Glommish: Difference between revisions

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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''lliúdьsk'' /ɬʲuːtʲsk/ or ''llat lliúdьske mál''; from Proto-Germanic {{recon|''þiudiskaz''}}) is a Germanic language spoken in Lliúdland (this world's Northern France and Western Germany) on the alt-hist of [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]. It has the most speakers on Lõis out of any Germanic language. {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish/Slavic aesthetic.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''þiúdьsk'' /ɬʲuːtʲsk/ or ''þat þiúdьske mál''; from Proto-Germanic {{recon|''þiudiskaz''}}) is a Germanic language spoken in Þiúdland (this world's Northern France and Western Germany) on the alt-hist of [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]. It has the most speakers on Lõis out of any Germanic language. {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish/Slavic aesthetic.


1-10: ýn, tvý, llrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siaven, acht, nión, tiachn
1-10: ýn, tvý, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siaven, acht, nión, tiachn
/ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲævən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲæxn/
/ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲævən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲæxn/


11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, llrítián, fiórъtián, finfъtián, siaksъtián, siafъtián, achъtián, nióntián
11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, þrítián, fiórъtián, finfъtián, siaksъtián, siafъtián, achъtián, nióntián
/ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲæːn, fʲoːrtʲæːn, fʲinftʲæːn, sʲækstʲæːn, sʲæftʲæːn, axtʲæːn, nʲoːnʲtʲæːn/
/ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲæːn, fʲoːrtʲæːn, fʲinftʲæːn, sʲækstʲæːn, sʲæftʲæːn, axtʲæːn, nʲoːnʲtʲæːn/


20-90: tvýntiech, llrítiech, ... achъtiech, nióntiech
20-90: tvýntiech, þrítiech, ... achъtiech, nióntiech
/tvɨːnʲtʲəx, etc./
/tvɨːnʲtʲəx, etc./


100: hunderll
100: hunderþ
/hundərɬ/
/hundərɬ/


1000: llúsendь
1000: þúsendь
/ɬuːzənʲdʲ/
/ɬuːzənʲdʲ/


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|rowspan="2"| '''s''' {{IPA|s~z}}  
|rowspan="2"| '''s''' {{IPA|s~z}}  
|rowspan="2"| '''sь''' {{IPA|sʲ~zʲ}}
|rowspan="2"| '''sь''' {{IPA|sʲ~zʲ}}
|rowspan="2"| '''ll''' {{IPA|ɬ~ɮ}}  
|rowspan="2"| '''þ''' {{IPA|ɬ~ɮ}}  
|rowspan="2"| '''llь''' {{IPA|ɬʲ~ɮʲ}}
|rowspan="2"| '''þь''' {{IPA|ɬʲ~ɮʲ}}
|rowspan="2"| '''sz''' {{IPA|ʃ~ʒ}}  
|rowspan="2"| '''sz''' {{IPA|ʃ~ʒ}}  
|rowspan="2"| '''ch''' {{IPA|x~ɣ}}
|rowspan="2"| '''ch''' {{IPA|x~ɣ}}
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|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''lla'' || ''llí'' || ''llat'' || ''llí''  
| ''þa'' || ''llí'' || ''þat'' || ''þí''  
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''llam'' || ''lliar'' || ''llam'' || ''llím''  
| ''þam'' || ''þiar'' || ''þam'' || ''þím''  
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''llas'' || ''lliar'' || ''llas'' || ''lliar''  
| ''as'' || ''þiar'' || ''þas'' || ''þiar''  
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{|þ class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | i-stem: ''burllie'' (f.) 'birth'
! colspan="3" | i-stem: ''burþie'' (f.) 'birth'
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''burllie'' || ''burllier''  
| ''burþie'' || ''burþier''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''burllie'' || ''burlliem''  
| ''burþie'' || ''burþiem''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''burllier'' || ''burllie''  
| ''burþier'' || ''burþie''  
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er'' || ''sí'' || ''it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í'' || ''-''
| ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er'' || ''sí'' || ''it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''mik'' || ''llik'' || ''ín'' || ''sí'' || ''it'' || ''unsь'' || ''jú'' || ''í'' || ''sik''
| ''mik'' || ''þik'' || ''ín'' || ''sí'' || ''it'' || ''unsь'' || ''jú'' || ''í'' || ''sik''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''mir'' || ''llir'' || ''ime'' || ''jar'' || ''ime'' || ''unsь'' || ''jú'' || ''ím'' || ''sir''
| ''mir'' || ''þir'' || ''ime'' || ''jar'' || ''ime'' || ''unsь'' || ''jú'' || ''ím'' || ''sir''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''mín'' || ''llín'' || ''is'' || ''jar'' || ''is'' || ''unsier'' || ''júrer'' || ''jar'' || ''sín''
| ''mín'' || ''þín'' || ''is'' || ''jar'' || ''is'' || ''unsier'' || ''júrer'' || ''jar'' || ''sín''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''maken'' 'to make''''
|+ '''''maken'' 'to make''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''make'' || ''maker'' || ''makllь'' || ''makem'' || ''makll'' || ''maken''  
| ''make'' || ''maker'' || ''makþь'' || ''makem'' || ''makll'' || ''maken''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''varmien'' 'to warm''''
|+ '''''varmien'' 'to warm''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmllь'' || ''varmiem'' || ''varmьll'' || ''varmien''  
| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmþь'' || ''varmiem'' || ''varmьll'' || ''varmien''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bíten'' 'to bite''''
|+ '''''bíten'' 'to bite''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''bítie'' || ''bíter'' || ''bítellь'' || ''bítem'' || ''bítell'' || ''bíten''  
| ''bítie'' || ''bíter'' || ''bíteþь'' || ''bítem'' || ''bítell'' || ''bíten''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''czósen'' 'to choose''''
|+ '''''czósen'' 'to choose''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''czóse'' || ''czóser'' || ''czósellь'' || ''czósem'' || ''czósell'' || ''czósen''  
| ''czóse'' || ''czóser'' || ''czóseþь'' || ''czósem'' || ''czósell'' || ''czósen''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''binde'' || ''binder'' || ''bindellь'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindell'' || ''binden''  
| ''binde'' || ''binder'' || ''bindeþь'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindell'' || ''binden''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''biare'' || ''biarer'' || ''biarellь'' || ''biarem'' || ''biarll'' || ''biaren''  
| ''biare'' || ''biarer'' || ''biareþь'' || ''biarem'' || ''biarþ'' || ''biaren''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''biare'' || ''biares'' || ''biare'' ||  ''biarem'' || ''biarll'' || ''biaren''
| ''biare'' || ''biares'' || ''biare'' ||  ''biarem'' || ''biarþ'' || ''biaren''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''bar'' || ''barst'' || ''bar'' || ''barem'' || ''barll'' || ''baren''  
| ''bar'' || ''barst'' || ''bar'' || ''barem'' || ''barþ'' || ''baren''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
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|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''biar!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''biarll!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''biar!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''biarþ!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="7"|
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dżaven'' 'to give''''
|+ '''''dżaven'' 'to give''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''dżave'' || ''dżaver'' || ''dżavellь'' || ''dżavem'' || ''dżavell'' || ''dżaven''  
| ''dżave'' || ''dżaver'' || ''dżaveþь'' || ''dżavem'' || ''dżavell'' || ''dżaven''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''graven'' 'to dig''''
|+ '''''graven'' 'to dig''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''ir/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''ir/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''grave'' || ''graver'' || ''gravellь'' || ''gravem'' || ''gravell'' || ''graven''  
| ''grave'' || ''graver'' || ''graveþь'' || ''gravem'' || ''gravell'' || ''graven''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''viten'' 'to know''''
|+ '''''viten'' 'to know''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''kunen'' 'can''''
|+ '''''kunen'' 'can''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''máten'' 'may''''
|+ '''''máten'' 'may''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''vín'' 'want to''''
|+ '''''vín'' 'want to''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bión'' 'to be''''
|+ '''''bión'' 'to be''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
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|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''vas'' || ''vast'' || ''vas'' || ''viárem'' || ''viárll'' || ''viáren''  
| ''vas'' || ''vast'' || ''vas'' || ''viárem'' || ''viárþ'' || ''viáren''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dán'' 'to do''''
|+ '''''dán'' 'to do''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dállь'' || ''dám'' || ''dáll'' || ''dán''  
| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dáþь'' || ''dám'' || ''dáll'' || ''dán''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''gán'' 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)''''
|+ '''''gán'' 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''llú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/it'' || ''vír'' || ''júr'' || ''í''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gállь'' || ''gám'' || ''gáll'' || ''gán''  
| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gáþь'' || ''gám'' || ''gáll'' || ''gán''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive

Revision as of 23:51, 20 May 2016

Glommish (þiúdьsk /ɬʲuːtʲsk/ or þat þiúdьske mál; from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) is a Germanic language spoken in Þiúdland (this world's Northern France and Western Germany) on the alt-hist of Lõis. It has the most speakers on Lõis out of any Germanic language. Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Irish/Slavic aesthetic.

1-10: ýn, tvý, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siaven, acht, nión, tiachn /ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲævən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲæxn/

11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, þrítián, fiórъtián, finfъtián, siaksъtián, siafъtián, achъtián, nióntián /ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲæːn, fʲoːrtʲæːn, fʲinftʲæːn, sʲækstʲæːn, sʲæftʲæːn, axtʲæːn, nʲoːnʲtʲæːn/

20-90: tvýntiech, þrítiech, ... achъtiech, nióntiech /tvɨːnʲtʲəx, etc./

100: hunderþ /hundərɬ/

1000: þúsendь /ɬuːzənʲdʲ/

Phonology

Like its southern neighbor Ufirlandisg, Glommish phonology is characterized by hard and soft consonants.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental/Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal. plain pal.
Nasal m m mь mʲ n n̪ nь nʲ
Stop
/Affricate 		voiceless p p pь pʲ t t̪ tь tʲ cz tʃ k k
voiced b b bь bʲ d t̪ dь dʲ dż dʒ g g
Fricative voiceless f f fь fʲ s s~z sь sʲ~zʲ þ ɬ~ɮ þь ɬʲ~ɮʲ sz ʃ~ʒ ch x~ɣ h h
voiced v v vь vʲ
Liquid r r rь rʲ l ɫ lь lʲ j j

Orthographical note: The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster by default; however, the hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of it.

Notes
  • Hard /ɬ~ɮ/ is strongly velarized [ɬˠ~ɮˠ].

Vowels

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /ɪ/ í /iː/ y /ɨ/ ý /ɨː/ u /ʊ/ ú /uː/
Mid e /ɛ/ é /eː/ e [ə] o /ɔ/ ó /oː/
Open a /a/ á /aː/

Morphology

Nouns

Like German, Glommish has 4 cases. However, nominative and accusative are conflated for articles, nouns and adjectives.

Articles

Glommish uses the indefinite article yn (declined as an adjective) and the definite article llar.

Definite article
case singular plural
m. f. n.
nom. þa llí þat þí
dat. þam þiar þam þím
gen. as þiar þas þiar

Consonant stems

a-stem: vulf (m.) 'wolf'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative vulf vulfe
Dative vulfe vulfem
Genitive vulfs vulfe


ja-stem: basь (n.) 'berry'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative basь basie
Dative basie basiem
Genitive basies basie

n-stems

Declined like weak adjectives. (The masculines have -n in the accusative singular; the feminines and neuters have the accusative singular identical to the nominative singular.)

a-stem: name (n.) 'name'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative name namen
Dative namenь namem
Genitive namenь namen

Vowel stems

Nouns with this declension type are almost always feminine in modern Glommish.

ō-stem: nase (f.) 'nose'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative nase naser
Dative nase nasem
Genitive naser nase


u-stem: side (f.) 'custom'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative side sider
Dative side sidem
Genitive sider side


i-stem: burþie (f.) 'birth'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burþie burþier
Dative burþie burþiem
Genitive burþier burþie


i-stem: starcze (f.) 'strength'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative starcze starczer
Dative starcze starczem
Genitive starczer starcze


ō-stem: riaknyng (f.) 'balance, calculation'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative riaknyng riaknynger
Dative riaknyng riaknyngem
Genitive reknynger riaknyng

Grab bag

z-stem: lamb (n.) 'lamb'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative lamb lambier
Dative lambe lambiem
Genitive lambs lambie


r-stem: fadier (m.) 'father'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative fadier fadrie
Dative fadrie fadriem
Genitive fadiers fadrie

Adjectives

Declension

For attributive adjectives, the weak declension is used when the noun is preceded by a definite article or demonstratives. The strong declension is used otherwise. Below are the strong and weak declensions of the adjective gád 'good':

Template:Col-2
Strong declension for hard-stem adjectives
case singular plural
m. f. n.
nom. gáde gáde gádet gáde
dat. gádme gáder gádme gádem
gen. gádes gáder gádes gáder

Template:Col-2

Weak declension for hard-stem adjectives
case singular plural
nom. gáde gáden
dat. gádenь gádem
gen. gádenь gáden


Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' can be declined similarly.

Template:Col-2
Strong declension for soft-stem adjectives
case singular plural
m. f. n.
nom. skónie skónie skóniet skónie
dat. skónьme skónier skónьme skóniem
gen. skónies skónier skónies skónier

Template:Col-2

Weak declension for soft-stem adjectives
case singular plural
nom. skónie skónien
dat. skónienь skóniem
gen. skónienь skónien


Degree

The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ier and -ьst: svát, svátier, svátьst 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning Positive Comparative Superlative
"good" gád batier bast
"bad" ubiel virsier virst
"many" fiel mýr mýst

Pronouns

Personal

case 1sg. 2sg. 3sg. 1pl. 2pl. 3pl. reflexive
m. f. n.
nom. ik þú er sí it vír júr í -
acc. mik þik ín sí it unsь jú í sik
dat. mir þir ime jar ime unsь jú ím sir
gen. mín þín is jar is unsier júrer jar sín

Demonstrative

lliser = this; jéner = that

Verbs

Verbs are less conservative than in Ufirlandisg. For example, there is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.

Thematic verbs

Hard thematic
maken 'to make'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative make maker makþь makem makll maken
present subjunctive make makes make makem makell maken
past indicative maktie maktiest maktie maktiem maktied maktien
imperative - mak! / make! - - makll! -
present participle makend
past participle makt

Also: lióven 'love', lirnen 'learn'

Soft thematic
varmien 'to warm'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative varmie varmier varmþь varmiem varmьll varmien
present subjunctive varmie varmies varmie varmiem varmiell varmien
past indicative varmdie varmdiest varmdie varmdiem varmdied varmdien
imperative - varmь! / varmie! - - varmьll! -
present participle varmiend
past participle varmd

Also: arbýdien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lýrien 'teach'; sadżen 'say'; ertalien 'tell, recount'; ranien 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brindżen, brachtie, bracht 'bring'; budżen, buchtie, bucht 'buy'; llanczen, llachtie, llacht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

Athematic verbs

Weak
Strong class 1
bíten 'to bite'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative bítie bíter bíteþь bítem bítell bíten
present subjunctive bíte bítes bíte bítem bítell bíten
past indicative bit bitst bit bitem bitell biten
past subjunctive bitie bitiesd bitie bitiem bitiell bitien
imperative - bítь! - - bítiell! -
present participle bítend
past participle biten

Also: szczínen, szczin, szczinen 'shine', drífen, drif, drifen 'drive', klíven, kliv, kliven 'stick, cling', ríten, rit, riten 'write'

Strong class 2
czósen 'to choose'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative czóse czóser czóseþь czósem czósell czósen
present subjunctive czóse czóses czóse czósem czósell czósen
past indicative kós kóst kós kósem kósell kósen
past subjunctive kósie kósiest kósie kósiem kósiell kósien
imperative - czós! - - czósiell! -
present participle czósend
past participle kusen

Also: bióden, bód, buden 'offer, bid', bióchen, bóch, buchen 'bow', flióchen, flóch, fluchen 'fly', flión, fló, fluen 'flee, escape', friósen, frós, frusen 'freeze'

Strong class 3
binden 'to tie, to bind'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative binde binder bindeþь bindem bindell binden
present subjunctive binde bindes binde bindem bindell binden
past indicative band bandst band bandem bandell banden
past subjunctive bandie bandiest bandie bandiem bandied bandien
imperative - bind! - - bindell! -
present participle bindend
past participle bunden

Also: biedżinen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drinken, drank, drunken 'drink'; finllen, fanll, funllen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'run'; springen, sprang, sprungen 'burst, explode'; singen, sang, sungen 'sing'; viarpen, varp, vurpen 'throw'; llringen, llrang, llrungen 'force someone'

Strong class 4

In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative biare biarer biareþь biarem biarþ biaren
present subjunctive biare biares biare biarem biarþ biaren
past indicative bar barst bar barem barþ baren
past subjunctive barie bariesd barie barem bariell barien
imperative - biar! - - biarþ! -
present participle biarend
past participle buren

Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', kvemen, kvam, kumen 'come', spriaken, sprak, spruken 'speak', stialen, stal, sdulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasken, drask, drusken 'thresh', stiarven, starv, sturven 'die'

Strong class 5
dżaven 'to give'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative dżave dżaver dżaveþь dżavem dżavell dżaven
present subjunctive dżave dżaver dżave dżavem dżavell dżaven
past indicative gav gavst gav gavem gavell gaven
past subjunctive gavie gaviest gavie gaviem gaviell gavien
imperative - dżav! - - dżiavell! -
present participle dżavend
past participle dżaven

Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit, meet', ferdżaten, fergat, ferdżaten 'forget', liasen, las, liasen 'read', sión, só, sión 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidien, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', liaszen, lach, liachen 'lie'

Strong class 6
graven 'to dig'
tense ik þú ir/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative grave graver graveþь gravem gravell graven
present subjunctive grave graves grave gravem gravell graven
past indicative gráv grávst gráv grávem grávell gráven
past subjunctive grávie graviesd grávie gráviem gráviell grávien
imperative - grav! - - gravell! -
present participle gravend
past participle graven

Also: faren, fár, faren 'spread', slachen, slách, slachen 'strike', standen, stánd, standen 'stand', vaksen, váks, vaksen 'grow', vasken, vásk, vasken 'wash', jaten, ját, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)

Strong class 7

hýten, hít, híten - to be called

lópen, lióp, liópen - to leap

stóten, stiót, stióten - encounter

halden, hiald, hialden - to hold

liáten, lít, liáten - to let

sián, siádie, siád - to sow (regularized)

Preterite-present verbs

viten 'to know'
viten 'to know'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative výt výst výt vitem vitell viten
present subjunctive vite vites vite vitem vitell viten
past indicative vistie vistiest vistie vistiem vistiell vistien
past subjunctive vistie vistiest vistie vistiem vistiell vistien
imperative - výt! - - vitell! -
present participle vitend
past participle vist
kunen 'can, be able to'
kunen 'can'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative kan kanst kan kunem kunll kunen
present subjunctive kune kunes kune kunem kunell kunen
past indicative kundie kundiest kundie kundiem kundiell kundien
past subjunctive kundie kundiest kundie kundiem kundiell kundien

Similarly skulen 'should', llurfen 'have to'.

máten 'may'

This verb is derived from from PGmc *mōtaną (~ Eng. must).

máten 'may'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative mát mást mát mátem mátell máten
present subjunctive máte mátes mát mátem mátell máten
past indicative mástie mástiest mástie mástiem mástiell mástien
past subjunctive mástie mástiest mástie mástiem mástiell mástien

Other irregular verbs

vín 'want to'
vín 'want to'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative ví vír ví vím víll vín
present subjunctive ví vís vím vím víll vín
past indicative vildie vildiest vildie vildiem vildied vildien
past subjunctive vildie vildiest vildie vildiem vildied vildien
bión 'be'
bión 'to be'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative em ir isь bióm bióll bión
present subjunctive sí sís sí sím síll sín
past indicative vas vast vas viárem viárþ viáren
past subjunctive viérie viériest viérie viériem viériell viérien
imperative - bió! - - bióll! -
present participle biónd
past participle viáren
dán 'do'
dán 'to do'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative dá dár dáþь dám dáll dán
present subjunctive dá dás dá dám dáll dán
past indicative dié diést dié diém diéll dién
past indicative dié diést dié diém diéll dién
imperative - dá! - - dáll! -
present participle dánd
past participle dán
gán 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'
gán 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)'
tense ik þú er/sí/it vír júr í
present indicative gá gár gáþь gám gáll gán
present subjunctive gá gás gá gám gáll gán
past indicative dżang dżangst dżang dżangem dżangll dżangen
past subjunctive dżendże dżendżest dżendże dżendżem dżendżell dżendżen
imperative - gá! - - gáll! -
present participle gánd
past participle dżangen

Also: fán - to get, to obtain

Syntax

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