Gwaxol: Difference between revisions
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===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
Adverbs are morphologically verbs. | Adverbs are morphologically verbs and are treated and marked as such. | ||
===Postpositions=== | ===Postpositions=== | ||
Most adpositional meanings are conveyed with the locative or lative cases, with two exceptions: ''nem'' "from" and ''ze'' "past, beyond". When these two postpositions are used, their head noun takes intransitive marking. | Most adpositional meanings are conveyed with the locative or lative cases, with two exceptions: ''nem'' "from" and ''ze'' "past, beyond". When these two postpositions are used, their head noun takes intransitive marking. | ||
=== Derivational morphology === | ===Numerals and classifiers=== | ||
Gwaxol uses base-60 and subbase-6 numerals, with non-compound words for one through twelve and multiples of six up to sixty. Numerals one through twelve agree in gender with their noun. | |||
Inanimate nouns require classifiers when numerated. | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | |||
====Reduplication==== | ====Reduplication==== | ||
Full reduplication is used to broaden adjectives (for example ''töng² töng²'' "somewhat narrow" from ''töng²'' "narrow"), and to derive new iterative or reflexive meanings from some verbs (for example ''har³ har³'' "it returns to it" from ''har³'' "it goes to it"). | Full reduplication is used to broaden adjectives (for example ''töng² töng²'' "somewhat narrow" from ''töng²'' "narrow"), and to derive new iterative or reflexive meanings from some verbs (for example ''har³ har³'' "it returns to it" from ''har³'' "it goes to it"). | ||
== | ==Syntax=== | ||
===Constituent order=== | |||
Word order is flexible but predominantly [[w:Verb–subject-object word order|VSO]]. | |||
===Noun and verb phrases=== | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | |||
Dependent clauses directly follow the head they modify, and are marked with the particle ''ngë'' both before and after the clause; the head's other dependents then follow the clause. | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
Revision as of 11:48, 4 June 2023
| Gwaxol | |
|---|---|
| gwaxol⁵ | |
| File:??? ??? | |
| Pronunciation | [gʷɑ˩xo˥ɮ̊] |
| Created by | Dillon Hartwig |
| Date | 2022 |
| Setting | Pollasena |
| Native to | ??? |
Wasc
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | ??? |
 Range Map of Gwaxol (brown), alongside Kelajw (white), 'Oa (pink), and Thuosha' (purple) | |
Gwaxol /gwəˈhoʊl/ (Gwaxol: gwaxol⁵ [gʷɑ˩xo˥ɮ̊]) is a mixed Wasc-Nentammmi language spoken south of the central Merizon Mountains.
Etymology
Gwaxol⁵, the language's autonym, is inherited from the Wascotl's autonym *wasc-otl.
Orthography
Gwaxol is written with ???. Its romanization is as follows.
| (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A a | Ä ä | D d | E e | Ë ë | G g | Gw gw | Ğ ğ |
| /ɑ/ | /ɛ/ | /d/ | /e/ | /ə/ | /g/ | /gʷ/ | /ɣ/ |
| (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) |
| H h | I i | Ï ï | K k | Kw kw | L l | Ł ł | M m |
| /h/ | /i/ | /ɨ/ | /k/ | /kʷ/ | /ɮ/ | /ɬ/ | /m/ |
| (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) |
| N n | Ng ng | Nw nw | Nz nz | O o | Ö ö | R r | S s |
| /n/ | /ŋ/ | /ŋʷ/ | /z̃/ | /o/ | /ɵ/ | /r/ | /s/ |
| (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) |
| T t | Th th | U u | Ü ü | W w | X x | Xw xw | Y y |
| /s/ | /θ/ | /u/ | /ʉ/ | /ɣʷ/ | /x/ | /xʷ/ | /ʝ/ |
| (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | (img) | |
| Z z | ¹ | ² | ³ | ⁴ | ⁵ | ⁶ | |
| /z/ | /˥-˥/ | /˩-˩/ | /˥-˧/ | /˧-˩/ | /˩-˥/ | /˥-˩-˧/ |
- Hyphens disambiguate /Cʷ, θ, ŋ, z̃/ ⟨Cw, th, ng, nz⟩ from /Cw, th, ng, nz/ ⟨C'w, t'h, n'g, n'z⟩
- Tone numbers are written word-finally
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labialized velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal stop | m | n | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||||
| Nasal fricative | z̃ | |||||||||
| Stop | t | d | k | g | kʷ | gʷ | ||||
| Fricative | θ | s | z | ʝ | x | ɣ | xʷ | ɣʷ | h | |
| Lateral | ɬ | ɮ | ||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
- /ŋ, z̃, θ/ only occur in loanwords.
- All consonants assimilate in voicing to following consonants and all voiced consonants devoice word-finally, but this voicing change does not change fortition; for example /ɮ/ devoices to [ɮ̊] rather than [ɬ], and /ɬ/ voices to [ɬ̬] rather than [ɮ].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | ʉ | u |
| Close-mid | e | ɵ | o | |
| Mid | ə | |||
| Open-mid | ɛ | |||
| Low | ɑ | |||
- /ɛ/ only occurs in loanwords.
Tones
Gwaxol has six word tones.
| High | Low | High falling | Low falling | Rising | Dipping |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ˥-˥ | ˩-˩ | ˥-˧ | ˧-˩ | ˩-˥ | ˥-˩-˧ |
- /˩-˩, ˧-˩/ only occur in loanwords.
Tones are realized with pitch shifting throughout the word from the first tone to the second; in words with dipping tone, pitch is lowest at the end of the penultimate syllable and rises in the final syllable.
| High | Low | High falling | Low falling | Rising | Dipping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monosyllable | ën¹ "it is it" /ən˥˥/ [ə˥n̥] |
gey² "it counts it" /geʝ˩˩/ [ge˩ʝ̊] |
zis³ "it gives it" /zis˥˧/ [zi˥˧s] |
dëy⁴ "it laughs at it" /dəʝ˧˩/ [də˧˩ʝ̊] |
hëgw⁵ "it finds it" /həgʷ˩˥/ [hə˩˥g̊ʷ] |
thöt⁶ "it savors it" /θɵt˥˩˧/ [θɵ˥˩˧t] |
| Disyllable | sekën¹ "I am it" /sekən˥˥/ [se˥kə˥n̥] |
sekgey² "I count it" /sekgeʝ˩˩/ [se˩k̬ge˩ʝ̊] |
sekzis³ "I give it" /sekzis˥˧/ [se˥k̬zi˧s] |
sekdëy⁴ "I laugh at it" /sekdəʝ˧˩/ [se˧k̬də˩ʝ̊] |
sekhëgw⁵ "I find it" /sekhəgʷ˩˥/ [se˩khə˥g̊ʷ] |
sekthöt⁶ "I savor it" /sekθɵt˥˩˧/ [se˥˩kθɵ˧t] |
| Trisyllable | sekëni¹ "I was it" /sekəni˥˥/ [se˥kə˥ni˥] |
sekgeyi² "I counted it" /sekgeʝi˩˩/ [se˩k̬ge˩ʝi˩] |
sekzisi³ "I gave it" /sekzisi˥˧/ [se˥k̬zi˦si˧] |
sekdëyi⁴ "I laughed at it" /sekdəʝi˧˩/ [se˧k̬də˨ʝi˩] |
sekhëgwi⁵ "I found it" /sekhəgʷi˩˥/ [se˩khə˧gʷi˥] |
sekthöti⁶ "I savored it" /sekθɵti˥˩˧/ [se˥kθɵ˩ti˧] |
| Quadrisyllable | sekënilen¹ "I was not it" /sekəniɮen˥˥/ [se˥kə˥ni˥ɮe˥n̥] |
sekgeyilen² "I did not count it" /sekgeʝiɮen˩˩/ [se˩k̬ge˩ʝi˩ɮe˩n̥] |
sekzisilen³ "I did not give it" /sekzisiɮen˥˧/ [se˥k̬zi˦si˦ɮe˧n̥] |
sekdëyilen⁴ "I did not laugh at it" /sekdəʝiɮen˧˩/ [se˧k̬də˨ʝi˨ɮe˩n̥] |
sekhëgwilen⁵ "I did not find it" /sekhəgʷiɮen˩˥/ [se˩khə˨gʷi˦ɮe˥n̥] |
sekthötilen⁶ "I did not savor it" /sekθɵtiɮen˥˩˧/ [se˥kθɵ˧ti˩ɮe˧n̥] |
- For some speakers non-monosyllable /˥-˥/ and /˩-˩/ are realized as weakly rising [V˦...V˥] and [V˩...V˨].
Atonal words bear the last tone in the preceding word, but word-initially either bear the first tone in the following word or have variable pitch.
Prosody
Stress
Stress is root-initial and is realized with increased volume and/or vowel length, the latter especially in contrastive stress.
Intonation
Emphasized words have more volume across the word and length in the word's stressed vowel. Emphasized atonal words in isolation have sharply falling pitch.
In semantically imperative and hortative sentences pitch starts higher than in declarative sentences.
In nonpolar questions and expressions of surprise or doubt pitch is lower before the most emphasized word and sharply rises after the word.
Phonotactics
Syllables are CV(C). Obstruents except /ʝ/ cannot occur before consonants of different voicing except on morpheme boundaries.
Morphology
Pronouns
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Adverbs are morphologically verbs and are treated and marked as such.
Postpositions
Most adpositional meanings are conveyed with the locative or lative cases, with two exceptions: nem "from" and ze "past, beyond". When these two postpositions are used, their head noun takes intransitive marking.
Numerals and classifiers
Gwaxol uses base-60 and subbase-6 numerals, with non-compound words for one through twelve and multiples of six up to sixty. Numerals one through twelve agree in gender with their noun.
Inanimate nouns require classifiers when numerated.
Derivational morphology
Reduplication
Full reduplication is used to broaden adjectives (for example töng² töng² "somewhat narrow" from töng² "narrow"), and to derive new iterative or reflexive meanings from some verbs (for example har³ har³ "it returns to it" from har³ "it goes to it").
Syntax=
Constituent order
Word order is flexible but predominantly VSO.
Noun and verb phrases
Dependent clauses
Dependent clauses directly follow the head they modify, and are marked with the particle ngë both before and after the clause; the head's other dependents then follow the clause.