Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin

In the Lõis timeline, Yudach or Judeo-Gaelic (natively: אניודאַך an-Yudach /ən 'judəx/ or אגאַלג'־יודאַך a-Ghalj-Yudach) is the sole surviving Goidelic language. With about 5 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the Jewish diaspora in Central and East Asia. It mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, French and Welsh.

Phonology

• Consonants: b c ch č d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s š t th tz v y z /b k x tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts j v z/.
• Lenitions: Note that d m are NOT lenitable.
  • b /b/ > bh /v/
  • f /f/ > fh /0/
  • g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
  • c /k/ > ch /x/
  • č /tʃ/ > čh /ʃ/
  • p /p/ > ph /f/
  • s /s/ > sh /h/
  • t /t/ > th /h/
  • tz /ts/ > tzh /h/
  • j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
• ts z č j l arise from slender t d c g l.
• Vowels: a e i o u /a e i o u/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. Vowel clusters exist.

Grammar

Verbs

Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:

תּאָם אַ ל'אַסאַג נרות חנוכּה.

Tom a łasagh neroth hanuca.

/to me ə 'wasəɣ 'nerəh 'hanukə/

be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah

I'm lighting Hanukkah candles. (or I light Hanukkah candles)

נאָהּ כתב'ב דאָ אות זע שבת!

Noh ctabhabh do outh ze Šabath!

PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat

Don't write two letters on Shabbat!

Tenses

Tenses are basically (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective).

• to e ag ith = he eats; he is eating
  • bhil e... = does he...?
  • chal e... = he does not...
  • nachil e... = doesn't he...?/that he does not
  • gu bhil e... = COMP he...
  • a to e... = REL he...
• to e triš ith = he ate/has eaten
• bei e ag ith = he will eat
  • bei e... = will he...?
  • cha bhei e... = he will not...
  • nach bhei e... = won't he...?
  • a bhi e... = REL he will...
• bha e ag ith = he was eating/he would eat
  • rebh e... = was he...?/would he?
  • cha rebh e... = he was not.../he would not...
  • nach rebh e... = was he not...?/would he not...?
• ith! = Eat! (2sg)
• ithebh! = Eat! (2pl)
• noh ith(ebh)! = Don't eat!

Conjugation

• to, bhil, chal, and nachil are conjugated as follows:
  • tom, tor, to še/ši, toj, tothi, to šiad
  • bhilim, bhilir, bhil še/ši, bhilij, bhilthi, bhil šiad
• bha, rebh: bhas, bhaš, bha še/ši, bhimar, bhyur, bha šiad
• bei: beim, beir, bei še/ši, beij, beithi, bei šiad

Nouns

Nouns have no grammatical case.

Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly -n/-an or -i, or less commonly umlaut of a o u to e e i.

Nouns in -a are usually pluralized with -i: madra 'a dog', madri 'dogs'.

Hebrew words often use unstressed -im /im/ or -oth /əh/ but native Celtic words may use them too.

Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ant-, before a labial am-, otherwise an

• ant-išče = the water
• am-bia = the food
• an-łath = the day
• an-tzech = the house

Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except t and tz) lenite and take a-; s becomes an-ts

• a-jhełach = the moon
• an-iša = the woman/wife
• an-oth = the letter (character)
• an-tsuca = the booth

Plural nouns: nah- /nə(h)/ (the h is only pronounced before a vowel)

• nah-tiš = the houses
• nah-łathan = the days
• nah-mno = the women/wives (irregular plural of iša)
• nah-othyoth = the letters
• nah-sucoth = the booths

Adjectives

Adjectives always have -a in the plural.

• pred: Tom beg. = I am short.
• m.sg.: fer beg = a short man; am-fer beg = the short man
• f.sg.: fyur bheg = a short sister; an-fhyur bheg = the short sister
• pl.: feran orða = tall men; nah-feran orða = the tall men

Comparatives are formed by simply adding nes 'more' and es 'most' before the adjective.

Pronouns

pronouns: me tu še ši šin šibh šiad

Possessive prefixes:

• mo-bhrother /mo vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; m-ather /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
• do-bhrother /do vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; d-ather /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
• a-bhrother /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; a-ather /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
• ah-brother /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; ah-ather /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
• or-brother /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; orn-ather /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
• bhar-brother /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; bharn-ather /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
• a-brother /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; an-ather /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'

m' and d' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited f results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור fyur /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מףיור m-fhyur /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.

Prepositions

• ag 'at': agom, agat, aje, ači, agen, agebh, acu
• ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, zibh, zu
• le 'to': lom, let, leš, lei, lin, libh, lu
• in 'in': inom, inat, on, intzi, inen, inebh, intu
• ar 'on': orom, orat, er, erhi, oren, orebh, orhu
• as 'from': asom, asat, as, aši, asen, asebh, asu
• ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, rebhe, rempi, run, rubh, rompu
• ri 'with': rjom, ret, reš, rei, rin, ribh, rju
• um 'around': umom, umat, eme, empi, umen, umebh, umpu
• fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fubh, fuhu

in + definite article is insa(n)- in the sg and insna- in the plural.