User:IlL/Spare pages 1/53

English in the AETHER timeline is an Indo-European language and has pretty much the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but is a Riphic language, not a Germanic one. It is native to our Germany and Poland area, not the British Isles.

Etymologies

• leitmotif: an opera which used a leitmotif for a character named Lait or Light? (it was an operatic version of Death Note)
• karma: a non-Earth Indo-Aryan language
• mana: from IA *manas
• Parmesan: unknown. A folk etymology derives it from a Cubrite woman's name (Parm Eshan?).
• German linguistic terminology: invented by Edna? The standard terms are:
  • affection not umlaut
  • apophony not ablaut
  • linguistic area not sprachbund
  • lexical aspect not aktionsart
  • case stacking not suffixaufnahme
  • place of origin not urheimat

Accents

Brotherton

Philly + Boston; should inspire Shalaian and Netagin

• Philly L
• non-rhotic
• Philly short-A system; lax A = [æ], SQUARE = tense A = [eə~ɛə]
• GOAT = [əʊ]; GOOSE = [üw]
• LOT = [ɑ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = POOR = [oə~ɔə]
• NEAR = [iə~ɪə]
• START = [ä]
• NURSE = [ə:]
• /aɪ/, /aʊ/, /eɪ/, /oɪ/ = [ɑɪ], [æʊ], [eɪ], [oɪ]; no Canadian raising in /aʊ/

A-Standard

(Stolen from Lõis)

Overview

Vowels
Feature	Western ("Sephardi")	L-Standard	Eastern ("Ashkenazi")
KIT	ɪ	ɪ~ɪ̈	i
DRESS	ɛ	ɛ	e
TRAP	a~ɑ	a	a
BATH (the BATH lexical set is same as RP)	a~ɑ	aː	a
LOT	ɔ	ɔ~ɒ	o
STRUT	ʊ	ɜ̟~ɐ	ɜ
FOOT	ʊ	ʊ	ʊ̈~ɘ	u
FLEECE	iː	iʝ + reinforcement before C; ɪj otherwise	ɪj~iː	iː
FACE	eː~eɪ	ɪj + reinforcement before C; ɛɪ otherwise	ɛɪ	eɪ
PRICE	aɪ	əɪ~ʌɪ + reinforcement before C; ɑɪ~ɒɪ otherwise	ɑɪ	aɪ
CHOICE	oɪ	oɪ~ʊɪ + reinforcement before C; oɪ otherwise	oɪ	ɔɪ~oɪ
MOUTH	aʊ	æʊ~ɛɔ	æʊ	aʊ
GOAT	oː~oʊ	əʊ~ə̟ʊ~eʊ, oʊ before [ɫ]	ə̟ʊ~əʊ~əʏ~ʌʏ, ɔʊ~ɒʊ before [ɫ]	ɔɪ~oɪ
GOOSE	uː	üw~yː, uː before [ɫ]	üː~yː, uː before [ɫ]	uː
PALM	ɑː	ɑ~ä	ɑː	aː
THOUGHT	ɑː	oə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ)	oː	ɔː
NEAR	iːɹ	iə(ɹ)	ɪɚ~ɪə	iʀ
SQUARE	eːɹ	eə(ɹ)	ɛɚ~ɛə	eʀ
NURSE	əːɹ	əː(ɹ)	ɚː~əː	əʀ
START	ɑːɹ	ɒː(ə)(ɹ)	ɑɚ~ɑː	aʀ
NORTH	ɑːɹ	oə(ɹ)	oɚ~oə	oʀ
FORCE	oːɹ	oə(ɹ)	oɚ~oə (oʊɚ~əʊɚ for Jewish speakers)	ɔɪʀ~oɪʀ
POOR	uːɹ	oə(ɹ)	uɚ~uə	uʀ
CURE	juːɹ	joə(ɹ)~jə(ɹ)	juɚ~jɚː~juə~jəː	juʀ
commA	ə	ə(ɹ)	ə	ə
lettER	əɹ	ə(ɹ)	ɚ~əː	əʀ
happY	i	iː~ɪj	iː~ɪj	i
Other phenomena
Feature	Western	L-Philadelphian	L-Standard	Eastern
Rhoticity	Historical /r/ is always [ɹ]	Non-rhotic with intrusive R	Freely varies	Historical /r/ is always [ʀ]
Dark L	Always	Always, often vocalizing	Only when non-prevocalic	Never
/θ ð/	Always [t̪ d̪]	Often [t̪ d̪]	[θ ð]	[s̠ d]
/w/	[w]	[w]	[w]	[v]
Aspiration of voiceless stops and t/d-tapping	As in AmE	As in AmE	As in AmE	Never

Western accent

This is the "Western English" accent. When Hebrew is read in this accent, it sounds like Israeli Hebrew with an American accent. It still has some non-Sephardi features, e.g. tsere = FACE = [eɪ] is distinct from segol = DRESS = [ɛ].

The intonation is stereotypical American/Valley Girl.

L-Philadelphian

This accent is spoken in both the city of Alaşehir in Turkey (or as locals call it, "Flulfia"), and in Philadelphia, PA (called "New Philadelphia"). It's a non-rhotic version of our Philly accent; r-intrusion is used, as in our New York accent.

• /l/ is always dark [ɫ] and often vocalizes to a uvularized, pharyngealized or nasalized [ɰ].
• A 3-way distinction of Mary [meəɹi], merry [mɛɹi~mɤɹi], marry [mæɹi], unlike Standard English
• hurry [hɤɹi], furry [fəːɹi]
• orange [ɒɹɪndʒ]
• mirror [mɪɹə(ɹ)] != nearer [niəɹə(ɹ)]
• /iːg/ > /ɪg/, /eɪg/ > /ɛg/ in many words
• /θ ð/ are commonly [t̪ d̪].
• Philadelphian A-tensing system reminiscent of trap-bath split

A characteristic feature is reinforcement for certain vowels or diphthongs before consonants, which changes the pronunciation of the vowel:

• The nucleus is shortened.
• When the consonant is voiced, the offglide is lengthened: fame [fɪiːm]
• When the consonant is voiceless, the consonant is lengthened: face [fɪjsː]

L-Standard English

Often called the "Newton accent". Also a standard for English Hebrew.

A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Philadelphia + Modern RP/Estuary.

Intonation is mostly American + my own weird intonation (my intonation basically)

Vowels

• orange = [oːɹəndʒ]
• Mary-merry-marry merger
• Mirror-nearer merger
• Hurry-furry merger
• No mergers before /l/
• No trap-bath split

Consonants

• L is light [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] otherwise, as in RP.
  • wholly-holy split.
• No glottal reinforcement before stops.
• /p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
• /d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
• wine-whine merger optional.
• /r/ may be [ʋ] between vowels.

Eastern accent

"Poylish" accent?