Verse:Irta/Knench: Difference between revisions

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'''Venetian Hebrew''' (''ngiwrith'' /ˈɲiwriθ/) is a basilect of Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. The phonology is similar to [[Allemañisch]].
{{List subpages}}
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively ''Finid'' /ˈfi{{long}}nɪð/ or ''losůnaz Fini'') is a divergent descendant of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Irta British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


Numbers:
Move to Spain?
0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), hnay, hlusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszøng, ngaxør


11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbøng ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszøŋ ngaxør, ngaxre
Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one


40: stay ngaxre
Make Ancient Knench stage a bit more like Togarmite and less Hebrew
* ''dobor'' [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "(literary) a thing"
* ''doboraz'' [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing"
* ''deberi'' [ðɛˈveːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i)
* ''deberimel'' [ðɛvɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things"
* ''qhymůr'' [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey"
* ''jůno'' [ˈjyːnʌ] "a pigeon"
* ''jůnozů'' [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon"
* ''jůnůd'' [ˈjyːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending)
* ''jůnůdel'' [jʉˈnyːðɛl] "the pigeons"


60: hlusz ngaxre
== Phonology ==
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
=== Vowels ===
'''a e y i o u ů''' /a~aː ɛ~eː ə~ɨː ɪ~iː ʌ~o̝ː ʊ~u̟ː ʉ~yː/


...
=== Consonants ===
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| '''x''' (often lost) from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |v| '''v''' from Old Knench /b/
* |ɣ| '''g''' from Old Knench /g/
* |ð| '''d''' from Old Knench /d/
* |h| '''ḧ''' (often lost) from Old Knench /h/
* |w| '''w''' from Old Knench /w/
* |z| '''z''' from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |qʰ| '''qh''' from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |t=| '''t''' from Old Knench /t{{phar}}/
* |j| '''j''' from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| '''ch''' from Old Knench /k/
* |l| '''l''' from Old Knench /l/
* |m| '''m''' from Old Knench /m/
* |n| '''n''' from Old Knench /n/
* |ɕ| '''çh''' from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| '''ɣ''' from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| '''f''' from Old Knench /p/
* |p=| '''p''' from Latin/Romance /p/
* |ts=| '''ç''' from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |k=| '''c''' from Old Knench /q/
* |r| '''r''' from Old Knench /r/
* |{{sz}}| '''s''' from Old Knench /s{{ret}}/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| '''th''' from Old Knench /t/


120: merkø
'''qh''' is in a process of merging with '''ch''' in Modern Knench. The merged sound is kʰ~x.


14400: rúø
=== Mutation ===


before: kkurm
== Morphology ==
=== Pronouns ===
* 1sg: ''i'' (after consonant), ''ni'' (after vowel)
* 2sg.m: ''tho''; ''-cho tho'' (after prepositions)
* 2sg.f: ''thy''; ''-chyth'' (after prepositions)
* 3sg.m: ''ůj'' (< -ů + ḧi)
* 3sg.f: ''oj'' (< -o/-oh/-ho + ḧi)
* 1pl: ''nu''
* 2pl: ''thym''; ''-chym thym, -chythym'' (after prepositions)
* 3pl: <i>'m</i>


<!--
=== Verbs ===
The citation form is uninflected in Colloquial Knench:


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
: ''Re ni by bluɣ i laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat 1SG bread) 'I eat/am eating bread.'
: ''Bluɣ laqhmaz!'' 'Eat the bread! (both sg and pl)'


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fɣul, iffoɣel, ithfoɣel, faɣel, afɣel, isthafɣel) or from noun patterns.
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
==Sample texts==<!--
 
=== Schleicher ===
==Introduction==
''Yn kavš w' yn frasi''
*Swadesh list
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
*''Ni bø løhabiw ngiwrith, khozuth ni bø lødhabir akh ttipøth ngiwrith.''
**I like Hebrew, but I only know a little bit of Hebrew.
 
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
/m pʰ b f w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ {{angbr|''m p b f w n t tt d th dh ts s/x z sz y ng k kk g kh h l r''}}
 
Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.
 
====Mutations====
Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:


p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-
''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.''


"Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n
Old Tog.:


===Vowels===
''An xabše wan φarasīn''
/a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə:/ = {{angbr|a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ}}


Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''


===Prosody===
Hebrew:
====Stress====
Stress is always penultimate.


====Intonation====
{{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}}


===Phonotactics===
{{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}}
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===


==Morphology==
===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul===
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
* ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!''
* ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! ''


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
===A biology abstract===


Nouns
''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.''
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.
-->
-->
===Nouns and adjectives===
===Newton's laws of motion===
Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and inflect for number. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.
''I: Re dobor by sbuth by demi, ů by ɣythůc bal-sůny, lile força b acço ɣaju.''


*The regular feminine singular suffix is -ø or -th.
I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.
*The regular masculine plural suffix is -i after consonants and -yø after vowels.
*The regular feminine plural is -uth.
*However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. ''benusz, blenusz'' = human


''køfor, køfori'' (m) = village, villages
''II: Re sanujaz ly moment ly gaf by mathchůni lid forçazů myfuçoro ɣaj gafaz; u re sanujaz by crůd darchom cůaz thecin as ɣaju forçazů myfuçoro.''


''bagbøg, bagbøgi'' (m) = bottle, bottles
II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.


''i, iyø'' (m) = island, islands
''III: Jes ly chul acço tha reacço sowo u mythnegydo.''


''kkiszø, kkiszøyø'' (m) = squash, squashes
III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
<!--
===O how quickly the sculpture of life===
<poem>
''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt''
''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;''
''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.''


''gøfø, gøfuth'' (f) = corpse, corpses
O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shattered into tiny fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who come hither stationed here,
By the grace of God ye are guests on earth.
All of us are judged according to our actions;
Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another.
</poem>


''tagrith, tagriyuth'' (f) = incident, incidents
===Warming Up To You===
<poem>
'''Wetyhmem liðak'''
Kenak at vė mėt in klėt,
Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak,
Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut,
Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy;
Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt
Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr.
</poem>


===Verbs===
===Stairway To Heaven===
Venetian Hebrew has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh.
<poem>
====Auxiliaries====
'''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
Iš volt žė hi šur
|+ Inflection of the present auxiliary
Køl žė nėher že žahav
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
</poem>
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Affirmative
| ''ni''
| ''to''
| ''te''
| ''u''
| ''i''
| ''nanu, onu, nu''
| ''tem''
| ''em''
| ''re, r' ''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''ini''
| ''intø''
| ''inte''
| ''imu''
| ''imi''
| ''inan''
| ''inti''
| ''iyum''
| ''im''
|-
! Negative
| ''eni''
| ''ekhø''
| ''ekh''
| ''enu''
| ''enø''
| ''enen''
| ''ekhi''
| ''enøm''
| ''en''
|}


===UDHR===
''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.''


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
-->
|+ Inflection of the preterite auxiliary
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! Affirmative
| ''si ni''
| ''si tho''
| ''si the''
| ''so u''
| ''sto i''
| ''si nu''
| ''si them''
| ''su 'm''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''i si ni''
| ''i si tho''
| ''i si the''
| ''i so u''
| ''i sto i''
| ''i si nu''
| ''i si them''
| ''i su 'm''
|-
! Negative
| ''lu si ni''
| ''lu si tho''
| ''lu si the''
| ''lu so u''
| ''lu sto i''
| ''lu si nu''
| ''lu si them''
| ''lu su 'm''
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflection of the future auxiliary
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! Affirmative
| ''lekh ni''
| ''tlekh to''
| ''tlekh te''
| ''lekh u''
| ''lekh i''
| ''lekh nu''
| ''tlekh tem''
| ''lekh hem''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''i lekh ni''
| ''i tlekh to''
| ''i tlekh te''
| ''i lekh u''
| ''i lekh i''
| ''i lekh nu''
| ''i tlekh tem''
| ''i lekh hem''
|-
! Negative
| ''lu lekh ni''
| ''lu tlekh to''
| ''lu tlekh te''
| ''lu lekh u''
| ''lu lekh i''
| ''lu lekh nu''
| ''lu tlekh tem''
| ''lu lekh hem''
|}
 
Perfect: present copula + ''ár'' (negated: ''bli'')
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
 
:'''''R' iszaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.'''''
:''The man is eating the apple.''
 
:'''''Re bethi ni bø dhe-rul kø liyothøn.'''''
:''My house is as big as a whale.''
 
Sto i lásuth halgbethø i bø rø-múhør.
 
/sto i 'la:suθ halg'beθə i bə rə'mu:hər/
 
sto i lásuth halgbeth-ø i bø-L rø-L-múhør/
 
She did her homework very late.
 
===Noun phrase===
The definite article is a clitic:
*Singular: -az (after C) or -zu (after V)
*Plural: -il
Examples:
*''hadhør'' = a room
*''hadhraz'' = the room
*''hadhri'' = rooms
*''hadhril'' = the rooms
*''hadhør grul'' = a big room
*''hadhør grulaz'' = the big room (< ''ha hadheor ha godhowl ha ze'')
*''boti gruli'' = big houses
*''boti grulil'' = the big houses
 
*''tøpuaz r' iszaz bø lékhul u'' = The apple, the man eats it
 
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az szom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze szom'' (where the ''ze'' can be inflected).
 
The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''.
 
===Verb phrase===
''Isz li rangu'' "I'm hungry"
 
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Kku kol blenuszil ledhø kø wlehuri, hem szowi ngar kúdhaz ke skhøyuthil. Kku 'm lehangnig bø thwønø ke matspøn, ke re ngalem léthnágh ódh lø hni bø nøszomø ahwø.'''''
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
# Bø khol ngulømaz tho áth sofø bø kkáth ledhabir ke uthøm miluthil lisztamisz.
# Wini ksze yu bø losangøth me mizroh, su 'm litakkil bø miszoraz Szinngor ke lithyaszew szom.
# Ke su 'm lemur: "Enø, bu tonu lásuth lwonuth ke léfuth em ettew." Ke su lwonuthil leszamisz lom em kø awnebniyø, ke hemør kø mald.
# Ke su 'm lemur: "Enø, bu tonu lewnuth ngir ke mídøl bo i, yás ruszu u laging le szomay, ki nás nu lásuth lonu szem, pen nás nu lithpazir ngal pni kol artsaz!"
# Wini so El lowu matø, sze yás u listakil ngiraz ke mídølaz sze yu blenuszil bø lewnuth.
# Ke so El lemur: "Ngeth sze em ár hatholø lásuth zuth kø ódh ngom sze bø ledhabir áth sofø, lu yiye szum mikhszul ngal ma u ma sze yásu 'm lithkawin lásuth!
# "Enø, bu tonu lolekht matø ke løwalbil soføthom em, pen yásu 'm láwin szuthif."
# Kokh so El løfazir em, ke su 'm lahdul lewnuth ngiraz.
# Ke mi sibøzu fu sze ngiraz bø kkáth szemaz "Bovil" -- szom so El løwalbil sofø kol ngulømaz. Mi szom so El løfazir em ngal pni kol ngulømaz.
 
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 23:07, 11 May 2026

In this versespace:

Verse talk:

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively Finid /ˈfiːnɪð/ or losůnaz Fini) is a divergent descendant of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Irta British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

Move to Spain?

Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one

Make Ancient Knench stage a bit more like Togarmite and less Hebrew

  • dobor [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "(literary) a thing"
  • doboraz [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing"
  • deberi [ðɛˈveːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i)
  • deberimel [ðɛvɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things"
  • qhymůr [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey"
  • jůno [ˈjyːnʌ] "a pigeon"
  • jůnozů [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon"
  • jůnůd [ˈjyːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending)
  • jůnůdel [jʉˈnyːðɛl] "the pigeons"

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

a e y i o u ů /a~aː ɛ~eː ə~ɨː ɪ~iː ʌ~o̝ː ʊ~u̟ː ʉ~yː/

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| x (often lost) from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |v| v from Old Knench /b/
  • |ɣ| g from Old Knench /g/
  • |ð| d from Old Knench /d/
  • |h| ḧ (often lost) from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| w from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| z from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |qʰ| qh from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |t=| t from Old Knench /tˁ/
  • |j| j from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| ch from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| l from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| m from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| n from Old Knench /n/
  • |ɕ| çh from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| ɣ from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| f from Old Knench /p/
  • |p=| p from Latin/Romance /p/
  • |ts=| ç from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |k=| c from Old Knench /q/
  • |r| r from Old Knench /r/
  • |ʂ| s from Old Knench /s̠/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| th from Old Knench /t/

qh is in a process of merging with ch in Modern Knench. The merged sound is kʰ~x.

Mutation

Morphology

Pronouns

  • 1sg: i (after consonant), ni (after vowel)
  • 2sg.m: tho; -cho tho (after prepositions)
  • 2sg.f: thy; -chyth (after prepositions)
  • 3sg.m: ůj (< -ů + ḧi)
  • 3sg.f: oj (< -o/-oh/-ho + ḧi)
  • 1pl: nu
  • 2pl: thym; -chym thym, -chythym (after prepositions)
  • 3pl: 'm

Verbs

The citation form is uninflected in Colloquial Knench:

Re ni by bluɣ i laqhm. (PRES 1SG PROG eat 1SG bread) 'I eat/am eating bread.'
Bluɣ laqhmaz! 'Eat the bread! (both sg and pl)'

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fɣul, iffoɣel, ithfoɣel, faɣel, afɣel, isthafɣel) or from noun patterns.

Sample texts

Newton's laws of motion

I: Re dobor by sbuth by demi, ů by ɣythůc bal-sůny, lile força b acço ɣaju.

I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.

II: Re sanujaz ly moment ly gaf by mathchůni lid forçazů myfuçoro ɣaj gafaz; u re sanujaz by crůd darchom cůaz thecin as ɣaju forçazů myfuçoro.

II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.

III: Jes ly chul acço tha reacço sowo u mythnegydo.

III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

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