Verse:Mwail/Thannayut: Difference between revisions

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===Nouns===
===Nouns===


Nouns have 2 genders (masculine, feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).
Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).


Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:
Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:
Line 211: Line 211:
|-
|-
| Vocative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø
| Vocative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø
|}
====Masculine nouns====
=====First declension=====
First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:
* If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively.
* If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed.
* Otherwise, -th is suffixed.
The paradigm is:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Header text !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+æ || [nom stem]+ø
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+ær || [nom stem]+ør
|-
| Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+æth || [nom stem]+øth
|-
| Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+ær || æn+[nom stem]+ør
|-
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+ær || me+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem] || rø+[lenited nom stem]+men || rø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || rø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem] || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem] || λø+[lenited nom stem]+men || λø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || λø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem] || ød+[lenited nom stem]+men || ød+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ød+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+æ || [lenited nom stem]+ø
|}
Here's an example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''newæth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || newæth || newæthme || newæthæ || newæthø
|-
| Genitive || newæsj || newæthmen || newæthær || newæthør
|-
| Accusative || newæt || newæthmeth || newæthæth || newæthøth
|-
| Dative || ænnewæsj || ænnewæthmen || ænnewæthær || ænnewæthør
|-
| Locative || menewæsj || menewæthmen || menewæthær || menewæthør
|-
| Exlocative || ownewæsj || ownewæthmen || ownewæthær || ownewæthør
|-
| Instrumental || rønewæsj || rønewæthmen || rønewæthær || rønewæthør
|-
| Abessive || tsønewæsj || tsønewæthmen || tsønewæthær || tsønewæthør
|-
| Equative || λønewæsj || λønewæthmen || λønewæthær || λønewæthør
|-
| Anti-equative || ødnewæsj || ødnewæthmen || ødnewæthær || ødnewæthør
|-
| Vocative || newæth || newæthme || newæthnæ || newæthnø
|}
=====Second declension=====
Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is simply formed by replacing the last vowel with r, and the accusative stem is formed by suffixing -rth. The paradigm is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Header text !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+em || [gen stem]+æ || [gen stem]+ø
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem]+e || [gen stem]+emen || [gen stem]+rær || [gen stem]+rør
|-
| Accusative || [acc stem] || [gen stem]+emeth || [gen stem]+ræth || [gen stem]+røth
|-
| Dative || æn+[gen stem]+e || æn+[gen stem]+emen || æn+[gen stem]+rær || æn+[gen stem]+rør
|-
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem]+e || me+[lenited gen stem]+emen || me+[lenited gen stem]+rær || me+[lenited gen stem]+rør
|-
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem]+e || ow+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ow+[lenited gen stem]+rær || ow+[lenited gen stem]+rør
|-
| Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem]+e || rø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || rø+[lenited gen stem]+rær || rø+[lenited gen stem]+rør
|-
| Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+e || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+rær || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+rør
|-
| Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem]+e || λø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || λø+[lenited gen stem]+rær || λø+[lenited gen stem]+rør
|-
| Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem]+e || ød+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ød+[lenited gen stem]+rær || ød+[lenited gen stem]+rør
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+em || [lenited gen stem]+æ || [lenited gen stem]+ø
|}
|}


Revision as of 07:09, 2 October 2015


Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Lateral Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless Stop/Affricate p /pʰ/ t /tʰ/ ts /ts/ tσ /tɬ/ tj /tʃ/ k /kʰ/
Voiced Stop/Affricate b /p~b/ d /t~d/ dz /dz/ dλ /dɮ/ dj /dʒ/ g /k~g/
Voiceless Fricative f /f/ th /θ/ s /s/ σ /ɬ/ sj /ʃ/ ch /x/ h /h/
Voiced Fricative v /v/ dh /ð/ z /z/ λ /ɮ/ zj /ʒ/ gh /ɣ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Approximant l /ɫ/ r /ɹ̱/ y /j/ w /w/

Vowels

Vowel IPA
a /a/
æ /ɛ/
e /ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect
i /ɪ/
o /ɔ/
ø /ɵ/
u /ʉ/

Lenition

Normal p t ts s tσ σ tj sj k b d dz z dλ λ dj zj g
Lenited f th s h σ h sj h ch v dh z 0 λ 0 zj 0 gh
Normal m n ng w l r y
Lenited w n w w w r y

Prosody

Stress

Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).

Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:

  • When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
  • When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
  • When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, ne- is inserted before the stem.

For example:

  1. bær 'leaf' → vær
  2. rasj 'spouse' → rasj
  3. zaweth 'ant' → aweth
  4. zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesz, ʙᴜᴛ:
  5. λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
  6. ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
  7. farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, ʙᴜᴛ:
  8. me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
  9. ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe

Feminine nouns

Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:

Header text Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative [nom stem] [nom stem]+me [nom stem]+næ [nom stem]+nø
Genitive [gen stem] [nom stem]+men [nom stem]+nær [nom stem]+nør
Accusative [acc stem] [nom stem]+meth [nom stem]+næth [nom stem]+nøth
Dative æn+[gen stem] æn+[nom stem]+men æn+[nom stem]+nær æn+[nom stem]+nør
Locative me+[lenited gen stem] me+[lenited nom stem]+men me+[lenited nom stem]+nær me+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Exlocative ow+[lenited gen stem] ow+[lenited nom stem]+men ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Instrumental rø+[lenited gen stem] rø+[lenited nom stem]+men rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Abessive tsø+[lenited gen stem] tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Equative λø+[lenited gen stem] λø+[lenited nom stem]+men λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Anti-equative ød+[lenited gen stem] ød+[lenited nom stem]+men ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Vocative [lenited nom stem] [lenited nom stem]+me [lenited nom stem]+næ [lenited nom stem]+nø
  • [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
  • [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
  • [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.

Here are two examples:

erim 'tail' Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative erim erimme erimnæ erimnø
Genitive erime erimmen erimnær erimnør
Accusative erimeth erimmeth erimnæth erimnøth
Dative ænerime ænerimmen ænerimnær ænerimnør
Locative menerime menerimmen menerimnær menerimnør
Exlocative ownerime ownerimmen ownerimnær ownerimnør
Instrumental rønerime rønerimmen rønerimnær rønerimnør
Abessive tsønerime tsønerimmen tsønerimnær tsønerimnør
Equative λønerime λønerimmen λønerimnær λønerimnør
Anti-equative ødnerime ødnerimmen ødnerimnær ødnerimnør
Vocative nerim nerimme nerimnæ nerimnø
neσa 'rope' Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative neσa neσame neσanæ neσanø
Genitive neσan neσamen neσanær neσanør
Accusative neσath neσameth neσanæth neσanøth
Dative ænneσan ænneσamen ænneσanær ænneσanør
Locative meneσan meneσamen meneσanær meneσanør
Exlocative owneσan owneσamen owneσanær owneσanør
Instrumental røneσan røneσamen røneσanær røneσanør
Abessive tsøneσan tsøneσamen tsøneσanær tsøneσanør
Equative λøneσan λøneσamen λøneσanær λøneσanør
Anti-equative ødneσan ødneσamen ødneσanær ødneσanør
Vocative neσa neσame neσanæ neσanø

Masculine nouns

First declension

First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:

  • If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively.
  • If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed.
  • Otherwise, -th is suffixed.
The paradigm is:
Header text Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative [nom stem] [nom stem]+me [nom stem]+æ [nom stem]+ø
Genitive [gen stem] [nom stem]+men [nom stem]+ær [nom stem]+ør
Accusative [acc stem] [nom stem]+meth [nom stem]+æth [nom stem]+øth
Dative æn+[gen stem] æn+[nom stem]+men æn+[nom stem]+ær æn+[nom stem]+ør
Locative me+[lenited gen stem] me+[lenited nom stem]+men me+[lenited nom stem]+ær me+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Exlocative ow+[lenited gen stem] ow+[lenited nom stem]+men ow+[lenited nom stem]+ær ow+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Instrumental rø+[lenited gen stem] rø+[lenited nom stem]+men rø+[lenited nom stem]+ær rø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Abessive tsø+[lenited gen stem] tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ær tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Equative λø+[lenited gen stem] λø+[lenited nom stem]+men λø+[lenited nom stem]+ær λø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Anti-equative ød+[lenited gen stem] ød+[lenited nom stem]+men ød+[lenited nom stem]+ær ød+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Vocative [lenited nom stem] [lenited nom stem]+me [lenited nom stem]+æ [lenited nom stem]+ø

Here's an example:

newæth 'root' Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative newæth newæthme newæthæ newæthø
Genitive newæsj newæthmen newæthær newæthør
Accusative newæt newæthmeth newæthæth newæthøth
Dative ænnewæsj ænnewæthmen ænnewæthær ænnewæthør
Locative menewæsj menewæthmen menewæthær menewæthør
Exlocative ownewæsj ownewæthmen ownewæthær ownewæthør
Instrumental rønewæsj rønewæthmen rønewæthær rønewæthør
Abessive tsønewæsj tsønewæthmen tsønewæthær tsønewæthør
Equative λønewæsj λønewæthmen λønewæthær λønewæthør
Anti-equative ødnewæsj ødnewæthmen ødnewæthær ødnewæthør
Vocative newæth newæthme newæthnæ newæthnø
Second declension

Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is simply formed by replacing the last vowel with r, and the accusative stem is formed by suffixing -rth. The paradigm is as follows:

Header text Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative [nom stem] [gen stem]+em [gen stem]+æ [gen stem]+ø
Genitive [gen stem]+e [gen stem]+emen [gen stem]+rær [gen stem]+rør
Accusative [acc stem] [gen stem]+emeth [gen stem]+ræth [gen stem]+røth
Dative æn+[gen stem]+e æn+[gen stem]+emen æn+[gen stem]+rær æn+[gen stem]+rør
Locative me+[lenited gen stem]+e me+[lenited gen stem]+emen me+[lenited gen stem]+rær me+[lenited gen stem]+rør
Exlocative ow+[lenited gen stem]+e ow+[lenited gen stem]+emen ow+[lenited gen stem]+rær ow+[lenited gen stem]+rør
Instrumental rø+[lenited gen stem]+e rø+[lenited gen stem]+emen rø+[lenited gen stem]+rær rø+[lenited gen stem]+rør
Abessive tsø+[lenited gen stem]+e tsø+[lenited gen stem]+emen tsø+[lenited gen stem]+rær tsø+[lenited gen stem]+rør
Equative λø+[lenited gen stem]+e λø+[lenited gen stem]+emen λø+[lenited gen stem]+rær λø+[lenited gen stem]+rør
Anti-equative ød+[lenited gen stem]+e ød+[lenited gen stem]+emen ød+[lenited gen stem]+rær ød+[lenited gen stem]+rør
Vocative [lenited nom stem] [lenited gen stem]+em [lenited gen stem]+æ [lenited gen stem]+ø


Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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