Glommish

Glommish (/ɬʲuːtʲsk/; from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) is a Germanic language spoken in Northern France and Western Germany on the alt-hist of Lõis. It has the most speakers on Lõis out of any Germanic language. Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.

1-10: ýn, tvý, llrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siaven, acht, nión, tiachn /ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲævən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲæxn/

11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, llrítián, fiórъtián, finfъtián, siaksъtián, siafъtián, achъtián, nióntián /ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲæːn, fʲoːrtʲæːn, fʲinftʲæːn, sʲækstʲæːn, sʲæftʲæːn, axtʲæːn, nʲoːnʲtʲæːn/

20-90: tvýntiech, llrítiech, ... achъtiech, nióntiech /tvɨːnʲtʲəx, etc./

100: hunderll /hundərɬ/

1000: llúsendь /ɬuːzənʲdʲ/

Phonology

Like its southern neighbor Ufirlandisg, Glommish phonology is characterized by hard and soft consonants.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Lateral		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	pal.	plain	pal.
Nasal		m m	mь mʲ	n n̪	nь nʲ
Stop /Affricate	voiceless	p p	pь pʲ	t t̪	tь tʲ			č tʃ	k k
	voiced	b b	bь bʲ	d t̪	dь dʲ			dž dʒ	g g
Fricative	voiceless	f f	fь fʲ	s s~z	sь sʲ~zʲ	ll ɬ~ɮ	llь ɬʲ~ɮʲ	š ʃ~ʒ	ch x~ɣ	h h
	voiced	v v	vь vʲ
Liquid				r r	rь rʲ	l ɫ	lь lʲ	j j

Orthographical note: The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster by default; however, the hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of it.

Notes

• Hard /ɬ~ɮ/ is strongly velarized [ɬˠ~ɮˠ].

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	y /ɨ/	ý /ɨː/	u /ʊ/	ú /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	é /eː/	e [ə]		o /ɔ/	ó /oː/
Open			a /a/	á /aː/

Morphology

Nouns

Like German, Glommish has 4 noun cases.

Articles

Glommish uses the indefinite article ýn (declined as an adjective) and the definite article llar.

Definite article

case	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.
nom.	llar	llí	llat	llí
acc.	llan	llí	llat	llí
dat.	llam	lliar	llam	llím
gen.	llas	lliar	llas	lliar

Consonant stems

a-stem: vulf (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	vulf	vulfe
Accusative	vulf	vulfe
Dative	vulf, vulfe	vulfem
Genitive	vulfs	vulfe

ja-stem: basь (n.) 'berry'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	basь	basie
Accusative	basь	basie
Dative	basь, basie	basiem
Genitive	basies	basie

n-stems

Declined like weak adjectives. (The masculines have -n in the accusative singular; the feminines and neuters have the accusative singular identical to the nominative singular.)

a-stem: name (n.) 'name'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	name	namen
Accusative	name	namen
Dative	namenь	namem
Genitive	namenь	namen

Vowel stems

Various Proto-Germanic stems. Almost always feminine in modern Glommish.

ō-stem: nase (f.) 'nose'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nase	naser
Accusative	nase	naser
Dative	nase	nasem
Genitive	naser	nase

u-stem: side (f.) 'custom'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	side	sider
Accusative	side	sider
Dative	side	sidem
Genitive	sider	side

i-stem: burllie (f.) 'birth'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	burllie	burllier
Accusative	burllie	burllier
Dative	burllie	burlliem
Genitive	burllier	burllie

Grab bag

z-stem: lamb (n.) 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lamb	lambier
Accusative	lamb	lambier
Dative	lambe	lambiem
Genitive	lambs	lambie

z-stem: fadier (m.) 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fadier	fadrie
Accusative	fadier	fadrie
Dative	fadrie	fadriem
Genitive	fadiers	fadrie

Adjectives

Declension

Adjectives are declined, like in German but unlike in Ufirlandisg. For attributive adjectives, the weak declension is used when the noun is preceded by a definite article or demonstratives. The strong declension is used otherwise. Below are the strong and weak declensions of the adjective gád 'good':

Template:Col-2

Strong declension for hard-stem adjectives

case	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.
nom.	gáder	gáde	gádet	gáde
acc.	gáden	gáde	gádet	gáde
dat.	gádme	gáder	gádme	gádem
gen.	gádes	gáder	gádes	gáder

Weak declension for hard-stem adjectives

case	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.
nom.	gáde	gáde	gáde	gáden
acc.	gáden	gáde	gáde	gáden
dat.	gádenь	gádenь	gádenь	gádem
gen.	gádenь	gádenь	gádenь	gáden

Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' can be declined similarly.

Template:Col-2

Strong declension for soft-stem adjectives

case	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.
nom.	skónier	skónie	skóniet	skónie
acc.	skónien	skónie	skóniet	skónie
dat.	skónьme	skónier	skónьme	skóniem
gen.	skónies	skónier	skónies	skónier

Weak declension for soft-stem adjectives

case	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.
nom.	skónie	skónie	skónie	skónien
acc.	skónien	skónie	skónie	skónien
dat.	skónienь	skónienь	skónienь	skóniem
gen.	skónienь	skónienь	skónienь	skónien

Degree

The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ier and -ьst: svát, svátier, svátьst 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
"good"	gád	batier	bast
"bad"	ubiel	wirsier	wirst
"many"	fiel	mýr	mýst

Pronouns

Personal

case	1sg.	2sg.	3sg.			1pl.	2pl.	3pl.	reflexive
			m.	f.	n.
nom.	ik	llú	er	sí	it	wír	júr	í	-
acc.	mik	llik	ín	sí	it	unsь	jú	í	sik
dat.	mir	llir	ime	jar	ime	unsь	jú	ím	sir
gen.	mín	llín	is	jar	is	unsier	júrer	jar	sín

Demonstrative

lliser = this; jéner = that

Verbs

Thematic verbs

Hard thematic

maken 'to make'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	make	maker	makllь	makem	makll	makenllь
present subjunctive	make	makes	make	makem	makell	maken
past indicative	maktie	maktiest	maktie	maktiem	maktied	maktien
imperative	-	mak! / make!	-	-	makll!	-
present participle	makend
past participle	makt

Also: lióven 'love', lirnen 'learn'

Soft thematic

varmien 'to warm'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	varmie	varmier	varmllь	varmiem	varmьll	varmienllь
present subjunctive	varmie	varmies	varmie	varmiem	varmiell	varmien
past indicative	varmdie	varmdiest	varmdie	varmdiem	varmdied	varmdien
imperative	-	varmь!	-	-	varmьll!	-
present participle	varmiend
past participle	varmd

Also: arbýdien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lýrien 'teach'; sadžen 'say'; ertalien 'tell, recount'; ranien 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brindžen, brachtie, bracht 'bring'; budžen, buchtie, bucht 'buy'; llančien, llachtie, llacht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

Athematic verbs

Strong class 1

bīten 'to bite'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	bīta	bītier	bītied́	bītem	bītied	bītend́
present subjunctive	bīte	bīter	bīte	bītem	bīted	bīten
past indicative	bēt	bētsd	bēt	bētam	bētad	bētan
past subjunctive	biti	bitisd	biti	bitim	bitid	bitin
imperative	-	bīt!	-	-	bītied!	-
present participle	bītend
past participle	biten

Also: śgīnen, sgēn, śginen 'shine', drīfen, drēf, drifen 'drive', clīfen, clēf, clifen 'stick, cling', rīten, rēt, riten 'write'

Strong class 2

ciausen 'to choose'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	ciausa	ciausier	ciausied́	ciausem	ciausied	ciausend́
present subjunctive	ciause	ciauser	ciause	ciausem	ciaused	ciausen
past indicative	caus	causd	caus	causam	causad	causan
past subjunctive	curi	curisd	curi	curim	curid	curin
imperative	-	ciaus!	-	-	ciausied!	-
present participle	ciausend
past participle	curen

Also: biauden, baud, buden 'offer, bid', biaugen, baug, bugen 'bow', fliaugen, flaug, flugen 'fly', fliawen, flau, fluwen 'flee, escape', friausen, fraus, fruren 'freeze'

Strong class 3

binden 'to tie, to bind'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	binda	bindier	bindied́	bindem	bindied	bindend́
present subjunctive	binde	binder	binde	bindem	binded	binden
past indicative	band	bandsd	band	bandam	bandad	bandan
past subjunctive	bundi	bundisd	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindied!	-
present participle	bindend
past participle	bunden

Also: bieginen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drincen, dranc, druncen 'drink'; finzen, fanz, funzen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'run'; śbringen, sbrang, sbrungen 'burst, explode'; singen, sang, sungen 'sing'; wierpen, warp, wurpen 'throw'; źringen, zrang, zrungen 'press, force, push through'

Strong class 4

In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	biara	biarier	biaried́	biarem	biaried	biarend́
present subjunctive	biare	biarer	biare	biarem	biared	biaren
past indicative	bar	barsd	bar	baram	barad	baran
past subjunctive	buri	burisd	buri	burim	burid	burin
imperative	-	biar!	-	-	biaried!	-
present participle	biarend
past participle	buren

Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', cüemen, kam, kumen 'come', śbriaken, sbrak, sbruken 'speak', śdialen, sdal, sdulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasg, drasg, drusgen 'thresh', śdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen 'die'

Strong class 5

giafen 'to give'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	giafa	giafier	giafied́	giafem	giafied	giafend́
present subjunctive	giafe	giafer	giafe	giafem	giafed	giafen
past indicative	gaf	gafsd	gaf	gafam	gafad	gafan
past subjunctive	giafi	giafisd	giafi	giafim	giafid	giafin
imperative	-	giaf!	-	-	giafied!	-
present participle	giafend
past participle	giafen

Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit, meet', fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten 'forget', liasen, las, liaren 'read', siawen, saw, siawen 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidin, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', ligin, lag, liagen 'lie'

Strong class 6

grafen 'to dig'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	grafa	grafier	grafied́	grafem	grafied	grafend́
present subjunctive	grafe	grafer	grafe	grafem	grafed	grafen
past indicative	grāf	grāfsd	grāf	grāfam	grāfad	grāfan
past subjunctive	grafi	grafisd	grafi	grafim	grafid	grafin
imperative	-	graf!	-	-	grafied!	-
present participle	grafend
past participle	grafen

Also: faren, fār, faren 'spread', slagen, slāg, slagen 'strike', sdanden, sdānd, sdanden 'stand', wagsen, wāgs, wagsen 'grow', wasgen, wāsg, wasgen 'wash', jaten, jāt, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)

Strong class 7

hēten, hīt, hīten - to be called

laupen, liaup, liaupen - to leap

sdauten, śdiaut, śdiauten - to bump, crash

hald, hiald, hialden - to hold

liāten, līt, liāten - to let

siān, siādie, siād - to sow (regularized)

Preterite-present verbs

witen 'to know'

witen 'to know'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	wōt	wōsd	wōt	witam	witad	witan
present subjunctive	witi	witir	witi	witim	witid	witin
past indicative	wiśdie	wiśdiesd	wiśdie	wiśdiem	wiśdied	wiśdien
past subjunctive	wiśdi	wiśdisd	wiśdi	wiśdim	wiśdid	wiśdin
imperative	-	wit!	-	-	witad!	-
present participle	witend
past participle	wisd

cunen 'can, be able to'

cunen 'can'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	can	cansd	can	cunam	cunad	cunan
present subjunctive	cuni	cunir	cuni	cunim	cunid	cunin
past indicative	cundie	cundiesd	cundie	cundiem	cundied	cundien
past subjunctive	cundi	cundisd	cundi	cundim	cundid	cundin

Similarly sgulen 'should', zurfen 'have to'.

magen 'may'

The present forms of this verb are derived from Gmc *maganą (~ Eng. may, might), and the past forms are from PGmc *mōtaną (~ Eng. must).

magen 'may'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	mag	magsd	mag	muogam	muogad	muogan
present subjunctive	magi	magir	magi	magim	magid	magin
past indicative	māsdie	māsdiesd	māsdie	māsdiem	māsdied	māsdien
past subjunctive	māsdi	māsdisd	māsdi	māsdim	māsdid	māsdin

Other irregular verbs

wilen 'want to, will'

wilen 'want to, will'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	wī	wīsd	wī	wīm	wīd	wīn
present subjunctive	wili	wilir	wili	wilim	wilid	wilin
past indicative	wildie	wildiesd	wildie	wildiem	wildied	wildien
past subjunctive	wildi	wildisd	wildi	wildim	wildid	wildin

biaun 'be'

biaun 'to be'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	im	ir	iś	wiram	wirad	wiranź
present subjunctive	sije	sijer	sije	sijem	sijed	sijen
past indicative	was	wasd	was	wiēram	wiērad	wiēran
past subjunctive	wiēri	wiērisd	wiēri	wiērim	wiērid	wiērin
imperative	-	biau!	-	-	biaud!	-
present participle	wiesend
past participle	wiēren

han 'have (auxiliary)'

han 'to have (auxiliary)'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	ha	haś	haź	ham	haz	hanź
present subjunctive	hafe	hafis	hafi	hafim	hafiz	hafin
past indicative	hadie	hadiesd	hadie	hadiem	hadied	hadien
past subjunctive	hadi	hadisd	hadi	hadim	hadid	hadin
imperative	-	ha!	-	-	haz!	-
present participle	hafind
past participle	had

dān 'do'

dān 'to do'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	dā	dāś	dāź	dām	dāz	dānź
present subjunctive	dā	dās	dā	dām	dāz	dān
past indicative	diadie	diadiesd	diadie	diadiem	diadied	diadien
past subjunctive	diadi	diadisd	diadi	diadim	diadid	diadin
imperative	-	dā!	-	-	dāz!	-
present participle	dānd
past participle	dān

gān 'go'

gān 'to go'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	gā	gāś	gāź	gām	gāz	gānź
present subjunctive	gā	gās	gā	gām	gāz	gān
past indicative	giang	giangsd	giang	giangam	giangad	giangan
past subjunctive	giangi	giangisd	giangi	giangim	giangid	giangin
imperative	-	gā!	-	-	gāz!	-
present participle	gānd
past participle	giangen

Also: fān - to get, to obtain