Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]] | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]] | ||
In the [[Lõis]] timeline, '''An | In the [[Lõis]] timeline, '''An Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אַן ייִדיש ''an Yidiș'' /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or אַ גֿאָלג'־יידעך ''a Gholj-Yidăch'' /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in Lõisian English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, Khuamnisht, Togarmite and Persian. | ||
==Names== | ==Names== | ||
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*Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi | *Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi | ||
*Azalic: חיימסאָן Chaimson | *Azalic: חיימסאָן Chaimson | ||
*Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד | *Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminejod | ||
===Famous people=== | ===Famous people=== | ||
*סקוט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (''Scot mac | *סקוט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (''Scot mac Ahárăn'') - quantum physicist and computer scientist | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
*Interrogatives: ''Cad a to o zein aget?'' 'What are you doing?' | *Interrogatives: ''Cad a to o zein aget?'' 'What are you doing?' | ||
*Cleft construction: ''''' | *Cleft construction: '''''Iș''' zein leșóunes '''a''' tom a zein anéș'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
*Consonants: b c ch č d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s | *Consonants: b c ch č d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s ș t th ț v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/. | ||
**Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final. | **Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final. | ||
**/z/ is [ʒ] dialectally. | **/z/ is [ʒ] dialectally. | ||
*'' | *''ț z č j l'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l. | ||
*Lenitions: Note that ''d s'' are NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic. | *Lenitions: Note that ''d s'' are NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic. | ||
**b /b/ > bh /v/ | **b /b/ > bh /v/ | ||
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**p /p/ > ph /f/ | **p /p/ > ph /f/ | ||
**t /t/ > th /h/ | **t /t/ > th /h/ | ||
** | **ț /ts/ > țh /h/ | ||
**j /dʒ/ > jh /j/ | **j /dʒ/ > jh /j/ | ||
*Vowels: ''a e i o u ai | *Vowels: ''a e i o u ai ea oi oa ie ua'' /a e i o u ai eə oi~y oə iə uə/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. | ||
*Stress is transcribed if not initial | *Stress is transcribed if not initial | ||
*OIr oí > oi | *OIr oí > oi | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
An | An Yidiș is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet. | ||
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words: | Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words: | ||
א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f | א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f ț č c r s ș /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h z t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʃ/. | ||
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh | Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh țh čh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/ | ||
/j/ between two vowels is written יי. | /j/ between two vowels is written יי. | ||
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Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Semitic words): | Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Semitic words): | ||
אַ ע יי י אָ אוֹ או יַי וי = /a e | אַ ע יי י אָ אוֹ או יַי וי = /a e eə i o oə u ai oi/ | ||
יִ is used for /i/ after י /j/. | יִ is used for /i/ after י /j/. | ||
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Hebrew words are spelled as in Hebrew. A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans. | Hebrew words are spelled as in Hebrew. A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans. | ||
The hyphen used looks like this: מאָ־מֿאַדרע ''mo- | The hyphen used looks like this: מאָ־מֿאַדרע ''mo-mhadră'' 'my dog'. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive: | Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive: | ||
:{{heb|טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.}} | :{{heb|טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.}} | ||
:'''''Tom a | :'''''Tom a łasăgh nearăs hanucă.''' | ||
:/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'hanukə/ | :/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'hanukə/ | ||
:be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah | :be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah | ||
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:{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}} | :{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}} | ||
:'''''Noh scrivu do | :'''''Noh scrivu do oas ar zi șabăs!''''' | ||
:PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat | :PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat | ||
:''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!'' | :''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!'' | ||
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The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect. | The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect. | ||
*''to | *''to șe ag ih'' = he eats; he is eating | ||
**''vil | **''vil șe...'' = does he...? | ||
**''chal | **''chal șe...'' = he does not... | ||
**''nachil | **''nachil șe...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not | ||
**''gu vil | **''gu vil șe...'' = COMP he... | ||
**''a to | **''a to șe...'' = REL he... | ||
*''to | *''to șe nei ih'' = he ate/has eaten | ||
*''bei | *''bei șe ag ih'' = he will eat | ||
**''bei | **''bei șe...'' = will he...? | ||
**''cha | **''cha bhea șe...'' = he will not... | ||
**''nach | **''nach bhea șe...'' = won't he...? | ||
**''a vi | **''a vi șe...'' = REL he will... | ||
*''va | *''va șe ag ih'' = he was eating/he would eat | ||
**'' | **''roa șe...'' = was he...?/would he? | ||
**''cha | **''cha roa șe...'' = he was not.../he would not... | ||
**''nach | **''nach roa șe...'' = was he not...?/would he not...? | ||
*''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg) | *''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg) | ||
*''ihu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh) | *''ihu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh) | ||
*''noh ih(u)!'' = Don't eat! | *''noh ih(u)!'' = Don't eat! | ||
For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''i mo-, i do-, | For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''i mo-, i do-, ină-, etc.'' + VN is used: | ||
*''tom i mo- | *''tom i mo-chadăl'' = I sleep | ||
*''tom i mo-thi'' = I sit | *''tom i mo-thi'' = I sit | ||
*''tom i mo- | *''tom i mo-șesăv'' = I stand | ||
*''tom i mo-li'' = I lie (somewhere) | *''tom i mo-li'' = I lie (somewhere) | ||
*''tom i mo- | *''tom i mo-fhirăch'' = I live (I dwell) | ||
====Conjugation==== | ====Conjugation==== | ||
*''to'', ''vil'', ''chal'', and ''nachil'' are conjugated as follows: | *''to'', ''vil'', ''chal'', and ''nachil'' are conjugated as follows: | ||
**''tom, tor, to | **''tom, tor, to șe/și, toj, tohi, to șid'' | ||
**''vilim, vilir, vil | **''vilim, vilir, vil șe/și, vilij, vilhi, vil șid'' | ||
**''chalim, chalir...'' | **''chalim, chalir...'' | ||
**''nachilim, nachilir...'' | **''nachilim, nachilir...'' | ||
*''va, | *''va, roa'': | ||
**''vas, | **''vas, vaș, va șe/și, vimăr, vyur, va șid'' | ||
**''rous, | **''rous, rouș, rou șe/și, roumăr, rovyur, rou șid'' | ||
*'' | *''bea'': ''beam, bear, bea șe/și, beaj, beahi, bea șid'' | ||
===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Like Irish and Hebrew, An | Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiș has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case. | ||
Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-n''/''-en'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''. | Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-n''/''-en'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''. | ||
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Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ant-'', before a labial ''am-'', otherwise ''an'' | Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ant-'', before a labial ''am-'', otherwise ''an'' | ||
*אַנט אישצשע ''ant | *אַנט אישצשע ''ant ișče'' = the water | ||
*אַם בּיאַ ''am bia'' = the food | *אַם בּיאַ ''am bia'' = the food | ||
*אַן ל'אַהּ ''an łah'' = the day | *אַן ל'אַהּ ''an łah'' = the day | ||
*אַן צעך ''an | *אַן צעך ''an țech'' = the house | ||
*אַן נס ''an nes'' = the miracle | *אַן נס ''an nes'' = the miracle | ||
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and '' | Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite and take ''a-''; | ||
*אַ גּֿעלעך ''a | *אַ גּֿעלעך ''a jhełăch'' = the moon | ||
*אַ מֿען ''a mhen'' = the woman/wife | *אַ מֿען ''a mhen'' = the woman/wife | ||
*אַן אות ''an ous'' = the letter (character) | *אַן אות ''an ous'' = the letter (character) | ||
*אַן סוכּה ''an | *אַן סוכּה ''an sucă'' = the booth | ||
Plural nouns: ''nah-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel) | Plural nouns: ''nah-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel) | ||
*נאַהּ־טיש ''nah | *נאַהּ־טיש ''nah tiș'' = the houses | ||
*נאַהּ־ל'אַהן ''nah łahn'' = the days | *נאַהּ־ל'אַהן ''nah łahn'' = the days | ||
*נאַהּ־מנאָ ''nah mno'' = the women/wives | *נאַהּ־מנאָ ''nah mno'' = the women/wives | ||
*נאַהּ אותיות ''nah | *נאַהּ אותיות ''nah oasyăs'' = the letters | ||
*נאַהּ סוכּות ''nah | *נאַהּ סוכּות ''nah sucăs'' = the booths | ||
*נאַהּ ניסים ''nah nisim'' = the miracles | *נאַהּ ניסים ''nah nisim'' = the miracles | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu | conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu șe și șin șiv șid | ||
disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i | disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i șin șiv id | ||
emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן | emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן mișe, tuse, șeșn, șișe, șinye, șivșe, șițn | ||
emphatic suffixes: - | emphatic suffixes: -șe -se -șn -șe -ye -șe -sn | ||
Possessive prefixes: | Possessive prefixes: | ||
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*ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu | *ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu | ||
*ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu | *ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu | ||
*i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, | *i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, inți, inen, inev, intu [''in'' is used before a vowel or proper names] | ||
*ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru | *ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru | ||
*as 'from': asom, aset, as, | *as 'from': asom, aset, as, ași, asen, asev, asu | ||
*ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu | *ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu | ||
*ri 'with': ryom, ret, | *ri 'with': ryom, ret, reș, rei, rin, riv, ryu | ||
*um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu | *um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu | ||
*fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu | *fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu | ||
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''i'' + definite article is ''ins a(n/m)'' in the sg and ''ins nah'' in the plural: | ''i'' + definite article is ''ins a(n/m)'' in the sg and ''ins nah'' in the plural: | ||
*אינס אַן צעך ''ins an | *אינס אַן צעך ''ins an țech'' 'in the house' | ||
*אינס אַן אָץ ''ins an | *אינס אַן אָץ ''ins an oț'' 'in the place' | ||
*אינס נאַה צירן ''ins nah | *אינס נאַה צירן ''ins nah țirn'' 'in the countries' | ||
''i'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''ina(n)-'' | ''i'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''ina(n)-'' | ||
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''i'' + possessive ''or-'': ''inar-'' | ''i'' + possessive ''or-'': ''inar-'' | ||
'' | ''oa'' + ''an-/am-/a-'' : ''oan-/oam-/oan-'' | ||
====Syntax==== | ====Syntax==== | ||
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nei fol nah | Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nei fol nah fregerțn ou mo-mhoher is ou mo-bhroher'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother' | ||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
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Numerals are always followed by the singular form. | Numerals are always followed by the singular form. | ||
0 = אפס '' | 0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero) | ||
counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah čeher, ah cuj, ah | counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah čeher, ah cuj, ah șea, ah șecht, ah ocht, ah noi, ah zeș | ||
11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg... | 11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg... | ||
20, 30, 40, ... = | 20, 30, 40, ... = fișăd, trișăd, doișăd, cujăd, șescăd, șechtăd, ochtăd, noiăd | ||
21, 22, ... = | 21, 22, ... = fișăd is oin, fișăd is du, ... | ||
100, 200, ... = | 100, 200, ... = čead, du čhead, tri čhead, ... | ||
1000 = | 1000 = milă | ||
attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites | attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites | ||
ordinals: ''tosi, | ordinals: ''tosi, elă, triăv, čehrăv, cujăv,...'' or just ''ah N'' | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
An | An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified. | ||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
Since An | Since An Yidiș lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction ''an X ag Y'' (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק ''an cat ag mo-mhac'' = my son's cat. | ||
===Predicate nouns=== | ===Predicate nouns=== | ||
*"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע '' | *"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע ''Iș men me'' = I'm a woman | ||
*"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה '' | *"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה ''Iș men i Rivcă'' = Rivce is a woman | ||
*"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה '' | *"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה ''Iș mișă a mhen ag Moașă'' = I am Moașă's wife | ||
*"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי '' | *"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי ''Și a mhen ag Moașă i'' = She is Moașă's wife | ||
**שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה '' | **שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה ''Și a mhen ag Moașă i Rivcă'' (or ''și Rivce i a mhen ag Moașă'') = Rivcă is Moașă's wife | ||
*For topics or focused predicatives: איש | *For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָריס אַ טאָ אין רבקה ''Iș munțoris a to in Rivcă'' 'Rivcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)' | ||
*Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | *Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | ||
**טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To | **טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To Rivcă ord'' 'Rivcă is tall' | ||
**טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל ''To | **טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל ''To Rivcă ins an chedăr cadăl'' 'Rivcă is in the bedroom' | ||
===Infinitive phrases=== | ===Infinitive phrases=== | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
*''a | *''a thavărț matonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'') | ||
*''o- | *''o-thavărț dom'' = to give it (masc.) to me | ||
*''o- | *''o-tavărț dom'' = to give it (fem.)/them to me | ||
==Phrasebook== | ==Phrasebook== | ||
*שלום '' | *שלום ''Șolăm'' = Hello, goodbye | ||
*שלום עליכם '' | *שלום עליכם ''Șolăm aléachăm'' = Hello | ||
*עליכם שלום '' | *עליכם שלום ''Aléachăm șolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolem aléichem'') | ||
*סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye | *סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye | ||
*בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Byonacht | *בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Byonacht agăt/agăv'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing) | ||
*ףאָלצע רוט/רוב '' | *ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Folțe rut/ruv'' = Welcome | ||
*צ'ייד מילע ףאָלצע ''Čeid | *צ'ייד מילע ףאָלצע ''Čeid milă folță'' = A hundred thousand welcomes | ||
*קאַרד ע אַנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ant enim ret?'' = What is your name? | *קאַרד ע אַנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ant enim ret?'' = What is your name? | ||
*דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid | *דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid șe ant enim ryom'' = My name is David | ||
*ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vil an | *ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vil an Azeliș aget/agev?'' = Do you speak English? | ||
*כאַל אַן | *כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם ''Chal an Yidiș agom'' = I can't speak An Yidiș | ||
*כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim a | *כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim a ticșinț'' = I don't understand | ||
*ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דאָ־טֿעל = '' | *ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דאָ־טֿעל = ''Łavăr nis melă, ri do-thel'' = Please speak more slowly | ||
**ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באַר־טעל ''Łavru nis | **ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באַר־טעל ''Łavru nis melă, ri var-tel'' = above, 2pl | ||
*טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To iari agom a | *טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To iari agom a łavăr as Yidiș, ach chal cumăs dom.'' = I want to speak An Yidiș, but I cannot. | ||
*בּליאַן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blian mhath | *בּליאַן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blian mhath bhyoniță'' = Happy new year | ||
===Dates and time=== | ===Dates and time=== | ||
====Civil months==== | ====Civil months==== | ||
| Line 280: | Line 280: | ||
====Days of the week==== | ====Days of the week==== | ||
Note: in Yudech a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law. | Note: in Yudech a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law. | ||
*Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''zi- | *Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''zi-soal'' | ||
**Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''mazin | **Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''mazin soal'' | ||
**Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל '' | **Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescăr soal'' | ||
**Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!) | **Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!) | ||
**Sunday night: איישע ל'ואַן '' | **Sunday night: איישע ל'ואַן ''eișe łuan'' (!) | ||
*Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan'' | *Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan'' | ||
*Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi- | *Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-morț'' | ||
*Wednesday: זי־צ'יידין ''zi- | *Wednesday: זי־צ'יידין ''zi-čeadin'' | ||
*Thursday: זי־זיירעדין ''zi- | *Thursday: זי־זיירעדין ''zi-zearădin'' | ||
*Friday: זי־הייַנע ''zi- | *Friday: זי־הייַנע ''zi-haină'' | ||
*Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi- | *Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-șabăs'' | ||
====Telling the time==== | ====Telling the time==== | ||
*טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To | *טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To și tri șo.'' = It's 3:00. | ||
*טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To | *טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To și du șo yeag'' = It's 12:00. | ||
===Colors=== | ===Colors=== | ||
*ףין ''fin'' = white | *ףין ''fin'' = white | ||
*דוב ''duv'' = black | *דוב ''duv'' = black | ||
*זערעגּ '' | *זערעגּ ''zerăg'' = red | ||
*בּוייע '' | *בּוייע ''buyă'' = yellow | ||
*גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green | *גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green | ||
*גּאָרעם '' | *גּאָרעם ''gorăm'' = blue | ||
*בּאַנעש '' | *בּאַנעש ''banăș'' = violet; purple | ||
*דוֹן '' | *דוֹן ''doan'' = brown | ||
==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)=== | ===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)=== | ||
:קאַרד אַ טאָ ניי אַהרעב אַר אַן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישן עלע? | :קאַרד אַ טאָ ניי אַהרעב אַר אַן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישן עלע? | ||
:'''''Card a to | :'''''Card a to nea ahrăv ar an eișe șo oa coch eașăn ele?''''' | ||
:''What has changed on this night from all other nights?'' | :''What has changed on this night from all other nights?'' | ||
:גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע נאַכיליג' אַ טום גּל'אַסרען אפילו אוין ל'ער, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' דו ל'ער. | :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע נאַכיליג' אַ טום גּל'אַסרען אפילו אוין ל'ער, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' דו ל'ער. | ||
:'''''Gur ar coch | :'''''Gur ar coch eașăn elă nachilij a tum głasrăn afílu oin łer, ach iș anócht a toj du łer.''''' | ||
:''That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we do so twice.'' | :''That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we do so twice.'' | ||
:גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איזיר חמץ איס מצה, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מצה. | :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איזיר חמץ איס מצה, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מצה. | ||
:'''''Gur ar coch | :'''''Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag ith izir chomăț is mață, ach iș anócht nachilij cim mață.''''' | ||
:''That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo; but tonight, only matzo.'' | :''That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo; but tonight, only matzo.'' | ||
:גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ קאָך צ'ינעל' גּל'אַסרען, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מרור. | :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ קאָך צ'ינעל' גּל'אַסרען, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מרור. | ||
:'''''Gur ar coch | :'''''Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag ith coch činăł głasren, ach iș anócht nachilij cim morăr.''''' | ||
:''That on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables; but tonight, only bitter herbs.'' | :''That on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables; but tonight, only bitter herbs.'' | ||
:גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר טי איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר לי שיאַר, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' קאָכנע אין אָר לי שיאַר. | :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר טי איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר לי שיאַר, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' קאָכנע אין אָר לי שיאַר. | ||
:'''''Gur ar coch | :'''''Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag ith is toj ciz inăr-ti is toj ciz inăr-li șier, ach iș anócht a toj cochnă inăr-li șier.''''' | ||
:''That on all other nights we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.'' | :''That on all other nights we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.'' | ||
[[Category:Celtic languages]] | [[Category:Celtic languages]] | ||
Revision as of 00:25, 20 January 2020
Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin/Wordlist
In the Lõis timeline, An Yidiș or Judeo-Gaelic (natively: אַן ייִדיש an Yidiș /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or אַ גֿאָלג'־יידעך a Gholj-Yidăch /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in Lõisian English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, Khuamnisht, Togarmite and Persian.
Names
Patronymics:
- Gaelic: מאַק/ניק חיים mac (m)/nic (f) Chaim
- Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
- Azalic: חיימסאָן Chaimson
- Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminejod
Famous people
- סקוט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (Scot mac Ahárăn) - quantum physicist and computer scientist
Todo
- Interrogatives: Cad a to o zein aget? 'What are you doing?'
- Cleft construction: Iș zein leșóunes a tom a zein anéș = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
Phonology
- Consonants: b c ch č d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s ș t th ț v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/.
- Final h is silent unless before a vowel. th is pronounced even when final.
- /z/ is [ʒ] dialectally.
- ț z č j l arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l.
- Lenitions: Note that d s are NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic.
- b /b/ > bh /v/
- f /f/ > fh /0/
- g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
- c /k/ > ch /χ/
- č /tʃ/ > čh /ʃ/
- m /m/ > mh /v/
- p /p/ > ph /f/
- t /t/ > th /h/
- ț /ts/ > țh /h/
- j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
- Vowels: a e i o u ai ea oi oa ie ua /a e i o u ai eə oi~y oə iə uə/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common.
- Stress is transcribed if not initial
- OIr oí > oi
Orthography
An Yidiș is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words:
א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f ț č c r s ș /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h z t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʃ/.
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh țh čh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
/j/ between two vowels is written יי.
Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Semitic words):
אַ ע יי י אָ אוֹ או יַי וי = /a e eə i o oə u ai oi/
יִ is used for /i/ after י /j/.
Hebrew words are spelled as in Hebrew. A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.
The hyphen used looks like this: מאָ־מֿאַדרע mo-mhadră 'my dog'.
Grammar
Verbs
Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:
- טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.
- Tom a łasăgh nearăs hanucă.
- /tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'hanukə/
- be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
- I'm lighting Hanukkah candles. (or I light Hanukkah candles)
- נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!
- Noh scrivu do oas ar zi șabăs!
- PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
- Don't write two letters on Shabbat!
Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.
Tenses
The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.
- to șe ag ih = he eats; he is eating
- vil șe... = does he...?
- chal șe... = he does not...
- nachil șe... = doesn't he...?/that he does not
- gu vil șe... = COMP he...
- a to șe... = REL he...
- to șe nei ih = he ate/has eaten
- bei șe ag ih = he will eat
- bei șe... = will he...?
- cha bhea șe... = he will not...
- nach bhea șe... = won't he...?
- a vi șe... = REL he will...
- va șe ag ih = he was eating/he would eat
- roa șe... = was he...?/would he?
- cha roa șe... = he was not.../he would not...
- nach roa șe... = was he not...?/would he not...?
- ih! = Eat! (2sg)
- ihu! = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh)
- noh ih(u)! = Don't eat!
For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, i mo-, i do-, ină-, etc. + VN is used:
- tom i mo-chadăl = I sleep
- tom i mo-thi = I sit
- tom i mo-șesăv = I stand
- tom i mo-li = I lie (somewhere)
- tom i mo-fhirăch = I live (I dwell)
Conjugation
- to, vil, chal, and nachil are conjugated as follows:
- tom, tor, to șe/și, toj, tohi, to șid
- vilim, vilir, vil șe/și, vilij, vilhi, vil șid
- chalim, chalir...
- nachilim, nachilir...
- va, roa:
- vas, vaș, va șe/și, vimăr, vyur, va șid
- rous, rouș, rou șe/și, roumăr, rovyur, rou șid
- bea: beam, bear, bea șe/și, beaj, beahi, bea șid
Copula
Nouns
Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiș has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case.
Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly -n/-en, or less commonly umlaut of a o u to e e i.
Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed -im /im/ or -es /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ant-, before a labial am-, otherwise an
- אַנט אישצשע ant ișče = the water
- אַם בּיאַ am bia = the food
- אַן ל'אַהּ an łah = the day
- אַן צעך an țech = the house
- אַן נס an nes = the miracle
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except t and ț) lenite and take a-;
- אַ גּֿעלעך a jhełăch = the moon
- אַ מֿען a mhen = the woman/wife
- אַן אות an ous = the letter (character)
- אַן סוכּה an sucă = the booth
Plural nouns: nah- /nə(h)/ (the h is only pronounced before a vowel)
- נאַהּ־טיש nah tiș = the houses
- נאַהּ־ל'אַהן nah łahn = the days
- נאַהּ־מנאָ nah mno = the women/wives
- נאַהּ אותיות nah oasyăs = the letters
- נאַהּ סוכּות nah sucăs = the booths
- נאַהּ ניסים nah nisim = the miracles
Nouns may take a preposed vocative particle a which lenites.
Adjectives
Adjectives always have -e in the plural, except that the plural of -ech is -i: the plural of ייִדעך Yidech 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי Yidi.
- pred: טאָם בּעגּ Tom beg. = I am short.
- m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ fer beg = a short man; אַם ףער בּעג am fer beg = the short man
- f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ fyur bheg = a short sister; אַן ףֿיור בֿעגּ an fhyur bheg = the short sister
- pl.: ףערן אָרדע fern orde = tall men; נאַה ףערן אָרדע nah fern orde = the tall men
Comparatives are formed by adding ניס nis 'more' and עס es 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:
מוֹר - ניס מוֹ - עס מוֹ mour - nis mou - es mou = big - bigger - biggest
Pronouns
conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu șe și șin șiv șid
disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i șin șiv id
emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן mișe, tuse, șeșn, șișe, șinye, șivșe, șițn
emphatic suffixes: -șe -se -șn -șe -ye -șe -sn
Possessive prefixes:
- מאָ־בּֿראָהער mo-bhroher /mo vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער m-aher /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
- דאָ־בּֿראָהער do-bhroher /do vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער d-aher /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
- אַ־בּֿראָהער a-bhroher /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער a-aher /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
- אַהּ־בּראָהער ah-broher /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ah-aher /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
- אָר־בּראָהער or-broher /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער orn-aher /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
- באַר־בּראָהער var-broher /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער varn-aher /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
- אַ־בּראָהער a-broher /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער an-aher /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'
m' and d' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited f results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור fyur /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור m-fhyur /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.
A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער mo-mhoher is m-aher, not *mo-moher is aher.
Prepositions
- ag 'at': agom, aget, eje, eči, agen, agev, acu
- de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
- ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu
- ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu
- i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, inți, inen, inev, intu [in is used before a vowel or proper names]
- ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru
- as 'from': asom, aset, as, ași, asen, asev, asu
- ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
- ri 'with': ryom, ret, reș, rei, rin, riv, ryu
- um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu
- fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu
Combinations
i + definite article is ins a(n/m) in the sg and ins nah in the plural:
- אינס אַן צעך ins an țech 'in the house'
- אינס אַן אָץ ins an oț 'in the place'
- אינס נאַה צירן ins nah țirn 'in the countries'
i + possessive a(n)-: ina(n)-
i + possessive or-: inar-
oa + an-/am-/a- : oan-/oam-/oan-
Syntax
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער Tom nei fol nah fregerțn ou mo-mhoher is ou mo-bhroher 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
Adverbs
Directionals
Numerals
Numerals are always followed by the singular form.
0 = אפס efăs, אַה אפס ah efăs (number zero)
counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah čeher, ah cuj, ah șea, ah șecht, ah ocht, ah noi, ah zeș
11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg...
20, 30, 40, ... = fișăd, trișăd, doișăd, cujăd, șescăd, șechtăd, ochtăd, noiăd
21, 22, ... = fișăd is oin, fișăd is du, ...
100, 200, ... = čead, du čhead, tri čhead, ...
1000 = milă
attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites
ordinals: tosi, elă, triăv, čehrăv, cujăv,... or just ah N
Syntax
An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified.
Noun phrase
Since An Yidiș lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction an X ag Y (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק an cat ag mo-mhac = my son's cat.
Predicate nouns
- "PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע Iș men me = I'm a woman
- "X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה Iș men i Rivcă = Rivce is a woman
- "1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה Iș mișă a mhen ag Moașă = I am Moașă's wife
- "3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי Și a mhen ag Moașă i = She is Moașă's wife
- שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה Și a mhen ag Moașă i Rivcă (or și Rivce i a mhen ag Moașă) = Rivcă is Moașă's wife
- For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָריס אַ טאָ אין רבקה Iș munțoris a to in Rivcă 'Rivcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)'
- Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי bi:
- טאָ רבקה אָרד To Rivcă ord 'Rivcă is tall'
- טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל To Rivcă ins an chedăr cadăl 'Rivcă is in the bedroom'
Infinitive phrases
Infinitive phrases usually correspond to German zu-infinitives, and are also used with some modals. They're of the form a + VN + direct object + oblique objects, where de lenites the VN.
If there is a pronominal direct, a + possessive pronoun (for the pronominal object) + VN must be used, with contractions and mutations occurring as necessary.
Examples:
- a thavărț matonă (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (ein Geschenk zu geben)
- o-thavărț dom = to give it (masc.) to me
- o-tavărț dom = to give it (fem.)/them to me
Phrasebook
- שלום Șolăm = Hello, goodbye
- שלום עליכם Șolăm aléachăm = Hello
- עליכם שלום Aléachăm șolăm = Hello (in response to șolem aléichem)
- סל'אָן Słon = (informal) Bye
- בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב Byonacht agăt/agăv = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
- ףאָלצע רוט/רוב Folțe rut/ruv = Welcome
- צ'ייד מילע ףאָלצע Čeid milă folță = A hundred thousand welcomes
- קאַרד ע אַנט ענים רעט? Card e ant enim ret? = What is your name?
- דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם Dovid șe ant enim ryom = My name is David
- ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? Vil an Azeliș aget/agev? = Do you speak English?
- כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם Chal an Yidiș agom = I can't speak An Yidiș
- כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ Chalim a ticșinț = I don't understand
- ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דאָ־טֿעל = Łavăr nis melă, ri do-thel = Please speak more slowly
- ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באַר־טעל Łavru nis melă, ri var-tel = above, 2pl
- טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. To iari agom a łavăr as Yidiș, ach chal cumăs dom. = I want to speak An Yidiș, but I cannot.
- בּליאַן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע Blian mhath bhyoniță = Happy new year
Dates and time
Civil months
Jewish months
Days of the week
Note: in Yudech a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
- Sunday: זי־סוֹל zi-soal
- Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל mazin soal
- Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל fescăr soal
- Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן erev łuan (!)
- Sunday night: איישע ל'ואַן eișe łuan (!)
- Monday: זי־ל'ואַן zi-łuan
- Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ zi-morț
- Wednesday: זי־צ'יידין zi-čeadin
- Thursday: זי־זיירעדין zi-zearădin
- Friday: זי־הייַנע zi-haină
- Saturday: זי־שבּת zi-șabăs
Telling the time
- טאָ שי טרי שעה To și tri șo. = It's 3:00.
- טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ To și du șo yeag = It's 12:00.
Colors
- ףין fin = white
- דוב duv = black
- זערעגּ zerăg = red
- בּוייע buyă = yellow
- גּל'אַס głas = green
- גּאָרעם gorăm = blue
- בּאַנעש banăș = violet; purple
- דוֹן doan = brown
Sample texts
Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)
- קאַרד אַ טאָ ניי אַהרעב אַר אַן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישן עלע?
- Card a to nea ahrăv ar an eișe șo oa coch eașăn ele?
- What has changed on this night from all other nights?
- גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע נאַכיליג' אַ טום גּל'אַסרען אפילו אוין ל'ער, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' דו ל'ער.
- Gur ar coch eașăn elă nachilij a tum głasrăn afílu oin łer, ach iș anócht a toj du łer.
- That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we do so twice.
- גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איזיר חמץ איס מצה, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מצה.
- Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag ith izir chomăț is mață, ach iș anócht nachilij cim mață.
- That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo; but tonight, only matzo.
- גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ קאָך צ'ינעל' גּל'אַסרען, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מרור.
- Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag ith coch činăł głasren, ach iș anócht nachilij cim morăr.
- That on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables; but tonight, only bitter herbs.
- גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר טי איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר לי שיאַר, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' קאָכנע אין אָר לי שיאַר.
- Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag ith is toj ciz inăr-ti is toj ciz inăr-li șier, ach iș anócht a toj cochnă inăr-li șier.
- That on all other nights we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.