Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions

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'''Venetian Hebrew''' is a basilect of Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany.
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Tdūrzů British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


<!--
"Ancient Canaanite with an English accent"


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh


==Introduction==
/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/


<!-- Example categories/headings:
definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural


Goals
Heth and he merge
Setting
Inspiration


-->
pronouns:
* 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
* 2sg /tʰə/
* 3sg m /hʏ/
* 3sg f /hɪ/
* 1pl /nʏ/
* 2pl /tʰəm/
* 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:


Vowel inventory
/-əs/ (loaned from IE) becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation


-->
h-g-y 'to savor'
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
/m pʰ b f w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ɬ ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ {{angbr|''m p b f w n t tt d th dh ts s z σ sz y ng k kk g kh h l r''}}


Allophonic palatalization occurs before /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ dʑ tɕ ɕ/.
ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'


===Vowels===
k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'
/a e i o u ə/ = {{angbr|''a e i o u ø''}}


Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'


===Prosody===
ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')
====Stress====
Stress is always initial.


====Intonation====
One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')


===Phonotactics===
== Phonology ==
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
===Morphophonology===
=== Vowels ===
==Morphology==
=== Consonants ===
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |b| from Old Knench /b/
* |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
* |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
* |h| from Old Knench /h/
* |w| from Old Knench /w/
* |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |j| from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
* |l| from Old Knench /l/
* |m| from Old Knench /m/
* |n| from Old Knench /n/
* |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| from Old Knench /p/
* |dz| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |r| from Old Knench /r/
* |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
==== Vocalizables ====
''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|.


Nouns
=== Mutation ===
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


-->
== Morphology ==
===Nouns and adjectives===
=== Verbs ===
Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and inflect for number. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.
Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)


*The regular feminine singular suffix is -ø or -th.
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)
*The regular masculine plural suffix is -i after consonants and -yø after vowels.
*The regular feminine plural is -uth.
 
''køfor, køfori'' (m) = village, villages
 
''bagbøg, bagbøgi'' (m) = bottle, bottles
 
''i, iyø'' (m) = island, islands
 
''kkiszø, kkiszøyø'' (m) = squash, squashes
 
''gøfø, gøfuth'' (f) = corpse, corpses
 
''tagrith, tagriyuth'' (f) = incident, incidents
 
===Verbs===
Clauses take the form of ''inflected pronoun + preposition/aspect marker + verbal noun''.
====Copula====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflection of the copula
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! Affirmative
| ''ni''
| ''to''
| ''ad''
| ''u''
| ''i''
| ''nan''
| ''tem''
| ''em''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''ini''
| ''intø''
| ''imad''
| ''imu''
| ''imi''
| ''inan''
| ''intem''
| ''iyum''
|-
! Negative
| ''eni''
| ''ekhø''
| ''ekh''
| ''enu''
| ''enø''
| ''enen''
| ''ekhem''
| ''enøm''
|}
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
The definite article is a clitic:
*Singular: -az (after C) or -zø (after V)
*Plural: -el
Examples:
*''hadhør'' = a room
*''hadhøraz'' = the room
*''hadhør godhul'' = a big room
*''hadhør godhulaz'' = the big room
*''boti godhuli'' = big houses
*''boti godhuliel'' = the big houses
 
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 21:39, 26 April 2026

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ̃ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Tdūrzů British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

"Ancient Canaanite with an English accent"

The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity

l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters

Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh

/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr

samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/

definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural

Heth and he merge

pronouns:

  • 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
  • 2sg /tʰə/
  • 3sg m /hʏ/
  • 3sg f /hɪ/
  • 1pl /nʏ/
  • 2pl /tʰəm/
  • 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/

Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style

/-əs/ (loaned from IE) becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'

h-g-y 'to savor'

ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'

k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'

g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'

ʔ-š-r (ser 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')

One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |b| from Old Knench /b/
  • |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
  • |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
  • |h| from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |j| from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| from Old Knench /n/
  • |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| from Old Knench /p/
  • |dz| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |r| from Old Knench /r/
  • |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/

Vocalizables

Vocalizables are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ̃|, |l|, and |w|.

Mutation

Morphology

Verbs

Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)

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