth)
11 ऐ॑णंचहॉथ् (ḗṇạcahoth)
12 थ्वॅ॑चहॉथ् (thvécahoth)

Colors

Colors in Middle Tevvic · रन्गॅ (range) (layout · text)
     लौग्झ़ (lōgźa), फ्लेकॅ (phlēike)      फीमॅ (phīme), मॉश्ग्व (mośgva); अस्काथॅ (askāthe)      स्वर्ठॅ (svarṭhe)
             रौध (rōdha), ऑण्धॉणॅ (oṇdhoṇe)              तुं (tụ); ऍण (eṇa)              फ्लॅव (phleva), फैतातॅ (phētāte)
             ह्रॉनि (hroni)              षॅल्ग्व (ṣelgva), हरितॅ (harite)              नील् (nīl)
             अमाथॅ (amāthe)              हाज़्व (hāzva)              मॅचक् (mecak)
             शौण् (śōṇ)              शौण् (śōṇ)              पाटल (pāṭala)

Time

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta

See also

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