Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]] | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]] | ||
In the [[Lõis]] timeline, '''Ăn | In the [[Lõis]] timeline, '''Ăn Yidiш''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אַן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiш'' /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or אַ גֿאָלג'־יידעך ''ă Gholj-Yidăch'' /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in [[Verse:Lõis/English|Lõisian English]]. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" (''năh Yidi Galцăchă'') in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, Khuamnisht, Togarmite and Persian. | ||
It's mainly inspired by Yiddish and Romanian. | It's mainly inspired by Yiddish and Romanian. | ||
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==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
*Interrogatives: ''Cad a to o zein aget?'' 'What are you doing?' | *Interrogatives: ''Cad a to o zein aget?'' 'What are you doing?' | ||
*Cleft construction: ''''' | *Cleft construction: '''''Iш''' zein leшóunes '''a''' tom a zein anéш'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now. | ||
* | *tш for /tʃ/? | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
*Consonants: b c ch | *Consonants: b c ch ч d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s ш t th ц v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/. | ||
**Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final. | **Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final. | ||
**/z/ is [ʒ] dialectally. | **/z/ is [ʒ] dialectally. | ||
*'' | *''ц z ч j l'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l. | ||
*Lenitions: Note that ''d s'' are NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic. | *Lenitions: Note that ''d s'' are NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic. | ||
**b /b/ > bh /v/ | **b /b/ > bh /v/ | ||
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**g /g/ > gh /ɣ/ | **g /g/ > gh /ɣ/ | ||
**c /k/ > ch /χ/ | **c /k/ > ch /χ/ | ||
** | **ч /tʃ/ > чh /ʃ/ | ||
**m /m/ > mh /v/ | **m /m/ > mh /v/ | ||
**p /p/ > ph /f/ | **p /p/ > ph /f/ | ||
**t /t/ > th /h/ | **t /t/ > th /h/ | ||
** | **ц /ts/ > цh /h/ | ||
**j /dʒ/ > jh /j/ | **j /dʒ/ > jh /j/ | ||
*Vowels: ''a e i o u ai ea oi oa ie ua'' /a e i o u ai eə oi~y oə iə uə/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. | *Vowels: ''a e i o u ai ea oi oa ie ua'' /a e i o u ai eə oi~y oə iə uə/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
An | An Yidiш is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet. | ||
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words: | Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words: | ||
א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f | א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f ц ч c r s ш /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h z t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʃ/. | ||
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh | Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh цh чh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/ | ||
/j/ between two vowels is written יי. | /j/ between two vowels is written יי. | ||
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:{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}} | :{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}} | ||
:'''''Noh scrivu do oas ar zi | :'''''Noh scrivu do oas ar zi шabăs!''''' | ||
:PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat | :PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat | ||
:''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!'' | :''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!'' | ||
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The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect. | The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect. | ||
*''to | *''to шe ag ih'' = he eats; he is eating | ||
**''vil | **''vil шe...'' = does he...? | ||
**''chal | **''chal шe...'' = he does not... | ||
**''nachil | **''nachil шe...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not | ||
**''gu vil | **''gu vil шe...'' = COMP he... | ||
**''a to | **''a to шe...'' = REL he... | ||
*''to | *''to шe nei ih'' = he ate/has eaten | ||
*''bei | *''bei шe ag ih'' = he will eat | ||
**''bei | **''bei шe...'' = will he...? | ||
**''cha bhea | **''cha bhea шe...'' = he will not... | ||
**''nach bhea | **''nach bhea шe...'' = won't he...? | ||
**''a vi | **''a vi шe...'' = REL he will... | ||
*''va | *''va шe ag ih'' = he was eating/he would eat | ||
**''roa | **''roa шe...'' = was he...?/would he? | ||
**''cha roa | **''cha roa шe...'' = he was not.../he would not... | ||
**''nach roa | **''nach roa шe...'' = was he not...?/would he not...? | ||
*''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg) | *''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg) | ||
*''ihu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh) | *''ihu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh) | ||
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*''tom i mo-chadăl'' = I sleep | *''tom i mo-chadăl'' = I sleep | ||
*''tom i mo-thi'' = I sit | *''tom i mo-thi'' = I sit | ||
*''tom i mo- | *''tom i mo-шesăv'' = I stand | ||
*''tom i mo-li'' = I lie (somewhere) | *''tom i mo-li'' = I lie (somewhere) | ||
*''tom i mo-fhirăch'' = I live (I dwell) | *''tom i mo-fhirăch'' = I live (I dwell) | ||
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====Conjugation==== | ====Conjugation==== | ||
*''to'', ''vil'', ''chal'', and ''nachil'' are conjugated as follows: | *''to'', ''vil'', ''chal'', and ''nachil'' are conjugated as follows: | ||
**''tom, tor, to | **''tom, tor, to шe/шi, toj, tohi, to шid'' | ||
**''vilim, vilir, vil | **''vilim, vilir, vil шe/шi, vilij, vilhi, vil шid'' | ||
**''chalim, chalir...'' | **''chalim, chalir...'' | ||
**''nachilim, nachilir...'' | **''nachilim, nachilir...'' | ||
*''va, roa'': | *''va, roa'': | ||
**''vas, | **''vas, vaш, va шe/шi, vimăr, vyur, va шid'' | ||
**''rous, | **''rous, rouш, rou шe/шi, roumăr, rovyur, rou шid'' | ||
*''bea'': ''beam, bear, bea | *''bea'': ''beam, bear, bea шe/шi, beaj, beahi, bea шid'' | ||
===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Like Irish and Hebrew, An | Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiш has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case. | ||
Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-n''/''-en'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''. | Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-n''/''-en'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''. | ||
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Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ant-'', before a labial ''am-'', otherwise ''an'' | Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ant-'', before a labial ''am-'', otherwise ''an'' | ||
*אַנט אישצשע ''ant | *אַנט אישצשע ''ant iшчe'' = the water | ||
*אַם בּיאַ ''am bia'' = the food | *אַם בּיאַ ''am bia'' = the food | ||
*אַן ל'אַהּ ''an łah'' = the day | *אַן ל'אַהּ ''an łah'' = the day | ||
*אַן צעך ''an | *אַן צעך ''an цech'' = the house | ||
*אַן נס ''an nes'' = the miracle | *אַן נס ''an nes'' = the miracle | ||
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and '' | Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''ц'') lenite and take ''a-''; | ||
*אַ גּֿעלעך ''a jhełăch'' = the moon | *אַ גּֿעלעך ''a jhełăch'' = the moon | ||
*אַ מֿען ''a mhen'' = the woman/wife | *אַ מֿען ''a mhen'' = the woman/wife | ||
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Plural nouns: ''nah-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel) | Plural nouns: ''nah-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel) | ||
*נאַהּ־טיש ''nah | *נאַהּ־טיש ''nah tiш'' = the houses | ||
*נאַהּ־ל'אַהן ''nah łahn'' = the days | *נאַהּ־ל'אַהן ''nah łahn'' = the days | ||
*נאַהּ־מנאָ ''nah mno'' = the women/wives | *נאַהּ־מנאָ ''nah mno'' = the women/wives | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu | conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu шe шi шin шiv шid | ||
disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i | disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i шin шiv id | ||
emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן | emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן miшe, tuse, шeшn, шiшe, шinye, шivшe, шiцn | ||
emphatic suffixes: - | emphatic suffixes: -шe -se -шn -шe -ye -шe -sn | ||
Possessive prefixes: | Possessive prefixes: | ||
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===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
*ag 'at': agom, aget, eje, | *ag 'at': agom, aget, eje, eчi, agen, agev, acu | ||
*de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du | *de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du | ||
*ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu | *ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu | ||
*ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu | *ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu | ||
*i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, | *i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, inцi, inen, inev, intu [''in'' is used before a vowel or proper names] | ||
*ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru | *ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru | ||
*as 'from': asom, aset, as, | *as 'from': asom, aset, as, aшi, asen, asev, asu | ||
*ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu | *ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu | ||
*ri 'with': ryom, ret, | *ri 'with': ryom, ret, reш, rei, rin, riv, ryu | ||
*um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu | *um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu | ||
*fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu | *fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu | ||
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''i'' + definite article is ''ins a(n/m)'' in the sg and ''ins nah'' in the plural: | ''i'' + definite article is ''ins a(n/m)'' in the sg and ''ins nah'' in the plural: | ||
*אינס אַן צעך ''ins an | *אינס אַן צעך ''ins an цech'' 'in the house' | ||
*אינס אַן אָץ ''ins an | *אינס אַן אָץ ''ins an oц'' 'in the place' | ||
*אינס נאַה צירן ''ins nah | *אינס נאַה צירן ''ins nah цirn'' 'in the countries' | ||
''i'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''ina(n)-'' | ''i'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''ina(n)-'' | ||
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====Syntax==== | ====Syntax==== | ||
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nei fol nah | Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nei fol nah fregerцn ou mo-mhoher is ou mo-bhroher'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother' | ||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
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0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero) | 0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero) | ||
counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah | counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah чeher, ah cuj, ah шea, ah шecht, ah ocht, ah noi, ah zeш | ||
11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg... | 11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg... | ||
20, 30, 40, ... = | 20, 30, 40, ... = fiшăd, triшăd, doiшăd, cujăd, шescăd, шechtăd, ochtăd, noiăd | ||
21, 22, ... = | 21, 22, ... = fiшăd is oin, fiшăd is du, ... | ||
100, 200, ... = | 100, 200, ... = чead, du чhead, tri чhead, ... | ||
1000 = milă | 1000 = milă | ||
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attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites | attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites | ||
ordinals: ''tosi, elă, triăv, | ordinals: ''tosi, elă, triăv, чehrăv, cujăv,...'' or just ''ah N'' | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
An | An Yidiш syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified. | ||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
Since An | Since An Yidiш lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction ''an X ag Y'' (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק ''an cat ag mo-mhac'' = my son's cat. | ||
===Predicate nouns=== | ===Predicate nouns=== | ||
*"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע '' | *"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע ''Iш men me'' = I'm a woman | ||
*"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה '' | *"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה ''Iш men i Rivcă'' = Rivcă is a woman | ||
*"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה '' | *"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה ''Iш miшă a mhen ag Moaшă'' = I am Moaшă's wife | ||
*"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי '' | *"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי ''Шi a mhen ag Moaшă i'' = She is Moaшă's wife | ||
**שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה '' | **שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה ''Шi a mhen ag Moaшă i Rivcă'' (or ''шi Rivce i a mhen ag Moaшă'') = Rivcă is Moaшă's wife | ||
*For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָריס אַ טאָ אין רבקה '' | *For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָריס אַ טאָ אין רבקה ''Iш munцoris a to in Rivcă'' 'Rivcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)' | ||
*Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | *Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | ||
**טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To Rivcă ord'' 'Rivcă is tall' | **טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To Rivcă ord'' 'Rivcă is tall' | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
*''a | *''a thavărц matonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'') | ||
*''o- | *''o-thavărц dom'' = to give it (masc.) to me | ||
*''o- | *''o-tavărц dom'' = to give it (fem.)/them to me | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
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*־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-iyăs'' or ־יתען ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix' | *־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-iyăs'' or ־יתען ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix' | ||
==Phrasebook== | ==Phrasebook== | ||
*שלום '' | *שלום ''Шolăm'' = Hello, goodbye | ||
*שלום עליכם '' | *שלום עליכם ''Шolăm aléachăm'' = Hello | ||
*עליכם שלום ''Aléachăm | *עליכם שלום ''Aléachăm шolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''шolem aléichem'') | ||
*סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye | *סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye | ||
*בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב '' | *בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Byonăcht agăt/agăv'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing) | ||
*ףאָלצע רוט/רוב '' | *ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Folцă rut/ruv'' = Welcome | ||
*צ'ייד מילע ףאָלצע '' | *צ'ייד מילע ףאָלצע ''Чead milă folцă'' = A hundred thousand welcomes | ||
*קאַרד ע אַנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ant enim ret?'' = What is your name? | *קאַרד ע אַנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ant enim ret?'' = What is your name? | ||
*דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid | *דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid шe ant enim ryom'' = My name is David | ||
*ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vil an | *ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vil an Azeliш agăt/agăv?'' = Do you speak English? | ||
*כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם ''Chal an | *כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם ''Chal an Yidiш agom'' = I can't speak An Yidiш | ||
*כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim a | *כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim a ticшinц'' = I don't understand | ||
*ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דאָ־טֿעל = ''Łavăr nis melă, ri do-thel'' = Please speak more slowly | *ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דאָ־טֿעל = ''Łavăr nis melă, ri do-thel'' = Please speak more slowly | ||
**ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באַר־טעל ''Łavru nis melă, ri văr-tel'' = above, 2pl | **ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באַר־טעל ''Łavru nis melă, ri văr-tel'' = above, 2pl | ||
*טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To iari agom a łavăr as | *טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To iari agom a łavăr as Yidiш, ach chal cumăs dom.'' = I want to speak An Yidiш, but I cannot. | ||
*בּליאַן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blien mhath | *בּליאַן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blien mhath bhyoniцă'' = Happy new year | ||
===Dates and time=== | ===Dates and time=== | ||
====Civil months==== | ====Civil months==== | ||
| Line 288: | Line 288: | ||
**Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescăr soal'' | **Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescăr soal'' | ||
**Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!) | **Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!) | ||
**Sunday night: איישע ל'ואַן '' | **Sunday night: איישע ל'ואַן ''eiшe łuan'' (!) | ||
*Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan'' | *Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan'' | ||
*Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi- | *Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-morц'' | ||
*Wednesday: זי־צ'יידין ''zi- | *Wednesday: זי־צ'יידין ''zi-чeadin'' | ||
*Thursday: זי־זיירעדין ''zi-zearădin'' | *Thursday: זי־זיירעדין ''zi-zearădin'' | ||
*Friday: זי־הייַנע ''zi-haină'' | *Friday: זי־הייַנע ''zi-haină'' | ||
*Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi- | *Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-шabăs'' | ||
====Telling the time==== | ====Telling the time==== | ||
*טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To | *טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To шi tri шo.'' = It's 3:00. | ||
*טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To | *טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To шi du шo yeag'' = It's 12:00. | ||
===Colors=== | ===Colors=== | ||
| Line 307: | Line 307: | ||
*גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green | *גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green | ||
*גּאָרעם ''gorăm'' = blue | *גּאָרעם ''gorăm'' = blue | ||
*בּאַנעש '' | *בּאַנעש ''banăш'' = violet; purple | ||
*דוֹן ''doan'' = brown | *דוֹן ''doan'' = brown | ||
| Line 313: | Line 313: | ||
===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)=== | ===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)=== | ||
:קאַרד אַ טאָ ניי אַהרעב אַר אַן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישן עלע? | :קאַרד אַ טאָ ניי אַהרעב אַר אַן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישן עלע? | ||
:'''''Card a to nea ahrăv ar an | :'''''Card a to nea ahrăv ar an eiшe шo oa coch eaшăn ele?''''' | ||
:''What has changed on this night from all other nights?'' | :''What has changed on this night from all other nights?'' | ||
:גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע נאַכיליג' אַ טום גּל'אַסרען אפילו אוין ל'ער, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' דו ל'ער. | :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע נאַכיליג' אַ טום גּל'אַסרען אפילו אוין ל'ער, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' דו ל'ער. | ||
:'''''Gur ar coch | :'''''Gur ar coch eaшăn elă nachilij a tum głasrăn afílu oin łer, ach iш anócht a toj du łer.''''' | ||
:''That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we do so twice.'' | :''That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we do so twice.'' | ||
:גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איזיר חמץ איס מצה, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מצה. | :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איזיר חמץ איס מצה, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מצה. | ||
:'''''Gur ar coch | :'''''Gur ar coch eaшăn elă a toj ag ith izir chomăц is maцă, ach iш anócht nachilij cim maцă.''''' | ||
:''That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo; but tonight, only matzo.'' | :''That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo; but tonight, only matzo.'' | ||
:גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ קאָך צ'ינעל' גּל'אַסרען, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מרור. | :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ קאָך צ'ינעל' גּל'אַסרען, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מרור. | ||
:'''''Gur ar coch | :'''''Gur ar coch eaшăn elă a toj ag ith coch чinăł głasren, ach iш anócht nachilij cim morăr.''''' | ||
:''That on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables; but tonight, only bitter herbs.'' | :''That on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables; but tonight, only bitter herbs.'' | ||
:גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר טי איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר לי שיאַר, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' קאָכנע אין אָר לי שיאַר. | :גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר טי איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר לי שיאַר, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' קאָכנע אין אָר לי שיאַר. | ||
:'''''Gur ar coch | :'''''Gur ar coch eaшăn elă a toj ag ith is toj ciz inăr-ti is toj ciz inăr-li шier, ach iш anócht a toj cochnă inăr-li шier.''''' | ||
:''That on all other nights we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.'' | :''That on all other nights we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.'' | ||
[[Category:Celtic languages]] | [[Category:Celtic languages]] | ||
Revision as of 01:17, 20 January 2020
Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin/Wordlist
In the Lõis timeline, Ăn Yidiш or Judeo-Gaelic (natively: אַן ייִדיש ăn Yidiш /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or אַ גֿאָלג'־יידעך ă Gholj-Yidăch /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in Lõisian English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" (năh Yidi Galцăchă) in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, Khuamnisht, Togarmite and Persian.
It's mainly inspired by Yiddish and Romanian.
Names
Patronymics:
- Gaelic: מאַק/ניק חיים mac (m)/nic (f) Chaim
- Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
- Azalic: חיימסאָן Chaimson
- Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminejod
Famous people
- סקוט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (Scot mac Ahárăn) - quantum physicist and computer scientist
Todo
- Interrogatives: Cad a to o zein aget? 'What are you doing?'
- Cleft construction: Iш zein leшóunes a tom a zein anéш = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
- tш for /tʃ/?
Phonology
- Consonants: b c ch ч d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s ш t th ц v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/.
- Final h is silent unless before a vowel. th is pronounced even when final.
- /z/ is [ʒ] dialectally.
- ц z ч j l arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l.
- Lenitions: Note that d s are NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic.
- b /b/ > bh /v/
- f /f/ > fh /0/
- g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
- c /k/ > ch /χ/
- ч /tʃ/ > чh /ʃ/
- m /m/ > mh /v/
- p /p/ > ph /f/
- t /t/ > th /h/
- ц /ts/ > цh /h/
- j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
- Vowels: a e i o u ai ea oi oa ie ua /a e i o u ai eə oi~y oə iə uə/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common.
- Stress is transcribed if not initial
- OIr oí > oi
Orthography
An Yidiш is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words:
א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f ц ч c r s ш /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h z t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʃ/.
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh цh чh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
/j/ between two vowels is written יי.
Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Semitic words):
אַ ע יי י אָ אוֹ או יַי וי = /a e eə i o oə u ai oi/
יִ is used for /i/ after י /j/.
Hebrew words are spelled as in Hebrew. A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.
The hyphen used looks like this: מאָ־מֿאַדרע mo-mhadră 'my dog'.
Grammar
Verbs
Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:
- טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.
- Tom a łasăgh nearăs hanucă.
- /tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'hanukə/
- be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
- I'm lighting Hanukkah candles. (or I light Hanukkah candles)
- נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!
- Noh scrivu do oas ar zi шabăs!
- PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
- Don't write two letters on Shabbat!
Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.
Tenses
The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.
- to шe ag ih = he eats; he is eating
- vil шe... = does he...?
- chal шe... = he does not...
- nachil шe... = doesn't he...?/that he does not
- gu vil шe... = COMP he...
- a to шe... = REL he...
- to шe nei ih = he ate/has eaten
- bei шe ag ih = he will eat
- bei шe... = will he...?
- cha bhea шe... = he will not...
- nach bhea шe... = won't he...?
- a vi шe... = REL he will...
- va шe ag ih = he was eating/he would eat
- roa шe... = was he...?/would he?
- cha roa шe... = he was not.../he would not...
- nach roa шe... = was he not...?/would he not...?
- ih! = Eat! (2sg)
- ihu! = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh)
- noh ih(u)! = Don't eat!
For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, i mo-, i do-, ină-, etc. + VN is used:
- tom i mo-chadăl = I sleep
- tom i mo-thi = I sit
- tom i mo-шesăv = I stand
- tom i mo-li = I lie (somewhere)
- tom i mo-fhirăch = I live (I dwell)
Conjugation
- to, vil, chal, and nachil are conjugated as follows:
- tom, tor, to шe/шi, toj, tohi, to шid
- vilim, vilir, vil шe/шi, vilij, vilhi, vil шid
- chalim, chalir...
- nachilim, nachilir...
- va, roa:
- vas, vaш, va шe/шi, vimăr, vyur, va шid
- rous, rouш, rou шe/шi, roumăr, rovyur, rou шid
- bea: beam, bear, bea шe/шi, beaj, beahi, bea шid
Copula
Nouns
Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiш has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case.
Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly -n/-en, or less commonly umlaut of a o u to e e i.
Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed -im /im/ or -es /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ant-, before a labial am-, otherwise an
- אַנט אישצשע ant iшчe = the water
- אַם בּיאַ am bia = the food
- אַן ל'אַהּ an łah = the day
- אַן צעך an цech = the house
- אַן נס an nes = the miracle
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except t and ц) lenite and take a-;
- אַ גּֿעלעך a jhełăch = the moon
- אַ מֿען a mhen = the woman/wife
- אַן אות an ous = the letter (character)
- אַן סוכּה an sucă = the booth
Plural nouns: nah- /nə(h)/ (the h is only pronounced before a vowel)
- נאַהּ־טיש nah tiш = the houses
- נאַהּ־ל'אַהן nah łahn = the days
- נאַהּ־מנאָ nah mno = the women/wives
- נאַהּ אותיות nah oasyăs = the letters
- נאַהּ סוכּות nah sucăs = the booths
- נאַהּ ניסים nah nisim = the miracles
Nouns may take a preposed vocative particle a which lenites.
Adjectives
Adjectives always have -e in the plural, except that the plural of -ech is -i: the plural of ייִדעך Yidech 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי Yidi.
- pred: טאָם בּעגּ Tom beg. = I am short.
- m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ fer beg = a short man; אַם ףער בּעג am fer beg = the short man
- f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ fyur bheg = a short sister; אַן ףֿיור בֿעגּ an fhyur bheg = the short sister
- pl.: ףערן אָרדע fern orde = tall men; נאַה ףערן אָרדע nah fern orde = the tall men
Comparatives are formed by adding ניס nis 'more' and עס es 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:
מוֹר - ניס מוֹ - עס מוֹ mour - nis mou - es mou = big - bigger - biggest
Pronouns
conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu шe шi шin шiv шid
disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i шin шiv id
emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן miшe, tuse, шeшn, шiшe, шinye, шivшe, шiцn
emphatic suffixes: -шe -se -шn -шe -ye -шe -sn
Possessive prefixes:
- מאָ־בּֿראָהער mo-bhroher /mo vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער m-aher /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
- דאָ־בּֿראָהער do-bhroher /do vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער d-aher /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
- אַ־בּֿראָהער a-bhroher /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער a-aher /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
- אַהּ־בּראָהער ah-broher /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ah-aher /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
- אָר־בּראָהער or-broher /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער orn-aher /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
- באַר־בּראָהער var-broher /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער varn-aher /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
- אַ־בּראָהער a-broher /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער an-aher /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'
m' and d' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited f results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור fyur /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור m-fhyur /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.
A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער mo-mhoher is m-aher, not *mo-moher is aher.
Prepositions
- ag 'at': agom, aget, eje, eчi, agen, agev, acu
- de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
- ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu
- ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu
- i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, inцi, inen, inev, intu [in is used before a vowel or proper names]
- ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru
- as 'from': asom, aset, as, aшi, asen, asev, asu
- ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
- ri 'with': ryom, ret, reш, rei, rin, riv, ryu
- um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu
- fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu
Combinations
i + definite article is ins a(n/m) in the sg and ins nah in the plural:
- אינס אַן צעך ins an цech 'in the house'
- אינס אַן אָץ ins an oц 'in the place'
- אינס נאַה צירן ins nah цirn 'in the countries'
i + possessive a(n)-: ina(n)-
i + possessive or-: inar-
oa + an-/am-/a- : oan-/oam-/oan-
Syntax
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער Tom nei fol nah fregerцn ou mo-mhoher is ou mo-bhroher 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
Adverbs
Directionals
Numerals
Numerals are always followed by the singular form.
0 = אפס efăs, אַה אפס ah efăs (number zero)
counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah чeher, ah cuj, ah шea, ah шecht, ah ocht, ah noi, ah zeш
11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg...
20, 30, 40, ... = fiшăd, triшăd, doiшăd, cujăd, шescăd, шechtăd, ochtăd, noiăd
21, 22, ... = fiшăd is oin, fiшăd is du, ...
100, 200, ... = чead, du чhead, tri чhead, ...
1000 = milă
attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites
ordinals: tosi, elă, triăv, чehrăv, cujăv,... or just ah N
Syntax
An Yidiш syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified.
Noun phrase
Since An Yidiш lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction an X ag Y (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק an cat ag mo-mhac = my son's cat.
Predicate nouns
- "PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע Iш men me = I'm a woman
- "X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה Iш men i Rivcă = Rivcă is a woman
- "1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה Iш miшă a mhen ag Moaшă = I am Moaшă's wife
- "3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי Шi a mhen ag Moaшă i = She is Moaшă's wife
- שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה Шi a mhen ag Moaшă i Rivcă (or шi Rivce i a mhen ag Moaшă) = Rivcă is Moaшă's wife
- For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָריס אַ טאָ אין רבקה Iш munцoris a to in Rivcă 'Rivcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)'
- Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי bi:
- טאָ רבקה אָרד To Rivcă ord 'Rivcă is tall'
- טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל To Rivcă ins an chedăr cadăl 'Rivcă is in the bedroom'
Infinitive phrases
Infinitive phrases usually correspond to German zu-infinitives, and are also used with some modals. They're of the form a + VN + direct object + oblique objects, where de lenites the VN.
If there is a pronominal direct, a + possessive pronoun (for the pronominal object) + VN must be used, with contractions and mutations occurring as necessary.
Examples:
- a thavărц matonă (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (ein Geschenk zu geben)
- o-thavărц dom = to give it (masc.) to me
- o-tavărц dom = to give it (fem.)/them to me
Vocabulary
Derivation
- ־ית -is, pl. ־יות -iyăs or ־יתען -isăn 'feminine occupational suffix'
Phrasebook
- שלום Шolăm = Hello, goodbye
- שלום עליכם Шolăm aléachăm = Hello
- עליכם שלום Aléachăm шolăm = Hello (in response to шolem aléichem)
- סל'אָן Słon = (informal) Bye
- בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב Byonăcht agăt/agăv = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
- ףאָלצע רוט/רוב Folцă rut/ruv = Welcome
- צ'ייד מילע ףאָלצע Чead milă folцă = A hundred thousand welcomes
- קאַרד ע אַנט ענים רעט? Card e ant enim ret? = What is your name?
- דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם Dovid шe ant enim ryom = My name is David
- ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? Vil an Azeliш agăt/agăv? = Do you speak English?
- כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם Chal an Yidiш agom = I can't speak An Yidiш
- כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ Chalim a ticшinц = I don't understand
- ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דאָ־טֿעל = Łavăr nis melă, ri do-thel = Please speak more slowly
- ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באַר־טעל Łavru nis melă, ri văr-tel = above, 2pl
- טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. To iari agom a łavăr as Yidiш, ach chal cumăs dom. = I want to speak An Yidiш, but I cannot.
- בּליאַן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע Blien mhath bhyoniцă = Happy new year
Dates and time
Civil months
Jewish months
Days of the week
Note: in Yudech a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
- Sunday: זי־סוֹל zi-soal
- Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל mazin soal
- Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל fescăr soal
- Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן erev łuan (!)
- Sunday night: איישע ל'ואַן eiшe łuan (!)
- Monday: זי־ל'ואַן zi-łuan
- Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ zi-morц
- Wednesday: זי־צ'יידין zi-чeadin
- Thursday: זי־זיירעדין zi-zearădin
- Friday: זי־הייַנע zi-haină
- Saturday: זי־שבּת zi-шabăs
Telling the time
- טאָ שי טרי שעה To шi tri шo. = It's 3:00.
- טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ To шi du шo yeag = It's 12:00.
Colors
- ףין fin = white
- דוב duv = black
- זערעגּ zerăg = red
- בּוייע buyă = yellow
- גּל'אַס głas = green
- גּאָרעם gorăm = blue
- בּאַנעש banăш = violet; purple
- דוֹן doan = brown
Sample texts
Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)
- קאַרד אַ טאָ ניי אַהרעב אַר אַן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישן עלע?
- Card a to nea ahrăv ar an eiшe шo oa coch eaшăn ele?
- What has changed on this night from all other nights?
- גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע נאַכיליג' אַ טום גּל'אַסרען אפילו אוין ל'ער, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' דו ל'ער.
- Gur ar coch eaшăn elă nachilij a tum głasrăn afílu oin łer, ach iш anócht a toj du łer.
- That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we do so twice.
- גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איזיר חמץ איס מצה, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מצה.
- Gur ar coch eaшăn elă a toj ag ith izir chomăц is maцă, ach iш anócht nachilij cim maцă.
- That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo; but tonight, only matzo.
- גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ קאָך צ'ינעל' גּל'אַסרען, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מרור.
- Gur ar coch eaшăn elă a toj ag ith coch чinăł głasren, ach iш anócht nachilij cim morăr.
- That on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables; but tonight, only bitter herbs.
- גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר טי איס טאָג' קיז אין אָר לי שיאַר, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' קאָכנע אין אָר לי שיאַר.
- Gur ar coch eaшăn elă a toj ag ith is toj ciz inăr-ti is toj ciz inăr-li шier, ach iш anócht a toj cochnă inăr-li шier.
- That on all other nights we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.