Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. Geminated syllabic consonants are only marked for syllabicity/tone on the final letter. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="12" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants
! colspan="6" |Vowels
! colspan="6" |Vowels
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Digraph
! colspan="3" |Long Digraph
! colspan="3" |Long Digraph
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
Line 275: Line 447:
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
|-
|-
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Base
!Distinction
!Distinction
Line 290: Line 464:
|''chh''
|''chh''
|/t͡ʃː/
|/t͡ʃː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
! rowspan="3" |ie
|''ie''
|''ie''
Line 301: Line 478:
|''ch'h''
|''ch'h''
|/t͡ʃh/
|/t͡ʃh/
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
|''iė''
|/ie̯/
|/ie̯/
Line 309: Line 488:
|''c'hh''
|''c'hh''
|/ʔhː/
|/ʔhː/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
|''ië''
|/i.e/
|/i.e/
Line 319: Line 501:
|''dhh''
|''dhh''
|/ðː/
|/ðː/
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
! rowspan="3" |uo
|''uo''
|''uo''
Line 330: Line 514:
|''dh'h''
|''dh'h''
|/ðh/
|/ðh/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
|''uȯ''
|/uo̯/
|/uo̯/
Line 338: Line 525:
|''d'hh''
|''d'hh''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|/k͡ʇhː/
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
|''uö''
|/u.o/
|/u.o/
Line 348: Line 537:
|''dnn''
|''dnn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
! rowspan="3" |eo
! rowspan="3" |eo
|''eo''
|''eo''
Line 359: Line 551:
|''dn'n''
|''dn'n''
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|''eȯ''
|''eȯ''
|/eo̯/
|/eo̯/
Line 367: Line 561:
|''d'nn''
|''d'nn''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|/k͡ʇnː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|''eö''
|''eö''
|/e.o/
|/e.o/
Line 377: Line 574:
|''ddz''
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|/d͡zː/
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
! rowspan="3" |oe
|''oe''
|''oe''
Line 388: Line 587:
|''d'dz''
|''d'dz''
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|''oė''
|''oė''
|/oe̯/
|/oe̯/
Line 396: Line 598:
|''dd'z''
|''dd'z''
|/k͡ʇːz/
|/k͡ʇːz/
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|''oë''
|''oë''
|/o.e/
|/o.e/
Line 406: Line 610:
|''hll''
|''hll''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
! rowspan="3" |ao
|''ao''
|''ao''
Line 417: Line 624:
|''hl'l''
|''hl'l''
|/ʎ̝̊l/
|/ʎ̝̊l/
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|''aȯ''
|''aȯ''
|/ao̯/
|/ao̯/
Line 425: Line 634:
|''h'll''
|''h'll''
|/hlː/
|/hlː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''aö''
|''aö''
|/a.o/
|/a.o/
Line 435: Line 647:
|''ng''
|''ng''
|/ŋː/
|/ŋː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
! colspan="6" rowspan="24" |
! colspan="6" rowspan="24" |
|-
|-
Line 441: Line 655:
|''ng'g''
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
|/ŋɡ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''n'gg''
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|/nɡː/
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
! rowspan="2" |ql
Line 452: Line 671:
|''ql''
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|-
|-
|''q'l''
|''q'l''
Line 457: Line 679:
|''q'ql''
|''q'ql''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''qq'l''
|''qq'l''
|/k͡ǂːl/
|/k͡ǂːl/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
! rowspan="2" |qn
Line 468: Line 695:
|''qnn''
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|-
|-
|''q'n''
|''q'n''
Line 473: Line 702:
|''qn'n''
|''qn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''q'nn''
|''q'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|/k͡ǂnː/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
! rowspan="2" |qñ
Line 484: Line 718:
|''qññ''
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|-
|-
|''q'ñ''
|''q'ñ''
Line 489: Line 726:
|''qñ'ñ''
|''qñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|''q'ññ''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''rrr''
|''rrr''
|/ʀː/
|/ʀː/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
|-
|-
|''rr'r''
|''rr'r''
|/ʀɾ/
|/ʀɾ/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|-
|''r'rr''
|''r'rr''
|/ɾʀ/
|/ɾʀ/
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |sh
! rowspan="2" |sh
Line 510: Line 759:
|''shh''
|''shh''
|/ʃː/
|/ʃː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|-
|''s'h''
|''s'h''
Line 515: Line 767:
|''sh'h''
|''sh'h''
|/ʃh/
|/ʃh/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''s'hh''
|''s'hh''
|/shː/
|/shː/
! colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |th
! rowspan="2" |th
Line 551: Line 806:
|''z'hh''
|''z'hh''
|/zhː/
|/zhː/
|}
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. Geminated syllabic consonants are only marked for syllabicity/tone on the final letter. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
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|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
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! colspan="2" |Vibrant
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|ɾ̩˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
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|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
|}

Revision as of 00:51, 11 April 2026

Lanikel is a dialect of Iskel which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script.

Romanization

Basic Phonemes

Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Dorsal Glottal
Nasal ɱ m n n ɲ ñ ŋ ng
Stop Voiceless p p t t t͡ʃ ch k k ʔ c
Voiced b b d͡z dz d͡ʒ j ɡ g
Fricative Voiceless f f θ th s s ʃ sh ʎ̝̊ hl x x h h
Voiced v v ð dh z z ʒ zh
Approximant Oral w w l l j y
Nasal w̃ ňw l̃ ňl j̃ ňy
Vibrant ɾ r ʀ rr
Click Nasal ŋ͡ʇ dn ŋ͡ǃ¡ qn ŋ͡ǂ qñ
Tenuis k͡ʇ d k͡ǃ¡ ql k͡ǂ q
Front Near-Front Near-Back Back
Close i i ɪ ie ʊ uo u u
Mid e e ə eo ʌ oe o o
Open a a ɑ ao

Gemination

Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.

Geminate Romanization
Occlusive Phoneme ɱː nː ɲː ŋː pː tː t͡ʃː kː ʔː bː d͡zː d͡ʒː ɡː ŋ͡ʇː ŋ͡ǃ¡ː ŋ͡ǂː k͡ʇː k͡ǃ¡ː k͡ǂː
Grapheme mm nn ññ ngg pp tt chh kk cc bb ddz jj gg dnn qnn qññ dd qql qq
Continuant Phoneme fː θː sː ʃː ʎ̝̊ː xː hː vː ðː zː ʒː wː lː jː w̃ː l̃ː j̃ː ʀː
Grapheme ff thh ss shh hll xx hh vv dhh zz zhh ww ll yy ww' ll' yy' rrr
Vowel Phoneme iː ɪː ʊː uː e əː ʌː oː aː ɑː
Grapheme ī īe ūo ū ē ēo ōe ō ā āo

Syllabic Consonants

Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. Geminated syllabic consonants are only marked for syllabicity/tone on the final letter. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Dorsal
Nasal ɱ̩ ṃ n̩ ṇ ɲ̩ ṇy ŋ̩ ṇg
Fricative v̩ ṿ ð̩ ḍ z̩ ẓ ʒ̍ ẓh
Approximant Oral w̩ ẉ l̩ ḷ j̍ ÿ
Nasal w̩̃ ňẉ l̩̃ ňḷ j̩̃ ňÿ
Vibrant ɾ̩ ṛ ʀ̩ ṛr

Tones

High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.

Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.

Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.

Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.

For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Dorsal
High Mid Low High Mid Low High Mid Low High Mid Low High Mid Low
Nasal ɱ̩˥ ḿ ɱ̩˧ ṁ ɱ̩˩ 'ṃ n̩˥ ń n̩˧ ṅ n̩˩ 'ṇ ɲ̩˥ ńy ɲ̩˧ ṅy ɲ̩˩ 'ṇy ŋ̩˥ ńg ŋ̩˧ ṅg ŋ̩˩ 'ṇg
Fricative v̩˥ ŵ v̩˧ ẅ v̩˩ 'ṿ ð̩́˥ ð ð̩˧ ḋ ð̩˩ 'ḍ z̩˥ ź z̩˧ ż z̩˩ 'ẓ ʒ̍˥ źh ʒ̍˧ żh ʒ̍˩ 'ẓh
Approximant Oral w̩˥ ẃ w̩˧ ẇ w̩˩ 'ẉ l̩˥ ĺ l̩˧ ŀ l̩˩ 'ḷ j̍˥ ý j̍˧ ẏ j̍˩ 'ÿ
Nasal w̩̃˥ ňẃ w̩̃˧ ňẇ w̩̃˩ 'ẉ l̩̃˥ ňĺ l̩̃˧ ňŀ l̩̃˩ 'ňḷ j̩̃˥ ňý j̩̃˧ ňẏ j̩̃˩ 'ňÿ
Vibrant ɾ̩˥ ŕ ɾ̩˧ ṙ ɾ̩˩ 'ṛ ʀ̩˥ ŕr ʀ̩˧ ṙr ʀ̩˩ 'ṛr

Multigraph Disambiguation

Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.

Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).

Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
Consonants Syllabic Consonants Vowels
Digraph Trigraph Digraph Short Digraph Long Digraph
Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes
Base Distinction Base Distinction Base Distinction Base Distinction Base Distinction
ch ch /t͡ʃ/ chh chh /t͡ʃː/ ṇy ṇy /ɲ̩/ ie ie /ɪ/ īe īe /ɪː/
c'h /ʔh/ ch'h /t͡ʃh/ ṇ'y /n̩j/ iė /ie̯/ īë /iː.e/
c'hh /ʔhː/ ńy ńy /ɲ̩˥/ ië /i.e/
dh dh /ð/ dhh dhh /ðː/ ń'y /n̩˥j/ uo uo /ʊ/ ūo ūo /ʊː/
d'h /k͡ʇh/ dh'h /ðh/ ṅy ṅy /ɲ̩˧/ uȯ /uo̯/ ūö /uː.o/
d'hh /k͡ʇhː/ ṅ'y /n̩˧j/ uö /u.o/
dn dn /ŋ͡ʇ/ dnn dnn /ŋ͡ʇː/ 'ṇy 'ṇy /ɲ̩˩/ eo eo /ə/ ēo ēo /əː/
d'n /k͡ʇn/ dn'n /ŋ͡ʇh/ 'ṇ'y /n̩˩j/ eȯ /eo̯/ ēö /eː.o/
d'nn /k͡ʇnː/ ṇg ṇg /ŋ̩/ eö /e.o/
dz dz /d͡z/ ddz ddz /d͡zː/ ṇ'g /n̩ɡ/ oe oe /ʌ/ ōe ōe /ʌː/
d'z /k͡ʇz/ d'dz /k͡ʇd͡z/ ńg ńg /ŋ̩˥/ oė /oe̯/ ōë /oː.e/
dd'z /k͡ʇːz/ ń'g /n̩˥ɡ/ oë /o.e/
hl hl /ʎ̝̊/ hll hll /ʎ̝̊ː/ ṅg ṅg /ŋ̩˧/ ao ao /ɑ/ āo āo /ɑː/
h'l /hl/ hl'l /ʎ̝̊l/ ṅ'g /n̩˧ɡ/ aȯ /ao̯/ āö /aː.o/
h'll /hlː/ 'ṇg 'ṇg /ŋ̩˩/ aö /a.o/
ng ng /ŋ/ ngg ng /ŋː/ 'ṇ'g /n̩ɡ/
n'g /nɡ/ ng'g /ŋɡ/ ẓh ẓh /ʒ̍/
n'gg /nɡː/ ẓ'h /z̩h/
ql ql /k͡ǃ¡/ qql ql /k͡ǃ¡ː/ źh źh /ʒ̍˥/
q'l /k͡ǂl/ q'ql /k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/ ź'h /z̩˥h/
qq'l /k͡ǂːl/ żh żh /ʒ̍˧/
qn qn /ŋ͡ǃ¡/ qnn qnn /ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/ ż'h /z̩˧h/
q'n /k͡ǂn/ qn'n /ŋ͡ǃ¡n/ 'ẓh 'ẓh /ʒ̍˩/
q'nn /k͡ǂnː/ 'ẓ'h /z̩˩h/
qñ qñ /ŋ͡ǂ/ qññ qññ /ŋ͡ǂː/ ṛr ṛr /ʀ̩/
q'ñ /k͡ǂɲ/ qñ'ñ /ŋ͡ǂɲ/ ṛ'r /ɾ̩ɾ/
q'ññ /k͡ǂɲː/ ŕr ŕr /ʀ̩˥/
rrr rrr /ʀː/ ŕ'r /ɾ̩˥ɾ/
rr'r /ʀɾ/ ṙr ṙr /ʀ̩˧/
r'rr /ɾʀ/ ṙ'r /ɾ̩˧ɾ/
sh sh /ʃ/ shh shh /ʃː/ 'ṛr 'ṛr /ʀ̩˩/
s'h /sh/ sh'h /ʃh/ 'ṛ'r /ɾ̩˩ɾ/
s'hh /shː/
th th /θ/ thh thh /θː/
t'h /th/ th'h /θh/
t'hh /thː/
zh zh /ʒ/ zhh zhh /ʒː/
z'h /zh/ zh'h /ʒh/
z'hh /zhː/
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