Verse:Mwail/Bjeheond: Difference between revisions

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'''Rostherian''' /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (''erhbaerostherim'' 'The Rostherian language') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] spoken in East Cuadhlabh, inspired partly by Welsh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic; verbs use bipersonal conjugation, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.
'''Bjeheond''' comprises Australia and New Zealand. In 2025, Australia was occupied by an ecofascist state, the Bjeheondian Commons (Anbirese: ''Bjeheond Geozhalli''), and New Zealand was a liberal democratic country which we call Philopolis in English.
==Todo==
*''bon-'' = profession
**''bonpenicili, bonpenicili-'' = ''penicillin'' player
**''boneit'' (irregularly from ''bondi-'' + ''teit'' 'child') = woman
*''hesh-, henysh'' = water, liquid
**''hesnhoqa-, hesnhoq'' = sauce (''noqa-, noq'' = 'top')
**''heshołhi-, heshołhi'' = fruit juice
*''vîpy-, vîp'' = eye
**''heshvîpy-, heshvîp'' = tears
*''qeqeqeqeqe...'' = (laughter or snickering)
*''hołhi-, hołhi, hôłhi'' = fruit
*''qârhan'' = laugh
 
==Numbers==
*1: ''pêm''
*2: ''tiłuar''
*3: ''narhg''
*4: ''lôb''
*5: ''selił''
*6: ''thiam''
*7: ''ruad''
*8: ''lored''
*9: ''barh''
*10: ''ghîr''
*11: ''hunaes''?
*12: ''naes''
 
==Phonology==
Among Talmic languages, Rostherian is notable for having retroflex consonants, uvular consonants and multiple liquids.
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Dental/Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n̪/
|
| '''nh''' /ɳ/
|
| [ŋ]
| [ɴ]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t̪/
|
| '''th''' /ʈ/
|
| '''c''' /k/
| '''q''' /q/
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d̪/
|
| '''dh''' /ɖ/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Continuant
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| '''s''' /s/
| '''ł''' /ɬ/
| '''sh''' /ʂ/
| '''łh''' /ɬʵ/
|
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l/
|colspan="2"| '''rh''' /ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
|
| '''gh''' /ʁ/
|
|}
 
Northeastern dialects also distinguish '''lh''' /ɭ/ from '''rh''' /ɻ/.
 
===Vowels===
i i: u u:
e e: ə ə: o o:
a a:
aɪ eɪ iə eʊ uə oɪ iʊ
 
{{angbr|'''i î u û e ê y ŷ o ô a â ae ei ia eu ua oe iu'''}}
 
===Stress===
There is no phonemic stress, and all syllables are stressed roughly equally.
 
===Phonotactics===
 
==Sound changes==
The most significant changes characterizing Rostherian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters.
*{{recon|ā}} > ''ia'' ({{recon|nā}} > ''nia'' 'I'); {{recon|ō}} > ''ua''; {{recon|au}} > ô; {{recon|ou}} > ''û''; {{recon|ū}} > ''î''
*{{recon|qʷ}} > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > ''sh''; {{recon|ʁʷ}} > /ζ/ > ''rh''
**''ʁʷelinə'' ("6 parts [of 12]") > ''rhelin'' 'half'
*{{recon|nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw}} > ''nh, th, dh, sh, łh, rh, rh'' /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
**''gʷałwā'' > ''bałhi'' 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. ''gaθuā'' 'throat (also language)'
*{{recon|sl-, sm-, sn-}} > ''rh-, m-, nh-''
*{{recon|sɸ-, sr-, sw-}} > ''sh-, rh-, sh-''
*{{recon|st, sk, skʷ}} > ''t-/st, th-/sth-, p-''
**''stas-'' > ''tetsil'' 'gathering' (~ Thn. ''Stasnyssōs'')
**''skəttā'' > ''thytti'' 'body' ~ Thn. ''scyttā''
**{{recon|bastom}} > ''bast'' 'king' ~ Thn. ''bastom'' 'head'
*{{recon|sb, sd, sg}} > ''rhb, rhdh, rhg''
**{{recon|nasg-}} > ''narhg'' '3'
*{{recon|φn, tn, φl, tl}} > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
**''łnāgin'' > ''tłiagin'' 'I believe' ~ Thn. ''θnāginis''
**''oφlutsus'' > ''ôłus'' 'wave'
*{{recon|kt, qt}} > /jt, :ʈ/
**{{recon|tektə}} > ''teit'' /teit/ 'child'
**{{recon|neqtə}} > ''nêth'' /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
*{{recon|kn, gn, qn, ql, qr}} > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
**''sφugnus'' > ''shûn''  'root' ~ Thn. ''sφugnus''
**''leqnos'' > ''lênh'' 'river' ~ Thn. ''leānos''?
**''qrīdis'' > ''rhîd'' 'knife' ~ Thn. ''ȝrīdis'' 'edge'
*{{recon|φj, tj, kj, qj}} > ''pt ss ts gh''
*{{recon|φ-, j-, s-}} > ''h-''
*{{recon|skj, stj}} > ''th-/sth, s-/ss''
*final short vowels lost; final ''-m, -r, -s, -t'' lost; final long vowels shorten (''ia, ua'' > ''i, u'')
*''i''-affection: The following changes affect V1 in sequences of the form V1 + consonant cluster + (*i/*ī/*j) unless the consonant cluster after V1 contains a retroflex consonant.
**''a'' > ''e''
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. Unlike in [[Thensarian]] and its descendants, the [[Proto-Talmic]] grammatical gender was lost; pronouns and gender verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in [[Naquian]]).
 
Nouns may end in a consonant, ''i'', ''e'' or ''u''.
 
The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective; some irregularities may be present due to the retention of the original single consonant in the reduplicant, as opposed to the stem-initial cluster where the consonants interacted to produce new consonants and clusters.
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''veiny-'' 'brother'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''veiny-'' || ''vein'' || ''vevein''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''veinyn''||''veveinyn''
|-
!|thy
|''veinys''||''veveinys''
|-
!|his/her
|''veinyti''||''veveinyti''
|-
!|its
|''veinyt''||''veveinyt''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''veinym''||''veveinym''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''veinysh''||''veveinysh''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''veinyc''||''veveinyc''
|-
!|their
|''veinytu''||''veveinytu''
|}
 
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''loero-'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''loero-'' || ''loer'' || ''leloer''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''loeron''||''leloeron''
|-
!|thy
|''loeros''||''leloeros''
|-
!|his/her
|''loeroti''||''leloeroti''
|-
!|its
|''loerot''||''leloerot''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''loerom''||''leloerom''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''loerosh''||''leloerosh''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''loeroc''||''leloeroc''
|-
!|their
|''loerotu''||''leloerotu''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''rhîdi-'' 'knife'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''rhîdi-'' || ''rhîd'' || '''''qe'''rhîd''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''rhîdin''||''qerhîdin''
|-
!|thy
|''rhîdis''||''qerhîdis''
|-
!|his/her
|''rhîditi''||''qerhîditi''
|-
!|its
|''rhîdit''||''qerhîdit''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''rhîdim''||''qerhîdim''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''rhîdish''||''qerhîdish''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''rhîdic''||''qerhîdic''
|-
!|their
|''rhîditu''||''qerhîditu''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''qutri-'' 'blood'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''qutri-'' || ''qutri'' || ''qequtri''
|}
 
<center>''et sim.''</center>
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''bondi-'' 'person'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''bondi-'' || ''bondi'' || ''bebondi''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
===Verbs===
====Evidentiality/Discourse affixes====
====Object incorporation====
''hothicâsyn'' 'eat fruit' < ''hothi'' 'fruit' + ''câsyn'' 'eat'
 
====Object affixes====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''ni-''
|''mi-''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''łi-''
|-
!|2
|''ti-''
|''hi-''
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|''ne-''
|}
 
====Subject+TAM affixes====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Progressive tense
|-
! Person !! Affix !! ''ghaeman'' 'I fly' !! ''tłiagin'' "I believe"
|-
| 1SG || ''-n'' || ''ghaeman'' || ''tłiagin''
|-
| 2SG || ''-r'' || ''ghaemar'' || ''tłiagir''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''-m'' || ''ghaemam'' || ''tłiagim''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''-s'' || ''ghaemas'' || ''tłiagis''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''-0'' || ''ghaema'' || ''tłiagi''
|-
| 1EX || ''-me'' || ''ghaemame'' || ''tłiagime''
|-
| 1IN || ''-nt'' || ''ghaemant'' || ''tłiagint''
|-
| 2PL || ''-v'' || ''ghaemav'' || ''tłiagiv''
|-
| 3PL || ''-t'' || ''ghaemat'' || ''tłiagit''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Habitual tense
|-
! Person !! Affix !! ''ghaeman'' 'I fly' !! ''tłiagin'' "I believe"
|-
| 1SG || RDP-''-n'' || ''gheghaeman'' || ''tetłiagin''
|-
| 2SG || RDP-''-r'' || ''gheghaemar'' || ''tetłiagir''
|-
| 3SG.M || RDP-''-m'' || ''gheghaemam'' || ''tetłiagim''
|-
| 3SG.F || RDP-''-s'' || ''gheghaemas'' || ''tetłiagis''
|-
| 3SG.N || RDP-''-0'' || ''gheghaema'' || ''tetłiagi''
|-
| 1EX || RDP-''-me'' || ''gheghaemame'' || ''tetłiagime''
|-
| 1IN || RDP-''-nt'' || ''gheghaemant'' || ''tetłiagint''
|-
| 2PL || RDP-''-v'' || ''gheghaemav'' || ''tetłiagiv''
|-
| 3PL || RDP-''-t'' || ''gheghaemat'' || ''tetłiagit''
|}
 
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Perfective tense
|-
! Person  !! ''ghaeman'' "I fly" || ''câsyn'' "I eat"
|-
| 1SG || ''ghaemân'' || ''cêsŷn''
|-
| 2SG || ''ghaemâr''  || ''cêsŷr''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''ghaemâm'' || ''cêsŷm''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''ghaemâs'' || ''cêsŷs''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''ghaemâ'' || ''cêsŷ''
|-
| 1EX || ''ghaemamer'' || ''cêsymer''
|-
| 1IN || ''ghaemanter'' || ''cêsynter''
|-
| 2PL || ''ghaemaver'' || ''cêsyver''
|-
| 3PL || ''ghaemater'' || ''cêsyter''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
====Voice affixes====
*''-ron'' = passive suffix
*''-stan'' = causative suffix
 
==Syntax==
 
==Sample texts==
[[Category:Talmic languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:32, 24 June 2025

Bjeheond comprises Australia and New Zealand. In 2025, Australia was occupied by an ecofascist state, the Bjeheondian Commons (Anbirese: Bjeheond Geozhalli), and New Zealand was a liberal democratic country which we call Philopolis in English.

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