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Your corrections are appreciated. | Your corrections are appreciated. | ||
-yositaka- | -yositaka- | ||
{{trans-top|pile of outdated, junks, etc.}} | |||
The conlang named lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is an experimental language, on a waypoint in making a miniature, | |||
for learning about languages to make it, also for making it to learn about languages. | |||
Part of speech. | |||
There is noun, noun whose root acts as a verb, adjective derived from the both, finally particle derived from the verbal root. | |||
Adjectives indicate what a subject is. Verbs express what a subject does or is. | |||
Structure is as follows. | |||
A main clause constructs particle + agentive/subjective noun + verb + object, a subject/topic may follows. | |||
A clause of a verb + a complement is either indication of what the subject does or is, or acts as a noun. | |||
A clause of a verb + a complement + a noun is a noun. | |||
A clause of a verb + a complement + suffix, acting as an adjective, modifies a noun. | |||
Frontings. | |||
A connective noun/focused word/interjection in the usage, that are before the main clause. | |||
Also an adjective clause/conditional noun is in front of main clause in a clause + clause construction. | |||
{{trans-top|Morpheme inventory *under development}} | |||
* s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/, | |||
* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/, | |||
* a- /ä/ | |||
* ∅- /ʔ/ | |||
* -a /ɦä/ | |||
* -e /ɦe/ | |||
* -s /s/ | |||
* -as /ɦäs/ | |||
* -es /ɦes/ | |||
* -n /n/ | |||
* -en /ɦen/ | |||
* -ns /ns/ | |||
* -ens /ɦens/ | |||
{{trans-mid|}} | |||
* -l /l/ | |||
* -t /t/ | |||
* -d /t/ | |||
* -ls /ls/ | |||
* -ts /t͡s/ | |||
* -ds /des/ | |||
* -el /el/ | |||
* -et /et/ | |||
* -at /ät/ | |||
* -ad /äde/ | |||
* -els /els/ | |||
* -ets /et͡s/ | |||
* -ats /ät͡s/ | |||
* -ads /ädes/ | |||
* -nd /indɐ/ | |||
* -nt /int/ | |||
* -nds /indɐs/ | |||
* -nts /intes/ | |||
{{trans-bottom}} | |||
'''Phoneme inventory''' | |||
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="1" |Consonants | |||
! colspan="1" |Bilabial | |||
! colspan="1" |Labio-dental | |||
! colspan="1" |Dental | |||
! colspan="1" |Alveolar | |||
! colspan="1" |Postal-alveolar | |||
! colspan="1" |Retroflex | |||
! colspan="1" |Palatal | |||
! colspan="1" |Velar | |||
! colspan="1" |Uvular | |||
! colspan="1" |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Nasal | |||
| m | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| n | |||
| | |||
| ɳ | |||
| ɲ | |||
| ŋ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Plosive | |||
| b | |||
| | |||
| t d | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| k g | |||
| | |||
| ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Affricate | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| t͡s | |||
| | |||
| ʈ͡ʂ | |||
| t͡ɕ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Fricative | |||
| | |||
| f | |||
| | |||
| s | |||
| ʃ | |||
| ʂ | |||
| | |||
| ʝ | |||
| χ | |||
| ɦ | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Approximant | |||
| | |||
| ʋ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Trill | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ʀ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Lateral approximant | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| l | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center" | |||
! colspan="1" |Vowels | |||
! colspan="2" |Front | |||
! colspan="2" |Central | |||
! colspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! <small>short</small> | |||
! <small>long</small> | |||
! <small>short</small> | |||
! <small>long</small> | |||
! <small>short</small> | |||
! <small>long</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Close | |||
| i y | |||
| iː yː | |||
| ɨ | |||
| | |||
| ɯ u | |||
| uː | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Mid-open | |||
| e ø | |||
| eː øː | |||
| ɐ | |||
| | |||
| ʌ o | |||
| oː | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;"|Open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ä | |||
| äː | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
'''Phonotactics *under development''' | |||
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}} | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1080px; text-align:center" | |||
! | | |||
! |C | |||
! |V | |||
! |C/CC | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|root words are either CVC or CVCC | |||
| k:allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ | |||
| ä:allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo | |||
| ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk | |||
|} | |||
{{trans-bottom}} | |||
'''Declension *under development''' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center" | |||
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}} | |||
! colspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}} | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/ | |||
| sac/sɐk/ | |||
| nac/nɐk/ | |||
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] | |||
| uacs/ʔäks/ | |||
| sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/ | |||
| uacens/ʔäːgens/ | |||
| I | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/ | |||
| sue/syː/ | |||
| nue/nyː/ | |||
| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː] | |||
| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] | |||
| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/ | |||
| uuens/ʔyːens/ | |||
| You | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/ | |||
| sia/siä/ | |||
| nia/niä/ | |||
| hia/ɦiä/ | |||
| hias/ɦiäs/ | |||
| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/ | |||
| hians/ɦiäns/ | |||
| They (singular) | |||
|} | |||
'''Conjugation *under development''' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center" | |||
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}} | |||
! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}} | |||
! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}} | |||
! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}} | |||
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}} | |||
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}} | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}} | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/ | |||
| ser/sel/ | |||
| seat/seɦät/ | |||
| sad/säːt/ | |||
| selnd/selindɐ/ | |||
| selnt/selint/ | |||
| be | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/ | |||
| bar/bäl/ | |||
| baat/päɦät/ | |||
| bad/päːt/ | |||
| balnd/pälindɐ | |||
| balnt/pälint/ | |||
| have | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/ | |||
| ter/tel/ | |||
| teat/teɦät/ | |||
| tad/täːt/ | |||
| telnd/telindɐ/ | |||
| telnt/telint/ | |||
| hang,raise | |||
|} | |||
'''Made texts''' | |||
*under development | |||
'''Swadesh list *under development''' | |||
{{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis}} | |||
* I: ʋɐk /uac | |||
* you (singular): ʋyː /uue | |||
* he: ɦäŋ /han | |||
* we: /uacen | |||
* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen | |||
* they: ɦiä /hia | |||
* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia | |||
* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos | |||
* here: tocma /tcm | |||
* there: kkaema /aem | |||
* who: hhia,lhia /lia | |||
* what: kva /kva | |||
* where: kvime /kvm | |||
* when: kvatzuí /kvn | |||
* how: kvamuí /kvi | |||
* not: né /nei | |||
* all: àen /aen | |||
* many: àens /aens | |||
* some: de àen /duiaen | |||
* few: làes /leas | |||
* other: né daes /neidae | |||
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa | |||
* two: tzue /dva | |||
* three: mal /mal | |||
* four: cut /cut | |||
* five: unal /hal | |||
* big: lhens /uncertain | |||
* long: naelhens /uncertain | |||
* wide: daesbala /uncertain | |||
* thick: bala /uncertain | |||
* heavy: né fie /neifias | |||
* small: uncertain /nal | |||
* short: kul /uncertain | |||
* narrow: tis /tsm | |||
* thin: kadtis /uncertain | |||
* woman: lhúa /lua | |||
* man (adult male): lhúa /lua | |||
* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo | |||
* child: uncertain /tisluo | |||
* wife: uncertain /mama dae kús | |||
* husband: uncertain /tata dae kús | |||
* mother: máma /mam | |||
* father: táta /tat | |||
* animal: this /uncertain | |||
* fish: fisk /fsk | |||
* bird: tofie /tfl | |||
* dog: cúon /chn | |||
* louse: uncertain /lus | |||
* snake: uncertain /lam | |||
* worm: hhom /orm | |||
* tree: uncertain /bim | |||
* forest: uncertain /bsk | |||
* stick: baunel /uncertain | |||
* fruit: fam /flm | |||
* seed: fam /sem | |||
* leaf: hhüo /lif | |||
* root: lád /lad | |||
* bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk | |||
* flower: uncertain /lili | |||
* grass: ladlili /uncertain | |||
* rope: sinn /uncertain | |||
* skin: bäl /uncertain | |||
* meat: salk /slk | |||
* blood: salk /uncertain | |||
* bone: lám /uncertain | |||
* fat (noun): bét /fat | |||
* egg: ais /uncertain | |||
* horn: kol /krn | |||
* tail: lámen /lam | |||
* feather: fie /fli | |||
* hair: tetr /khr | |||
* head: uncertain /cab | |||
* ear: olhen /orh | |||
* eye: ain /oin | |||
* nose: nes /nez | |||
* mouth: uncertain /lif | |||
* tooth: tzann /fnc | |||
* tongue (organ): tzann /zau | |||
* fingernail: tzann /fau | |||
* foot: uncertain /bam | |||
* leg: uncertain /bam | |||
* knee: baim /uncertain | |||
* hand: tec /tek | |||
* wing: fiem /fli | |||
* belly: mac /uncertain | |||
* guts: mac /uncertain | |||
* neck: nec /uncertain | |||
* back: tzüc /ruc | |||
* breast: bec /fec | |||
* heart: kel /kor | |||
* liver: kel /uncertain | |||
* to drink: sifel /drk | |||
* to eat: nem /nhm | |||
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf | |||
* to suck: sifel /uncertain | |||
* to spit: nemel /uncertain | |||
* to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain | |||
* to blow: bolel /uncertain | |||
* to breathe: nesel /uncertain | |||
* to laugh: hrak /rch | |||
* to see: vis /ver | |||
* to hear: sanhel /oir | |||
* to know: can /cna | |||
* to think: canel /dik | |||
{{trans-mid}} | |||
* to smell: nesel /uncertain | |||
* to fear: bai /uncertain | |||
* to sleep: bei /slf | |||
* to live: súmel /uncertain | |||
* to die: né súmel /meisumel | |||
* to kill: sral /uncertain | |||
* to fight: sral /uncertain | |||
* to hunt: sral /uncertain | |||
* to hit: láb /lfn | |||
* to cut: kul /uncertain | |||
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval | |||
* to stab: binn /uncertain | |||
* to scratch: skilel /uncertain | |||
* to dig: binn /nem | |||
* to swim: uncertain /svi | |||
* to fly: uncertain /fei | |||
* to walk: salkel /uncertain | |||
* to come: hhim /clm | |||
* to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain | |||
* to sit: sidel /set | |||
* to stand: hrec /tnd | |||
* to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain | |||
* to fall: feiel /fei | |||
* to give: túe /tue | |||
* to hold: hrantel /uncertain | |||
* to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain | |||
* to rub: vask /uncertain | |||
* to wash: vask /uncertain | |||
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk | |||
* to pull: tec /uncertain | |||
* to push: tec,ffon /uncertain | |||
* to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain | |||
* to tie: ticel /bnd | |||
* to sew: ffinticel /uncertain | |||
* to count: teltzif /uncertain | |||
* to say: srua /seu | |||
* to sing: séunel /seu | |||
* to play: bil /sfl | |||
* to float: lom /flt | |||
* to flow: ae /flt | |||
* to freeze: íelel /iel | |||
* to swell: rcol /uncertain | |||
* sun: hrá /uncertain | |||
* moon: daehrá /mun | |||
* star: lucz /trl | |||
* water: súm /sumi | |||
* rain: lein /rcn | |||
* river: léne /len | |||
* lake: léne /len | |||
* sea: léneen /len | |||
* salt: sala /slt | |||
* stone: shè /stn | |||
* sand: sahr /snd | |||
* dust: hroma /uncertain | |||
* earth: thi /nulmaf | |||
* cloud: küt /sku | |||
* fog: küt /foc | |||
* sky: séo /sulmaf | |||
* wind: fendas /vnd | |||
* snow: nívas /snu | |||
* ice: íelen /ais | |||
* smoke: féu /feo | |||
* fire: féu /feo | |||
* ash: daeféu /uncertain | |||
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol | |||
* road: vei /vec | |||
* mountain: uncertain /mon | |||
* red: hrot /rod | |||
* green: léu /crn | |||
* yellow: col /clb | |||
* white: hrát /vit | |||
* black: dal /blc | |||
* night: dal /nkt | |||
* day: dis /dac | |||
* year: iálen /zuames | |||
* warm: nôk /vrm | |||
* cold: íels /chl | |||
* full: buk /ful | |||
* new: bil /uncertain | |||
* old: né bil /uncertain | |||
* good: hhim /bim | |||
* bad: né hhim /uncertain | |||
* rotten: tocel nae /uncertain | |||
* dirty: mud /uncertain | |||
* straight: bim /uncertain | |||
* round: kadbal /uncertain | |||
* sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain | |||
* dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain | |||
* smooth: dilel /uncertain | |||
* wet: suːmmɯi /summui | |||
* dry: sekal /sek | |||
* correct: bim /uncertain | |||
* near: tocmas /uncertain | |||
* far: naemas /uncertain | |||
* right: hris /lkt | |||
* left: chol /lnk | |||
* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui | |||
* in: lhea /ins | |||
* with: mɯi /mui | |||
* and: e,elk /elk | |||
* if: o,sôm /som | |||
* because: fɯi /fui | |||
* name: námel /nam | |||
{{trans-bottom}} | |||
{{trans-bottom}} | |||
Revision as of 04:35, 13 March 2019
I am careful of my writings but this is a foreign language for me, i may be inconvenient to you. Your corrections are appreciated. -yositaka-
± pile of outdated, junks, etc. The conlang named lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is an experimental language, on a waypoint in making a miniature, for learning about languages to make it, also for making it to learn about languages.
Part of speech. There is noun, noun whose root acts as a verb, adjective derived from the both, finally particle derived from the verbal root. Adjectives indicate what a subject is. Verbs express what a subject does or is.
Structure is as follows. A main clause constructs particle + agentive/subjective noun + verb + object, a subject/topic may follows. A clause of a verb + a complement is either indication of what the subject does or is, or acts as a noun. A clause of a verb + a complement + a noun is a noun. A clause of a verb + a complement + suffix, acting as an adjective, modifies a noun.
Frontings. A connective noun/focused word/interjection in the usage, that are before the main clause. Also an adjective clause/conditional noun is in front of main clause in a clause + clause construction.
± Morpheme inventory *under development - s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,
- n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,
- a- /ä/
- ∅- /ʔ/
- -a /ɦä/
- -e /ɦe/
- -s /s/
- -as /ɦäs/
- -es /ɦes/
- -n /n/
- -en /ɦen/
- -ns /ns/
- -ens /ɦens/
- -l /l/
- -t /t/
- -d /t/
- -ls /ls/
- -ts /t͡s/
- -ds /des/
- -el /el/
- -et /et/
- -at /ät/
- -ad /äde/
- -els /els/
- -ets /et͡s/
- -ats /ät͡s/
- -ads /ädes/
- -nd /indɐ/
- -nt /int/
- -nds /indɐs/
- -nts /intes/
Phoneme inventory
Consonants Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Postal-alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ Plosive b t d k g ʔ Affricate t͡s ʈ͡ʂ t͡ɕ Fricative f s ʃ ʂ ʝ χ ɦ Approximant ʋ Trill ʀ Lateral approximant l Vowels Front Central Back short long short long short long Close i y iː yː ɨ ɯ u uː Mid-open e ø eː øː ɐ ʌ o oː Open ä äː Phonotactics *under development
± phonotactics *development C V C/CC root words are either CVC or CVCC k:allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ ä:allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk Declension *under development
noun root gloss the agent of a transitive verb the subject/locative of an intransitive verb the direct/indirect object of a verb possessive form plural form plural possessive form uac/ʋɐk/ sac/sɐk/ nac/nɐk/ uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] uacs/ʔäks/ sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/ uacens/ʔäːgens/ I uue/ʋyː/ sue/syː/ nue/nyː/ uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː] uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/ uuens/ʔyːens/ You hia/ɦiä/ sia/siä/ nia/niä/ hia/ɦiä/ hias/ɦiäs/ sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/ hians/ɦiäns/ They (singular) Conjugation *under development
verb root indicative form subjunctive form connective form noun-like form gloss present/habitual the motion is futural -ing, /if the motion is incomplete the motion is completed sel/sel/ ser/sel/ seat/seɦät/ sad/säːt/ selnd/selindɐ/ selnt/selint/ be bal/bäl/ bar/bäl/ baat/päɦät/ bad/päːt/ balnd/pälindɐ balnt/pälint/ have tel/tel/ ter/tel/ teat/teɦät/ tad/täːt/ telnd/telindɐ/ telnt/telint/ hang,raise Made texts
*under development
Swadesh list *under development± reading basis /visual basis - I: ʋɐk /uac
- you (singular): ʋyː /uue
- he: ɦäŋ /han
- we: /uacen
- you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen
- they: ɦiä /hia
- this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia
- that: àe,kosa /hae,cos
- here: tocma /tcm
- there: kkaema /aem
- who: hhia,lhia /lia
- what: kva /kva
- where: kvime /kvm
- when: kvatzuí /kvn
- how: kvamuí /kvi
- not: né /nei
- all: àen /aen
- many: àens /aens
- some: de àen /duiaen
- few: làes /leas
- other: né daes /neidae
- one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa
- two: tzue /dva
- three: mal /mal
- four: cut /cut
- five: unal /hal
- big: lhens /uncertain
- long: naelhens /uncertain
- wide: daesbala /uncertain
- thick: bala /uncertain
- heavy: né fie /neifias
- small: uncertain /nal
- short: kul /uncertain
- narrow: tis /tsm
- thin: kadtis /uncertain
- woman: lhúa /lua
- man (adult male): lhúa /lua
- man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
- child: uncertain /tisluo
- wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
- husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
- mother: máma /mam
- father: táta /tat
- animal: this /uncertain
- fish: fisk /fsk
- bird: tofie /tfl
- dog: cúon /chn
- louse: uncertain /lus
- snake: uncertain /lam
- worm: hhom /orm
- tree: uncertain /bim
- forest: uncertain /bsk
- stick: baunel /uncertain
- fruit: fam /flm
- seed: fam /sem
- leaf: hhüo /lif
- root: lád /lad
- bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk
- flower: uncertain /lili
- grass: ladlili /uncertain
- rope: sinn /uncertain
- skin: bäl /uncertain
- meat: salk /slk
- blood: salk /uncertain
- bone: lám /uncertain
- fat (noun): bét /fat
- egg: ais /uncertain
- horn: kol /krn
- tail: lámen /lam
- feather: fie /fli
- hair: tetr /khr
- head: uncertain /cab
- ear: olhen /orh
- eye: ain /oin
- nose: nes /nez
- mouth: uncertain /lif
- tooth: tzann /fnc
- tongue (organ): tzann /zau
- fingernail: tzann /fau
- foot: uncertain /bam
- leg: uncertain /bam
- knee: baim /uncertain
- hand: tec /tek
- wing: fiem /fli
- belly: mac /uncertain
- guts: mac /uncertain
- neck: nec /uncertain
- back: tzüc /ruc
- breast: bec /fec
- heart: kel /kor
- liver: kel /uncertain
- to drink: sifel /drk
- to eat: nem /nhm
- to bite: tzaunel /tnf
- to suck: sifel /uncertain
- to spit: nemel /uncertain
- to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
- to blow: bolel /uncertain
- to breathe: nesel /uncertain
- to laugh: hrak /rch
- to see: vis /ver
- to hear: sanhel /oir
- to know: can /cna
- to think: canel /dik
- to smell: nesel /uncertain
- to fear: bai /uncertain
- to sleep: bei /slf
- to live: súmel /uncertain
- to die: né súmel /meisumel
- to kill: sral /uncertain
- to fight: sral /uncertain
- to hunt: sral /uncertain
- to hit: láb /lfn
- to cut: kul /uncertain
- to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
- to stab: binn /uncertain
- to scratch: skilel /uncertain
- to dig: binn /nem
- to swim: uncertain /svi
- to fly: uncertain /fei
- to walk: salkel /uncertain
- to come: hhim /clm
- to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
- to sit: sidel /set
- to stand: hrec /tnd
- to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
- to fall: feiel /fei
- to give: túe /tue
- to hold: hrantel /uncertain
- to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
- to rub: vask /uncertain
- to wash: vask /uncertain
- to wipe: vaskel /vsk
- to pull: tec /uncertain
- to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
- to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
- to tie: ticel /bnd
- to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
- to count: teltzif /uncertain
- to say: srua /seu
- to sing: séunel /seu
- to play: bil /sfl
- to float: lom /flt
- to flow: ae /flt
- to freeze: íelel /iel
- to swell: rcol /uncertain
- sun: hrá /uncertain
- moon: daehrá /mun
- star: lucz /trl
- water: súm /sumi
- rain: lein /rcn
- river: léne /len
- lake: léne /len
- sea: léneen /len
- salt: sala /slt
- stone: shè /stn
- sand: sahr /snd
- dust: hroma /uncertain
- earth: thi /nulmaf
- cloud: küt /sku
- fog: küt /foc
- sky: séo /sulmaf
- wind: fendas /vnd
- snow: nívas /snu
- ice: íelen /ais
- smoke: féu /feo
- fire: féu /feo
- ash: daeféu /uncertain
- to burn: tocféu tue /feol
- road: vei /vec
- mountain: uncertain /mon
- red: hrot /rod
- green: léu /crn
- yellow: col /clb
- white: hrát /vit
- black: dal /blc
- night: dal /nkt
- day: dis /dac
- year: iálen /zuames
- warm: nôk /vrm
- cold: íels /chl
- full: buk /ful
- new: bil /uncertain
- old: né bil /uncertain
- good: hhim /bim
- bad: né hhim /uncertain
- rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
- dirty: mud /uncertain
- straight: bim /uncertain
- round: kadbal /uncertain
- sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
- dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
- smooth: dilel /uncertain
- wet: suːmmɯi /summui
- dry: sekal /sek
- correct: bim /uncertain
- near: tocmas /uncertain
- far: naemas /uncertain
- right: hris /lkt
- left: chol /lnk
- at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui
- in: lhea /ins
- with: mɯi /mui
- and: e,elk /elk
- if: o,sôm /som
- because: fɯi /fui
- name: námel /nam