Middle Tevvic

Ancient Tevvic
चैवैताण् (cēvētāṇ)
Pronunciation	[t͡ɕɛː.ʋɛː.ˈtɑːɳ]
Created by	Melinoë
Date	May, 2026
Native to	Uttarakhand
Ethnicity	Tevvics
Era	Spoken from the mid 12th to the late 17th centuries, developed into Modern Tevvic by 1700.
Language family	Indo-European Para-Germanic Chlesamnic Tevvic Ancient Tevvic
Early form	Proto-Chlesamnic
Writing system	Devanagari

Middle Tevvic (Autonym: चैवैताण्, /t͡ɕɛː.ʋɛː.ˈtɑːɳ/) was a language spoken in northern India, largely around the modern state of Uttarakhand. It is the direct descendant of Ancient Tevvic, though it is not intelligible with it in the slightest.

Development

Early Middle

Also called "Late Ancient"

• /ʎ/ > /ɕ/
• word final /Cʰ/ > /h/
• voiced aspirates to voiced, developing a minor tonal distinction
• beginning of stress shift to mesostatic throughout
• geminated aspirates to short

Middle proper

• final /ɑ, ə, ɛ, ɔ/ lost, long variants shorten to /ə/, /e, o, i, u/ > /ɛ, ɔ, e, o/
• final /h/ lost
• loss of nasals after oral stops, as in Ancient Tevvic "phḗthmạh" > Middle Tevvic "phēthe".
• voiceless aspirates to voiceless, imparting a high tone on the vowel
• /ə/ > /ɛ/

Phonology

Vowels

This first table is the set of "primary" vowels.

independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent		Independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent
अ	a	[ɑ]	प		आ	ā	[ɑː]	पा
इ	i	[i]	पि		ई	ī	[iː]	पी
उ	u	[u]	पु		ऊ	ū	[uː]	पू
ऍ	e	[ɛ]	पॅ		ऐ	ē	[ɛː]	पै
ऎ	ei	[e]	पॆ		ए	ēi	[eː]	पे
ऑ	o	[ɔ]	पॉ		औ	ō	[ɔː]	पौ
ऒ	ou	[o]	पॊ		ओ	ōu	[oː]	पो

This second table is the set of "altered" vowels, containing the front rounds and central vowels. These repurpose the anusvara as a quality modifier.

independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent		Independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent
इं	ị	[y]	पिं		ईं	ị̄	[yː]	पीं
उं	ụ	[ɨ]	पुं		ऊं	ụ̄	[ɨː]	पूं
ऍं	ẹ	[œ]	पॅं		ऐं	ẹ̄	[œː]	पैं
ऎं	ẹi	[ø]	पॆं		एं	ẹ̄i	[øː]	पें

Stress is marked through the udatta, such as प॑ (pá), though the anudatta is common for tall symbols (as in "पे॒" ("pḗi"))

Consonants

Phonetics →	Occlusive								Nasal		Approximant		Fricative
Voicing →	voiceless				voiced								voiceless		voiced
Aspiration →	unaspirated		aspirated		unaspirated		aspirated		unaspirated
Velar	क	ka [k]	ख	kha [k]	ग	ga [ɡ]	घ	gha [ɡ]					ह	ha [h]
Palatal	च	ca [tɕ]	छ	cha [tɕ]	ज	ja [dʑ]	झ	jha [dʑ]	ञ	ña [ɲ]	य	ya [j]	श	śa [ɕ]	झ़	źa [ʑ]
Retroflex	ट	ṭa [ʈ]	ठ	ṭha [ʈ]	ड	ḍa [ɖ]	ढ	ḍha [ɖ]	ण	ṇa [ɳ]	र	ra [ɻ]	ष	ṣa [ʂ]	ढ़	ẓa [ʐ]
Dental	त	ta [t̪]	थ	tha [t̪]	द	da [d̪]	ध	dha [d̪]	न	na [n̪]	ल	la [l]	स	sa [s]	ज़	za [z]
Labial	प	pa [p]	फ	pha [p]	ब	ba [b]	भ	bha [b]	म	ma [m]	व	va [ʋ]

Morphology

All inflectable terms follow one of three stress patterns, acrostatic (initial stress), mesostatic (stressed ending), or kinetic. kinetic stress originally entailed a moving stress, where it was acrostatic in some forms, but mesostatic in others, this "moving" stress has been leveled out, but the phonological effects remain, as in मंहः॑ (mạháh) but मंगः॑ (mạgáh).

Nominals

Nominals decline based on roughly 4 categories, those being number, case, gender (adjectives), and possessor (nouns). Noun roots may be derived for different genders, often for a semantic change.

Nouns

Possessive endings

	singular	plural
1st	-म ((-ma))	-ष ((-ṣa))
2nd	-थ ((-tha))	-ष्व ((-ṣva))
3rd	-ण ((-ṇa))	-नैस ((-nēsa))

Masculines

a-stem

a-stem masculine nouns (acrostatic)

	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)		फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)		[Term?]
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)	उ॑ल्फॉः (úlphoh)	फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)	फ॑ह्रॉः (pháhroh)	()	()
vocative	उ॑ल्फ् (úlph)	उ॑ल्फॉः (úlphoh)	फ॑ह्र् (pháhr)	फ॑ह्रॉः (pháhroh)	()	()
accusative	उ॑ल्फ (úlpha)	उ॑ल्फः (úlphah)	फ॑ह्र (pháhra)	फ॑ह्रः (pháhrah)	()	()
allative	उ॑ल्फौर् (úlphōr)	उ॑ल्फह्र्(úlphahr)	फ॑ह्रौर् (pháhrōr)	फ॑ह्रह्र् (pháhrahr)	()	()
genitive	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)	उ॑ल्फां (úlphạ̄)	फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)	फ॑ह्रां (pháhrạ̄)	()	()
ablative	उ॑ल्फॅच् (úlphec)	उ॑ल्फः (úlphah)	फ॑ह्रॅच् (pháhrec)	फ॑ह्रः (pháhrah)	()	()
dative	उ॑ल्फै (úlphē)	उ॑ल्फैसॉ (úlphēso)	फ॑ह्रै (pháhrē)	फ॑ह्रैसॉ (pháhrēso)	()	()
instrumental	उ॑ल्फॉ (úlpho)	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)	फ॑ह्रॉ (pháhro)	फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)	()	()

Verbs

Verbs are composed of roughly 3 roots, the present (plain), the past (voiced initial), and the future (voiced coda), from these is derived the subjunctive (or desiderative) by shortening the root vowel, as in phēth- > pheth-

Conjugations of फै॑थ् (phḗth) (class 1 strong)

Perfective conjugations of फै॑थ् (phḗth) (class 1 strong) infinitive participle present past active फैथ् फैध फॅथ passive फैछ् फैधश् फॅथश् indicative active passive subjunctive active passive present positive negative positive negative present positive negative positive negative 1sg फैथम तोफैथम फैथमश् तोफैथमश् 1sg फेथम तोफेथम फेथमश् तोफेथमश् 2sg फैथथ तोफैथथ फैथथश् तोफैथथश् 2sg फेथथ तोफेथथ फेथथश् तोफेथथश् 3sg फैथण तोफैथण फैथणश् तोफैथणश् 3sg फेथण तोफेथण फेथणश् तोफेथणश् 1pl फैथष तोफैथष फैथषश् तोफैथषश् 1pl फेथष तोफेथष फेथषश् तोफेथषश् 2pl फैथष्व तोफैथष्व फैथष्श्व तोफैथष्श्व 2pl फेथष्व तोफेथष्व फेथष्श्व तोफेथष्श्व 3pl फैथनैस तोफैथनैस फैथनैसश् तोफैथनैसश् 3pl फेथनैस तोफेथनैस फेथनैसश् तोफेथनैसश् imper. फैथ तोफैथ फैथश् तोफैथश् imper. फेथ तोफेथ फेथश् तोफेथश् past positive negative positive negative past positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. future positive negative positive negative future positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. conditional positive negative positive negative conditional positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. Progressive conjugations of फै॑थ् (phḗth) (class 1 strong) infinitive participle present past active passive indicative active passive subjunctive active passive present positive negative positive negative present positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. past positive negative positive negative past positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. future positive negative positive negative future positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. conditional positive negative positive negative conditional positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. Habitual conjugations of फै॑थ् (phḗth) (class 1 strong) infinitive participle present past active passive indicative active passive subjunctive active passive present positive negative positive negative present positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. past positive negative positive negative past positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. future positive negative positive negative future positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. conditional positive negative positive negative conditional positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. Causative conjugations of फै॑थ् (phḗth) (class 1 strong) infinitive participle present past active passive indicative active passive subjunctive active passive present positive negative positive negative present positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. past positive negative positive negative past positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. future positive negative positive negative future positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. conditional positive negative positive negative conditional positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper.

Texts

UDHR Article 1

Original (English)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Vocabulary

Phrasebook

Greetings
Tevvotanva	English	Usage notes
	welcome
	good morning	must agree for gender
	good evening
	good day, (formal) hello
	farewell, goodbye
	hello, hi	casual
	(good)bye

Introductions
Tevvotanva	English
	what is your name?
	my name is...
	how are you?
	I am [adj], and you?
	where are you from?
	I am from...

Numerals

1	ऐ॑णंः (ḗṇạh)
2	थ्वॅः॑ (thvéh)
3	ठाः॑ (ṭhā́h)
4	ष्ट्वा॑र् (ṣṭvā́r)
5	प॑च् (pác)
6	स॑ख्श् (sákhś)
7	ष॑वॉथ् (ṣávoth)
8	अ॑ढ़्दॉथ् (áẓdoth)
9	न॑वॉथ् (návoth)
10	च॑हॉथ् (cáhoth)
11	ऐ॑णंचहॉथ् (ḗṇạcahoth)
12	थ्वॅ॑चहॉथ् (thvécahoth)

Colors

Colors in Middle Tevvic · रन्गॅ (range) (layout · text)

लौग्झ़ (lōgźa), फ्लेकॅ (phlēike)	फीमॅ (phīme), मॉश्ग्व (mośgva); अस्काथॅ (askāthe)	स्वर्ठॅ (svarṭhe)
रौध (rōdha), ऑण्धॉणॅ (oṇdhoṇe)	तुं (tụ); ऍण (eṇa)	फ्लॅव (phleva), फैतातॅ (phētāte)
ह्रॉनि (hroni)	षॅल्ग्व (ṣelgva), हरितॅ (harite)	नील् (nīl)
अमाथॅ (amāthe)	हाज़्व (hāzva)	मॅचक् (mecak)
शौण् (śōṇ)	शौण् (śōṇ)	पाटल (pāṭala)

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	English	Proto-?	Tevvotanva
1	fire		[Term?]
2	nose		[Term?]
3	to go		[Term?]
4	water		[Term?]
5	mouth (body) (river)		[Term?]
6	tongue		[Term?]
7	blood		[Term?]
8	bone		[Term?]
9	2sg pronoun (you)		[Term?]
10	root		[Term?]
11	to come (move)		[Term?]
12	breast		[Term?]
13	rain		[Term?]
14	1sg pronoun (I)		[Term?]
15	name		[Term?]
16	louse (Phthirapteron)		[Term?]
17	wing		[Term?]
18	flesh/meat		[Term?]
19	arm/hand		[Term?]
20	fly (Dipteron)		[Term?]
21	night (time)		[Term?]
22	ear		[Term?]
23	neck		[Term?]
24	far (prep.)		[Term?]
25	to do/make		[Term?]
26	house/structure		[Term?]
27	stone/rock (singular)		[Term?]
28	bitter		[Term?]
29	to say		[Term?]
30	tooth		[Term?]
31	hair		[Term?]
32	big		[Term?]
33	one (number)		[Term?]
34	who?		[Term?]
35	3sg pronoun (they) (m) (f) (n)		[Term?]
36	to hit/beat		[Term?]
37	leg/foot		[Term?]
38	horn		[Term?]
39	this (pron.)		[Term?]
40	fish		[Term?]
41	yesterday		[Term?]
42	to drink		[Term?]
43	black (color)		[Term?]
44	navel		[Term?]
45	to stand		[Term?]
46	to bite		[Term?]
47	back (body)		[Term?]
48	wind		[Term?]
49	smoke (substance)		[Term?]
50	what?		[Term?]
51	child (kin term)		[Term?]
52	egg		[Term?]
53	to give		[Term?]
54	new (adj.)		[Term?]
55	to burn (intr.)		[Term?]
56	not (adj./adv.)		[Term?]
57	good	[Term?]
58	to know		[Term?]
59	knee		[Term?]
60	sand		[Term?]
61	to laugh		[Term?]
62	to hear		[Term?]
63	soil		[Term?]
64	leaf		[Term?]
65	red (color)		[Term?]
66	liver (organ)		[Term?]
67	to hide		[Term?]
68	skin/hide (animal) (general)		[Term?]
69	to suck		[Term?]
70	to carry		[Term?]
71	ant (Formid)		[Term?]
72	heavy		[Term?]
73	to take		[Term?]
74	old		[Term?]
75	to eat		[Term?]
76	thigh		[Term?]
77	thick		[Term?]
78	long (spacially)		[Term?]
79	to blow		[Term?]
80	wood		[Term?]
81	to run		[Term?]
82	to fall		[Term?]
83	eye (body-part)		[Term?]
84	ash		[Term?]
85	tail		[Term?]
86	dog		[Term?]
87	to cry/weep		[Term?]
88	to tie		[Term?]
89	to see		[Term?]
90	sweet		[Term?]
91	rope		[Term?]
92	shade/shadow		[Term?]
93	bird		[Term?]
94	salt		[Term?]
95	small		[Term?]
96	wide		[Term?]
97	star		[Term?]
98	in		[Term?]
99	hard (materially)		[Term?]
100	to crush/grind		[Term?]

See also

• Middle Tevvic dictionary